Full text of "Geological Survey of Ohio. Report of progress in 1870"

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

EEPOET OF PROGRESS IS 1870.

By J. SJ. IBWBBEEY,

CHIEF GEOLOGIST.

INCLUDING KEPOKTS BY

E. B. ANDREWS, EDWARD ORTON,

J. H. KLIPPART,

ASSISTANT GEOLOGISTS,
T. G. WORMLEY,

CHEMIST.

G.K.GILBERT, M. C. READ, HENRY NEWTON,

W. B. POTTER,

LOCAL ASSISTANTS.

COLUMBUS:

NEVINS & MYERS, STATE PRINTERS.

1871.

Columbus, O., January 22<2, 1871.

To His Excellency Rutherford B. Hayes,

Governor of Ohio :

Sir : — In obedience to the requirements of section fourth of the law providing for a
Geological Survey of Ohio, I have the honor to present herewith a Report on the Progress
of the Geological Survey in 1870, including reports by E. B. Andrews, Edward Orton, J. H.
Klippart, Assistant Geologists ; T. G. Wormley, Chemist ; and G. K. Gilbert, M. C. Read,
W. B. Potter and Henry Newton, Local Assistants.

All of which are respectfully submitted.

Your obedient servant,

J. S. NEWBERRY,

Chief Geologist.

PART I.

REPORT OF PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEI

IN 1870.

SKETCH OF THE STRUCTURE OE THE LOWER
COAL MEASURES IK M)RTH-EASTERK OHIO.

By J. S. NEWBEEEY,

CHIEF GEOLOGIST.

REPORT OF PROGRESS OE THE GEOLOGICAL
SURYEY IN 1870.

To Sis Excellency E. B. Hates, Governor of Ohio :

Sib : By the terms of the law providing for the Geological Survey, it
becomes the duty of the Chief Geologist, " on or before the first Monday
in January of each year, during the time occupied in said survey, to make
a report to the Governor of the results and progress of the survey, accom-
panied by such maps, profiles and drawings, as may be necessary to
exemplify the same: which reports the Governor shall lay before the
General Assembly."

" When the said survey shall be fully completed, the Chief Geologist
shall make to the Governor a final report, including the results of the
entire survey, accompanied by such drawings and topographical maps as
may be necessary to illustrate the same and by a single geological map,
showiDg by colors and other appropriate means the stratification of the
rocks, the character of the soil, the localities of the beds of mineral depos-
its and the character and extent of the different geological formations."

In compliance with the requirements of the first of the above quoted
sections, at the last session of the Legislature I submitted a brief report
of the progress of the Survey during the first seven months of its existence.
In addition to such report of progress I submitted a sketch of the geologi-
cal structure of the State, now, for the first time, accurately and fully
determined, a preliminary geological map, the exclusive work of the pres-
ent geological corps, an enumeration of the materials already collected for
the final report and a sketch of the plan of operations for the future.
"With this report of progress were submitted reports on the geology of the
southern portion of the State by Professors Andrews and Orton. Of this
report twenty-five hundred copies were ordered by the Senate and during
the summer were printed and have been distributed.

In further compliance with the duty assigned me in the organic law of
the Survey, I herewith submit a brief resume of the results attained by
the Geological Survey during the past year. This is, however, merely an
outline sketch, inasmuch as ii is my purpose to present to the Legislature,
during its present session, this information much more in detail in the
form of one volume of our final report, as it has seemed to me unwise to

6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Op OHIO.

defer the publication of all portions of the final report until the Survey
shall have been completed. It is quite certain that within the limit of
time assigned to us by the organic law of the Survey it will be impossible
to exhaust the subject of our geology and mineral resources. Much must
necessarily be left to be learned through the opening af mines, the sinkiDg
of wells and other explorations to be made in future years and by future
generations. Since, then, our work will be incomplete at best, there seems
no good reason why such facts as have accumulated in the progress of the
Survey and such as have a bearing upon the industries of our people,
should not be given to the public as soon as they are clearly and accu-
rately determined. Another consideration tending to the same conclusion
is that life to all of us is uncertain, and only that which is absolutely put
on record is protected from possible loss.

Duriug the past season the Survey has progressed much in the same
manner as before. Four parties have been constantly in the field carrying
on the work in different districts, so that the inhabitants of no portion of
the State should feel that any partiality or favoritism had been shown.
Aside from the investigations necessary to give further completeness to
the geological map, the survey by counties, beguu last year, has been con-
tinued ; in the north-eastern quarter of the State by Mr. Eead, Mr. Hert-
zer and myself. In the south eastern quarter by Prof. B. JB. Andrews and
two assistants, Messrs. Ballantine and Gilbert; in the south-western
quarter by Prof. Orton and one assistant, Mr. Hill. In the north-western
quarter by Mr. G. K. Gilbert. I have myself visited each of the four dis-
tricts into which I divided the State, but have spent by far the largest
portion of my time in the north-eastern quarter, over which I had assumed
more minute and definite supervision. In the succeeding pages the
geological work done in each of these districts will be more fully described.

In the performance of his duty as Agriculturist to the Survey, Mr. Klip-
part was industriously occupied during the season for field work. A
large amount of valuable material has, as I know, been collected in his
department, and I think our people may be assured of obtaining from his
report many important facts, and such as will have a practical bearing
upon the agriculture of the State.

The plan of investigation adopted by Mr. Klippart, if carried to full
fruition, will result in : First, a general review of the relations of agricul-
ture to geology; a classification of soils according to their chemical and
physical characters ; an inquiry into their sources of fertility, their adapta-
tion to different systems of agriculture, their deterioration, renovation, &c.
Second. A description of the natural soils of Ohio classified by districts
and properties ; an inquiry into the sources from which they are derived,
their adaptations, their changes under cultivation, methods and materials

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OS 1 OHIO, 7

for the restoration and maintenance of their fertility, with an investiga-
tion into the distribution and properties of such fertilizers as are found
within our limits.

A sketch of the work done and planned in the department of Agricul-
ture has been promised by Mr. Klippart to accompany this report'.

Prof. Wormley, the Chemist of the Survey, with two assistants, has
been constantly employed in making chemical examinations of our coals,
iron ores, limestones, clays, soils, &c. Already a large number of carefully
conducted analyses have been made, -which will be of great utility iu deter-
mining the characteristics and value of our useful minerals.

At my request Prof* Wormley has begun a systematic examination of
the ashes of our coals for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of phos-
phorus contained in them. As is well known this substance exerts a
peculiar influence on iron and steel; giving to bar-iron "cold shortness,"
i» e. strength to resist wear or a force gradually applied, but brittleness
tinder a shock ; imparting fluidity to cast iron, but spoiling it for the man-
ufacture of steel. The peculiar action of some coals on the iron smelted
with them had led me to suspect the presence of considerable amounts of
phosphorus. This suspicion was fully confirmed by the result of examina-
tions — ultimate analyses — of ten noted coals made for me by Mr. J. L.
Lilienthal. One of these, coals was found to contain more than half of one
per cent, of phosphorus. The determination of this hitherto neglected
clement in the composition of our coals is, therefore, likely enough to
have considerable practical value. An investigation to ascertain the con-
dition in which sulphur exists in coal was begun by Prof. Wormley last
year, and is noticed in our former report. It has been generally supposed!
that the sulphur in coals is all combined with iron to form the bisulphide..
Much of it is so, we know, for iron pyrites is generally conspicuously,
visible in our coals, and on exposure too many of them are frosted over-
with the sulphate of iron (copperas) formed from the pyrites by the absorp»
t-ion of oxygen. Prof. Wormley has shown, however, that in many of ouf'
coals the sulphur is largely in excess of the iron. I think it will prove-
true that, on an average, not more than half the sulphur is combined with'
iron, but exists as an organic compound. In the analyses made by Mr..
Lilienthal, referred to above, in one coal only was the iron in excess of
the sulphur. In all the others there was considerably more sulphur. than
enough to form the bisulphide of iron.

Prof. Wormley has promised to embody his results in a contribution to
this report.

During many years shells and crinoids, obtained from the rocks of
Ohio, have been accumulating iu the magnificent cabinet of Prof. James
Hall, of Albany, New Tork. Among these there are many interesting

8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY oE OHIO.

species which are new to science. These Prof. Hall has recently described
and had drawn, and this material will form a very valuable contribution
from him to our final report.

The study of the molluscous fossils collected on the Survey has been
committed to Mr. Meek, the distinguished Palaeontologist. He spent
some time in Ohio during the summer, and is now engaged in the exam-
ination of the materials collected this year and last. He has already dis-
covered and described a large number of new species, and it is quite cer-
tain that as much new material of this nature will be brought to light in
our Survey as we shall have the means to illustrate.

The interesting collection of Amphibian remains, which includes more
than a dozen species, obtained by myself some years ago from the coal
rocks of Ohio, has been placed in the hands of Prof. E. D. Cope, of Phil-
adelphia. He has described them and caused them to be carefully drawn.
They supply material for six or more plates, which will add much to the
interest of our final report.

The fossil fishes and fossil plants found in the State have been de-
scribed by myself. They have been drawn by Mr. T. T. Gardner and Mr.
G. K. Gilbert in a style that has not been surpassed in this country, and
some of their work is equal to any of a similar character done by the best
European draughtsmen. The illustrations already prepared of this mate-
rial form over forty plates ; and I do not hesitate to say that the objects
which they represent are not exceeded in scientific interest by any that
have been described by palaeontologists. The fossil fishes comprise many
genera and species, some of which are more remarkable for their size,
their formidable armament or peculiarities of structure than any of those
which formed the themes of Hugh Miller's glowing descriptions. These
have, for the most part, been found only in Ohio; have never been de-
scribed and will not fail to deeply interest all the intelligent portion of
our population.

In my first report of progress (p. 5) I have shown how useful, even
indispensable, fossils are to the student of geology, and I am happy to
know that their significance and value are coming to be generally appre-
ciated. There are, however, yet some intelligent men, even editors and
members of legislature, who cherish the notion that there is nothing
which has any value in this world but that thing which has a dollar in it,
and that so plainly visible as to be seen by them. Such men, to quote
the language of one of them, " don't care a row of pins for your clams
and salamanders, but want something practical.' 7 Happily the class
to which they belong is rapidly passing away. Were it otherwise I should
endeavor to prove to them that the fossils which they despise are emi-
nently practical ; that they are labels written by the Creator on all the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 9

fossiliferous rocks, and that no one can be a Geologist who has not learned
their language.

The review of the iron industry of the State, begun last year by Mr.
Prime, has been continued during the present season by Mr. H. M. Smith
and Mr. H. Newton, both graduates of the school of mines of Columbia
College, New York, and men of unusual ability and accomplishments.

The results of this investigation will be given in the volume of our
final report, devoted to Economic Geology, where will be found such tab-
ulated descriptions of the dimensions, models, capacity, production, etc.,
of the furnaces now in blast in the State, as canuot fail to interest all
those in any way concerned in this our most important branch of manu-
facture.

As a further aid to the development and improvement of this great
industry, I congratulate myself on being able to present, in this report,
sketches of the present state of the iron and steel manufacture in
the localities where these arts are carried to the greatest perfection;
sketches written by Messrs. Henry Newton and W. B. Potter, during the
first season assistants on our Geological Survey. The past summer was
occupied by these gentlemen in a thorough examination of the processes
now employed in all the great mining and metallurgic centers of the old
world for the practical solution of the problems which concern us most in
the development of our mineral resources.

The determination of the geological structure of Ohio was made imper-
ative upon us by the provisions of the organic law of the Survey, and, as
it seemed to me, claimed precedence of all other work; inasmuch as
this was a necessary pre-requisite to any intelligent comprehension of the
character, variety, and distribution of our mineral staples. It was also a
duty much needed to be done in order to give connection and symmetry
to our knowledge of the geological structure of all the country lying
between the Atlantic and Mississippi. Ohio, while unstudied, was not
only debatable but exceedingly debated ground, separating the better
known districts east and west. The investigation of the geological struct-
ure of the State, and the formation of a geological map naturally, there-
fore, occupied us during most of our first working season. By putting a
large force into the field, this enterprise was pushed rapidly forward, and
our efforts resulted in the settlement of all the vexed questions in Ohio
geology, and in making large additions to what was before known of the
elements composing our geological column. By this investigation the
number of formations known to exist in the State was nearly doubled,
and the relative ages, positions and dimensious, variable or constant, of
all the members of the series, were determined with a good degree of ac-
curacy. The geological area occupied by the outcrop of each was also

10 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

ascertained with a near approach to truth ; though, in some instances,
thick beds of superficial material conceal the underlying rock, and, for
limited distances, leave their exact lines of margin to conjecture. Much
must yet be done to fill in the details and fully represent local geology ;
but the great object aimed at, the exhibition of the true geological struct-
ure of the State is, I think, fully accomplished by the publication of the
little preliminary map and the notes upon it -which accompany my former
report.

The chart of geological history which is also included in that report,
wherein the series of Ohio rocks is woven into the general fabric of geo-
logical classification, will, I think, not be without its value ; inasmuch as,
like the geological map. it expresses many important truths in such a
way that they may be grasped at a glance. In this busy and labor-saving
age, such " short cuts " to knowledge seem to be specially necessary and
valuable. The story of the map and chart, though easily read, were not
so easily written ; for they represent the constant labor of many persons
for months, and such an amount of both hand-work and head work as
can only be appreciated by those who have shared in it.

The survey of counties required by the organic law was begun in 1869,
and has been continued through 1870 in all the four districts into which
the State has been divided. The number of counties in the State is
eighty-eight, and in not more than one-fourth of these can it be said the
surveys have been completed, even in the sense contemplated in the law
providing for the Survey. In fact, the survey of no county is completed,
and probably will not be by this or any other Geological Survey. New
developments will be made for years. Facts now entirely hidden from
our view will be revealed by mines, wells and railroads ; and the task of
exhaustingly investigating the quality, quantity and accessibility of all
the mineral resources of every township and farm in some of our coun-
ties would be almost an endless one. The foundation for such a work
has, however, been laid, and we are now raising a frame-work upon it,
which may be filled in, covered and embellished by simple detail work
and at leisure. The law provides for the continuance of the Survey dur-
ing three years from June 1st, 1869, and about one-half of this time has
passed. It is evident that it will be impossible, with the force and time
at our command, to go as carefully through all the counties yet unsur-
veyed as we have done through some of those already examined. This
will not be necessary, however, in order to give a fair exposition of the
geology of each. The general stiucture of the State— a necessary pre-
requisite to the satisfactory study of local details — has been fully deter-
mined. Certain counties, too, are typical of large districts, and our at-
tention has been mainly directed to these. The geology of other coun-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 11

ties, again, is very simple, and, unfortunately, includes little of value in
the waj of mineral resources. On such counties it would be manifestly
unwarranted to spend much time and money. From these considerations
I estimate that the work of making surveys of counties is nearly half
done, and I have asked a larger apppropriaton for field work this year
than last, so that, if possible, it may be. completed in the time specified.

Sketches of the geology of a number of the counties which have been
surveyed are given in the succeeding pages. Fuller reports of these and
other counties have been written, or are in course of preparation. They
will form part of the first volume of our final report to be presented to
this Legislal ure for publication. More detailed reports on some of these
counties would have been offered as parts of this report, but that they
need maps, sections and engravings for their proper illustration, and
these would cause months of delay in the publication of a report which,
being a report of progress, should be given to the public at once, in order
to secure the accomplishment of the purpose of its preparation. The
organic law of the Survey requires that my annual report shall be pre-
sented in January of each year. It was plainly the intention of the
framers of this law to secure by this provision at the commencement of
each session of the Legislature a business-like report of what had been
done in the preceding season, with such an exposition of future plans
and wants as would illustrate legislation on the subject of the Geological
Survey. With such a report, the members of the Legislature would be
able to decide whether the work was progressing satisfactorily or not,
and what provision would be necessary for its maintenarce if deserving
of support.

With this view of the nature of the annual report required by the law,
I made my own portion of our first report as concise as possible, and
omitted from it all illustrations by which its publication could be delayed.
This part of the report was, in fact, printed and distributed to the Legis-
lature before its adjournment. The contributions ot the Assistant Geol-
ogists, as they were submitted to me and transmitted to the Governor,
were also brief, and without illustrations that could cause any delay.
Additions were, however, subsequently made to the report without my
knowledge, by which its publication was much delayed.

Holding the same view as before in regard to what the best interests of
the State and the Survey required the annual report should be, I have
made my report for this year as brief and simple as possible, and have
introduced no illustrations by which its appearance might be retarded
and the expense of publication increased. Most of the other members of
the Corps have contributed similar sketches of their work of the past

12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

season, and those whose reports have not yet been handed in have
promised that they shall be done at an early day and be of a like
character.

The plan which has been adopted for the preparation of the final
report, required of me by section fifth of the law providing for a geological
survey, is represented in the following schedule :

VOL. I.— GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY.

CONTENTS

PABT I.— GEOLOGY.

Chapter 1. — The Physical Geography of Ohio ; a brief sketch of the climate, topogra-
phy, etc., with profiles of the railroads and canals, tables of alti-
tudes, etc.

" 2. — The Geological relations of Ohio to the Continent of North America and

to adjacent States.

" 3 to 6. — The Geological structure of the State in detail ; Silurian, Devonian and
Carboniferous Systems.

" 7. — Surface Geology.

" 8 to 20. — The Geology of counties as far as completed.

PART II.— PALAEONTOLOGY.

Chapter 1. — The Amphibians of the Coal Measures, by Prof. E. D. Cope ; -with 5 plates.
" 2. — The Mollusks, Crinoids and Corals, by F. B. Meek ; 10 plates.
" 3. — The Fossil Fishes, by J. S. Newberry ; 25 plates.
" 4. — The Fossil Plants, by J. S. Newberry ; 15 plates.

This volume is finished, and will be presented to this Legislature for
publication. It will consist of 600 pages text, with 55 plates.

VOL. II.— GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY.

Geology of counties continued, with figures and descriptions of fossils not included
in Vol. I.

Considerable material has already been accumulated for this volume,
and it is expected that the necessary additional matter will be gathered
during the coming season.

VOL. III.— ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

contents.

The geology and technology (mining, manufacture and uses) of our Coals, Iron Ores,

Clays, Salt, Limes, Hydraulic Cements, Petroleum, Gypsum, Building Stones, etc., etc.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 13

About half the material for this volume is ready. The investigations
necessary to complete it are now in progress, and will be finished during
the present year, if the appropriations asked for shall be made. It will
include reports on the distribution, properties, adaptations and processes
of manufacture of all our mineral staples, with the latest and fullest infor-
mation in regard to methods and machinery most successfully employed
elsewhere.

VOL. IV.— AGBICULTUEE, BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY.

CONTENTS.

Part 1. — Agriculture —

Climatology of Ohio; classification and description of the Soils of the State
by districts and properties ; their adaptations, deterioration, and renova-
tion, etc., etc.
" 2,— Botany-
Descriptive catalogue of the Plants of the State.

" 3.— Zoology-
Descriptive catalogues of the Mammals, Birds, Eeptiles, Fishes, Insects and
Mollusks of the State.

No provision is made in the organic law of the Survey for reports on
any of the subjects of Vol. IV., except agriculture ; but a very moderate
expenditure will give us such reports on the zoology and botany of the
State as will be highly valued by our people.

I should mention in this connection that Prof. Joseph Henry has offered
me the use of all the woodcuts which illustrate the series of Zoological
Monographs published by the Smithsonian Institute. By accepting this
kind offer we can have illustrated descriptive catalogues of our birds,
mollusks, &c, at a cost of little more than the paper and printing.

The careful study of our fishes promises, perhaps, as large pecuniary
returns to the State as any of the subjects we are required by the organic
law of the survey to investigate. Our fisheries are yearly decreasing in
value, and we see in them the rapid decay of a great industry for the want
of the proper legislation for its protection. Comparatively little is known
of the habits — place and time of spawning, &c. — of our fishes; and until
these shall be learned nothing can be intelligently done to arrest the pro-
gressive diminution of their numbers. It can easily be proved that every
acre of water surface is capable of doing as much to furnish food to our
people as any acre of tillable ground, and yet, now, our great water area
is almost unproductive. In every enlightened community in the old
world and the new, attention is being drawn to the importance of public
measures for the protection and propagation of fishes. Several of our

14 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

State Legislatures have taken action in the matter, and within the last
year the General Government has appointed Professor Baird,. Assistant
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, a special commissioner to investi-
gate and report on the measures necessary for the protection and develop-
ment of our fisheries. During the coming summer Professor Baird will
be occupied in studying the distribution, habits and economy of the fishes
of the Atlantic coast, but the summer of 1872 he has promised to spend
in the valley of the Mississippi, and to begin his work by a study of the
fishes of the Ohio River and Lake Brie. By cooperating with him in this
work I hope to get what we want in this direction at ah extremely mod-
erate cost.

A Geological Map, on a large scale, will accompany and illustrate the
volumes on Geology; and such a map is now in course of preparation.
We were fortunate in having a new and greatly improved topographical
map issued just before the commencement of the Survey, and on this we
have recorded the geology of the State. The author of this map, Prof.
. H. F. Walling, is, however, now collecting materials for a larger and bet-
ter one, which he hopes to issue by the close of the present year (1871).
Oar surveying parties, by their notes aud corrections of the map we are
using, will be able to render important assistance in the preparation of
the new map. It will be given still greater perfection by theco operation
of the Superintendent of the IT. S. Coast Survey, Prof. B. Peirce, who has
promised to aid our work by sending into the State a party which shall,
by careful astronomical observations, determine the exact position of a
number of important points. Without waiting for a detailed trigonomet-
rical survey — a very desirable but expensive and time-consuming work —
these points can be connected by railroad surveys already made, so as to
give much greater accuracy to our new map than any hitherto published
possesses.

SKETCH OP THE STRUCTURE OF THE LOWER COAL
MEASURES m NORTHEASTERN OHIO.

In the work to be performed by the Geological Survey, the duty next
in importance to that of determining the general geology of the State was,
as it seemed to me, an investigation of the structure of the Coal Measures.
These strata occupy a larger portion of our surface area than any other
formation, and are the repositories of our most important mineral staples.
They consist, too, of a great number of elements, several of which have
economic value and all of which require careful study, in order that the
position, quality and quantity of each may be known for every county
and township of the great coal area. My own time has, therefore, during

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 15

the past season, been mainly devoted to a study of our Coals, with refer-
ence to their purification and proper use, and to the structure of our Lower
Coal Series ; that is, the group of seven, in some places eight, workable
beds, which lie below the Pittsburg seam, and include most of the impor-
tant coal strata of the State.

In the prosecution of this work I have been constantly assisted by Mr.
Bead. We began on the northern and western margins of the coal basin,
and gradually worked toward the south and east. The coal seams of the
counties of Summit, Wayne and Holmes have been carefully studied,
while in the counties of Stark, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Columbiana and Ma-
honing a reconnoisance has been made, in which all the important beds
of coal and iron have been traced from their western outcrops through to
the Pennsylvania line and to the Ohio.

This has been a difficult; and laborious work, but it was a necessary
preliminary to a satisfactory study of any portion of the area which in-
cludes the outcrops of the lowei? group of coals. It has resulted in giving
us the power to identify and locate, with reference 1o other beds, any
seam of coal or iron that may be met with in the detailed examination of
counties and townships, which will form our work for the coming season.
We have also gained from it much interesting and important scientific
and practical information in regard to the general structure of our coal
seams and the changes they exhibit in dimensions and quality along a
hundred miles of outcrop. A few of the most important facts revealed
by this investigation are all that I shall have space for in this necessarily
brief report.

And, first, we have learned from it that, instead of one symmetrical
basin with a tolerably uniform dip towards the south-east, our Coal Meas-
ures form several troughs, in a general way parallel with the axis of the
great one of which they are parts. On the east side of each of these
subordinate basins the strata rise, or are horizontal, and the easterly dip
is neutralized ; so that, on the east line of Columbiana county, and within
forty miles of Pittsburgh — the center of the coal basin — the section of
the hills is nearly the same with that found on the banks of the Killbuck,
one hundred miles west ; the average dip in this interval being not more
than three feet to the mile.

From Kashville, Holmes county, to the valley of the Killbuck (Holmes-
ville and Millersburgh), the dip is eastward and somewhat rapid. From
Millersburgh to the east line of Holmes county the strata rise, then dip
again eastwardly into the valley of the Tuscarawas. From Dover to and
beyond the tunnel on the Tuscarawas Br. Eailroad, and to Carroll tou. On
an east and west line, the dip is wesfcwardly; while from the Hanover
Summit it is eastward to the State line.

16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

The importance of the knowledge thus gained of the structure of our
coal field will be apparent at a glance. For example, it shows that the
Briar Hill coal (No. 1), or its horizon, is within easy reach all along the
valleys that cut this portion of the coal basin, and that it is not, as has
been represented, carried by a uniform easterly dip so far below the sur-
face as to be practically inaccessible.

Our investigations during the past summer also show that the number
of coal seams constituting the lower group — that is, those below the
Barren Measures — has been erroneously duplicated ; that there is no
break or confusion of the strata, as has been stated, at the Hanover
Summit, the coal seams being simply buried so deeply there as to be in-
visible ; also, that the Salineville coals do not dip under those exposed in
the, lower portion of the Yellow Oreek valley, but are really the highest
of the lower group, are immediately overlaid by the Barren Coal Meas-
ures, and are identical with the highest three seams of the Hammonds-
ville and Linton sections.

A few of the facts upon which these conclusions are based will per-
haps not be without interest.

On the west line of Holmes county — practically the western margin of
the coal field — we began with a section containing six workable seams of
coal, two beds of limestone, and two marked bands of iron ore. This
section, with all its main features, we carried through to the Pennsy lvania
line. In this interval one or two coal seams disappear and others come
in, while important changes are discoverable — sometimes quite local — in
the development and purity of the different seams of coal or iron. The
two limestone beds mentioned above are the most constant elements in
the section, and will be the most useful guides to any one studying,
locally or generally, the geology of this district. Of these the lower is
generally blue, often flinty, and is associated with one of the iron bands
to which I have referred. On the west side of Holmes county where first
seen, it lies one hundred and ten feet above drainage. At New Lisbon it
overlies coal seam No. 3, near the level of the Little Beaver. In western
Pennsylvania it is the " Ferriferous limestone." Coal seam No. 1 lies
about two hundred feet below this in eastern Ohio. In Holmes county it
is somewhat nearer when present, the difference being occasioned by the
great thickening, eastwardly, of the massive sandstone overlying Coal
No. 1.

The second limestone bed is always lighter in color than the first, from
which it is separated by an interval of from thirty to one hundred feet.
This we have usually designated as the " gray limestone." It is visible
almost uninterruptedly from the banks of the Mohican to the Pennsyl-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 17

vania line. In Columbiana county it is known as the " white limestone,"
not so much from its light color as from the comparative whiteness of the
lime made from it.

In Coshocton county, and in the southwestern part of Tuscarawas, the
4 < gray limestone " is locally double, the upper member being very black
and cherty.

There is in this region another limestone, higher up in the series — over
coal seam No. 7 — but, though sometimes ten feet in thickness, it is not as
constant as the "blue " or " gray " limestones, and covers a much
more limited area ; it is therefore a less valuable guide.

Each of these limestones has a coal seam under it, often in immediate
contaci , but sometimes separated from it by a few feet of shale.

In the southern and eastern portions of our coal field, i. e., on Yellow
Creek and thence south, there are several limestones not found in the
area more specially referred to in this sketch.

The following sections, selected from some hundreds which we have
taken by measurement during the past season, will, to many persons,
give a better idea of the structure of our Lower Coal Measures, in the
region covered by our recent reconnoi sance, than they would get from
any verbal description.

The localities which they represent are distributed, with as much regu-
larity as possible, along a line running nearly eastward, from the western
part of Holmes county, to Pennsylvania. Section No. 1 was taken near
the margin of the coal field in western Holmes county ; No 2 in the cen-
tral part of Holmes county ; No. 3 in the central part of Tuscarawas
county; Nos. 4 and 5 near the eastern line of Tuscarawas county; No. 6
on the western line of Columbiana county, but south of the general line
of reconnoissance ; and No. 7 near the eastern border of that county.

These sections all bear data by which they can be referred to the
level of Lake Brie, and thus exhibit the undulations of the Coal Measures
which our recent observations have brought to light ; but these undula-
tions are much more distinctly shown in the altitudes of coal seams No. 3
and No. 6, given in connection with some notes on these coals in succeed-
ing pages. The table of altitudes of coal seam No. 1 is less suggestive ;
as the observations on this seam follow a line which is more curved north-
ward, and therefore much of the variation of level is due to differences
of latitude, where the general dip is southerly.

It is worth noticing, in this connection, that the Killbuck and Tusca-
rawas run in parallel synclinal valleys, and it seems probable that the
folding of the strata which formed these subordinate troughs and ridges
in our great coal basin first gave direction to the draining streams of the

18 GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF OHIO.

region we have been considering ; and that, in a general way, these lines
of drainage'have retained, through all subsequent mutations, the direc-
tions thus given them.

Oar knowledge of the geology of our coal field is yet too incomplete to
permit me to speak with confidence ; but, from the facts already observed,
I am prepared to find that the bearings of the valleys of the Ohio and all
its main tributaries in our State have been determined by the same
causes that produced the great folds of the Alleghany mountains.

Another interesting fact in regard to the valleys of the streams is, that
they are all cut far below the present stream-beds. The valley of the
Beaver is excavated to a depth of over 150 feet below the present water
level. The trough of the Ohio is still deeper. The Tuscarawas at Dover
is running 175 feet above its ancient bed. The rock bottom of the Kill-
buck valley has not yet been reached.

The borings made for oil along the streams of the region under con-
sideration, as well as in other parts of the country, afford many remark-
able facts bearing on this subject. They will be reported more in detail
in the chapter on Surface Geology in our final report.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO. 19

SECTION No. 1.

Lower Goal Measures, three miles south of Nashville, Holmes County.

1. Shale and sandstone to hill tops.

2. Black shale 2'-10'

3. Coal No. 7 ("Taylor's") 4'- 6'

4. Fire-clay 4'

5. Shale : 11'

6. Sandrock, "Mahoning" 20'

7. Black shale (with many fossils in pyrites) 12'

8. Coal No. 6 (748 feet above Lake Erie) 2' 8"

9. Fire-clay 3'

10. Shale and sandstone 11'

11. Gray limestone 6'

12. Coal No. 5 ("Bennington's") , 2'

13. Fire-clay 3'

14. Shale and sandstone 21' 6"

15. Coal No. 46 (local) 3' 6"

16. Fire-clay 3'

17. Sandy shale... 7'

18. Coal No. \a (local) 1' 10"

19. Shale 5'

20. Coal No. 4 3' 6"

21. Shale 27'

22. Blue limestone 4'

23. Coal No. 3 (At Daggan's mine, 6') 3'

24. Fire-clay 3'

25. Shale 40'

26. Blackshale (Coal No. 2 ?) 3'

27. Shaly sandstone 10'

28. Waverly 110'

20 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

SECTION No. 2.

Lower Goal Measures in the Valley of the KillbueJc, four miles above

Millersburgh.

1. Gray shale, with, kidney ore.

2. Gray limestone 4'

3. Coal No. 5 2'

4. Fire-clay 3'

5. Shale : 50'

6. Blue limestone 3'

7. Coal No. 3 ("Mast's") semucannel -. 3'-4'

8. Fire-clay 6'

9. Shale and sandstone, with thin coal - 84'

10. Coal No. 2, cannel (six miles S. W., 8) 1' 10"

11. Shale and sandstone 70'

12. Coal No. 1 (Cameron's) 3'

13. Fire-clay 3'

14. Conglomerate 10'

15. Waverly 60'

C. Mt. V. & D. K. R. 270 feet above Lake Erie.

GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY OP OHIO. 21

SECTION 2sTo. 3.

Lower Coal Measures at Zoar Station, Tuscarawas County.

1. Sandstone and shale to top of hills 90'

2. Black band and nodular calcareous ore 10'-15'

3. Coal No. 7 3'

4. Fire-clay 4'

5. Shale 50'

6. Coal (thin) 6"

7. Fire-clay 1'

8. Shale and sandstone 55'

9. Coal No. 6 4'

10. Fire-clay , 3'

11. Gray shale 23'

12. Coal (cannel, impure) 1|'

13. Black shale, with nodular iron ore 20'

14. Coal 2'

15. Fire-clay 3'

16. Sandstone and shale 42'

17. Gray limestone 3'

18. Coal No. 5 2'

19. Fire-clay 3h'

20. Sand-rock 32'-40'

21. Shale, -with plate ore 0-8'

22. Coal No. 4 (K. E. grade, 316 feet above Lake Erie) 3'

23. Fire-clay 3'

24. Shale 10'

25. Blue limestone 3'

26. Coal No. 3 \\'

Tuscarawas river.

22 GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY OP OHIO.

SECTION No. 4.

Lower Goal Measures at Mineral Point, Tuscarawas County.

1. Shale 12'

2. Sandstone (conglomerate) 28'

3. Black shale 3'-10'

4. Coal No. 6 3'-4'

5. Fire-clay 4'

6. Gray shale 15'

7. Black shale 6'

8. Coal (impure cannel) 1' 6"

9. Gray shale, with kidney ore 5'

10. Black shale 23'

11. Coal ("Newberry") 390' above Lake Erie 4'

12. Fire-clay (part non-plastic) 5'

13.. Shale ; 6'

14. Sandstone 38'

15. Shale 3'

16. Gray limestone (with plate and kidney ore) 4'

17. Coal 2'

18. Fire-clay 4'

19. Shaly sandstone with Spirophyton to base of hill 15'

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO, 23

SECTION No. 5.

Lower Goal Measures at Tunnel, Tuscarawas Branch R. B.

1. Sandstone 30'

2. Shale 15'

3. Coal No- 6 „ 3'

4. Fire-clay .^ 3'

5. Shale 18'

6. Coal (impure cannel) 466' above Lake Erie ........ 1' 3"

7. Shale 30'

8. Coal ("Newberry") 3' 6"

9. Fire-clay , .,,.... , 4'

10. Shale 17'

11. Sandstone , 43'

12. Slate : 8'

13. Gray limestone, with ore 3'

14. CoalNo.5 3'-4'

15. Fire-clay 4'

16. Shaletobase of hill . 10'

24 GEOLOGICAL SUE VET OP OHIO.

SECTION No. 6.

Lower Coal Measures at Linton, Jefferson County, O.

1. Bed shale and sandstone to top of hill.

2. Coal 1' &

3. Fire-clay 2

4. Gray shale 90'

5. Fossiliferous limestone 0-10'

6. Shales, sandstones and iron ore 78'

7. Coal No. 7 ("Groff vein") 4'

8. Fire-clay 3'

9. Limestone 5'

10. Sandstone, ("Mahoning") and shale 60 ;

11. Coal No. 6 ("Big vein") 7'

12. Fire-clay 5'

13. Sandstone 20'

14. Limestone li'-8'

15. Sandstone and shale 40'

16. CoalNo.5 ("Roger vein ») 3'

17. Fire-clay - 3'

18. Sandstone 38"

19. Black shale with iron ore 12'

20. CoalNo.4 ("Strip vein")... 2' 6'

21. Fire-clay 8'

22. Shale 12'

23. Coal No. 3 ("Creek vein") 4'

24. Fire-clay 3'-10>

25. Shale and sandstone with iron Ore 20'

26. Coal 1'

27. Yellow Creek, 75 feet above Lake Erie.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 25

SECTION No. 7.

Lower Coal Measures in the Valley of the Little Beaver, near Fre&erickstown,
Columbiana County, three miles from the Pennsylvania line.

1. Shale and sandstone to tops of hill s 50'

2. Coal No. 7 3'

3. Fire-clay 3'

4. Sandrock ("Mahoning") conglomerate 40'

5. Gray shale 10'

6. Coal No. 6 3i'-4'

7. Fireclay 2'-6'

8. White limestone 6'

9. Slate and shelly sandstone 20'

10. Coax No.5 ("Whanseam") 2'

11. Fire-clay 2'

12. Sandrock 25'

13. Shale, 'with hlack hand and kidney ore 8'

14. Coal No. 4 (at Darlington, cannel, 13') 2'

15. Fire-clay 3'

16. Shale, with layers of hlack hand and kidney ore, sometimes containing

alimestone — the " Ferriferons limestone " 20'

17. Coal No. 3 0-1'

18. Fireclay 6"-10'

19. Shale and sandstone, with much iron ore in upper part, to river, 243 ft.

ahove Lake Erie 50'

26 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

THE LOWER GROUP OF COALS.

North of the National Road we have in Obio, below the Barren meas-
ures, from six to eight workable seams of coal, forming what is known as
the lower coal series. An enumeration of these beds, with a few notes
descriptive of the changes observed in tracing them along a hundred
miles of outcrop, will perhaps serve to give our people a clearer idea than
they have had of the composition and structure of our Ooal Measures;
and yet, more than this brief sketch I shall not now attempt, as the sub-
ject has yet been but partially investigated, and it will more properly
form the theme of a future and fuller report.

Ooal No. 1.

This is the lowest seam of the series in Ohio, and is that best known
as the Briar Hill or Mahoning Valley coal. It is now regarded as the
most valuable coal seam in the State, from the fact that in many locali-
ties it is of good thickness, of remarkable purity, and well adapted, in
the raw state, to the smelting of iron ores. It is, indeed, a typical fur-
nace coal, and forms the fuel by which fully half the iron produced in the
State is manufactured. Unfortunately, this is an exceedingly irregular
seam, and over a large part of the region where it is due, it is proved to
be wanting.

This peculiarity is owing to two causes, viz.: It was the first accumu-
lation of carbonaceous matter in the great peat bog that subsequently
became our coal basin. As a consequence, it occupies only the lower
portions of the irregular bottom of this basin, and was never deposited
over the ridges and hummocks which fringed the margins, or, as islands,
dotted the surface of the old coal marsh.

The second cause of its absence is, that it is Overlaid by heavy strata
of sandstone which were once beds of sand, transported by currents of
water in rapid motion, and these currents have, over considerable inter-
vals, washed away the coal, and left in its place sand — now sandstone —
resting on the lower rocks.

I have now traced the outcrop of Coal No. 1 from the National Road
around to the Pennsylvania line, and have evidence of its being reached
by borings at several places far in the interior of the coal basin. Of my
notes on these observations, I give below a brief summary.

In the Mahoning Valley, Coal No. 1 has its best development. It is

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

here very compact, working in large blocks, from which fact it has re-
ceived the name of "block coal," and is remarkably pure, as demonstrated
by the following analyses :

Analyses of Coal No. 1.

No. 1.— Briar Hill, Youngstown, Mahoning county. (Wormley.)
" 2. — Tallmadge, Summit county, Upson's mine. (Mather.)
" 3. — Franklin township, Summit county, Johnson shaft. " (Wormley.J
" 4.- " " > Franklin Coal Co. (Wormley.)

" 5. — Massillon, Stark county, Willow Bank. (Wormley.)
" 6. — Motes Coal, Knox township, Holmes county. (Potter.)

1,284

3.60
32.58
62.66

1.16

1.264

5.067
39.231
53.404

2.298

1.256

2.70
37.30
58.00

2.00

1.271

3.40
36.10

58.70
1.80

1.247

6.95
32.38
57.49

3.18

1.276

Water

5.55

40.10

51.79

Ash

2.56

Total

100.00
0.85

100.00
0.549

100.00
0.92

100.00
0.799

100.00

0.88

100.00

Sulphur

1.21

As shown by its large percentage of carbon, the heating power of the
Briar Hill coal is great. It is also open-burning, in virtue of its lamin-
ated structure, and is the only fuel used in the furnaces of the important
iron district of the Mahoning Valley. It is also extensively employed as
a furnace fuel in Cleveland, and is, in fact, the basis of the great iron
industry of northern Ohio.

In Geauga county the Briar Hill coal reaches as far north as Barton
and Newbury, but only in a narrow strip and detached islands, and is
there thin and of little or no value. In Portage county it is also gener-
ally thin or wanting, but its outcrops are concealed by heavy beds of
drift, and it will probably be found of good thickness in many places
where it is not now suspected to exist.

In Summit county Coal No. 1 thickens up again, locally attaining
dimensions of from three to six feet. It lies, however, in a series of
basins, often of limited extent, but it occupies fully half the southern
portion of the county in the townships of Tallmadge, Coventry, Spring-
field, Franklin and Greene. It also reaches, in a narrow basin, so far into
Medina county that its northwestern outcrop is within eight miles of
Medina village. In Summit this coal seam is generally somewhat more
bituminous than in the Mahoning Valley, breaks more irregularly, and

28 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

has less of the block character. These physical differences are associated
with a slightly different chemical composition, as is shown by the table
of analyses ; but occasionally, as at Johnson's shaft, in Franklin town-
ship, it exhibits almost precisely its prevailing character in Mahoning
county. Here, as further eastward, it is generally an excellent coal, and
is destined to contribute much more largely than it has yet done to the
enrichment of Akron #nd vicinity, by furnishing an abundant supply of
fuel adapted to all forms of manufacturing industry.

Prom Wadsworth, Medina county, the western line of outcrop of Coal
Bo. 1 pursues nearly a southern course to Fairview, in Wayne county,
where it crosses the line of the P. F. W. & 0. E. E. At Clinton, Fulton
and Massilon it is extensively worked, and the mines in this vicinity sup-
ply a large amount of coal for the Cleveland market, as well as for iron-
making and other industries at home.

At Canton, Stark county, it has been struck in borings, in one place six
feet in thickness, in another three, another one, etc. Most of the borings
made in search of it, in this vicinity, have been unsuccessful— the sand
rock which overlies it, and which is so conspicuous at Massillon, reaching
down to the Waverly, and cutting it out.

In Lawrenee township, Stark county, Coal No. 1 is already largely
worked. The search for it is being vigorously prosecuted eastward from
Fulton, both in Lawrence and Jackson, and with such success that we
now have evidence of the existence, in the northern part of fckark county,
of a very fine field of this coal. On Mud Brook, in Jackson, it has been
struck in several borings at a depth of about two hundred feet, and is
reputed five feet thick. The value of this coal basin to Akron and Cleve-
land can hardly be over-estimated.

From Massillon to the Ohio river, along its line of outcrop, Coal No. 1,
as a general rule, is of little importance. It appears of workable thick-
ness at frequent intervals along its line, of outcrop, but is generally thin,
of inferior quality, and oftener absent, or present as a mere trace.

In Holmes county it is visible at Cameron's mine, four miles north of
Millersburg, on the east side and about sixty feet above the valley of the
Killbuck. East of this point it lies below the bottoms of the valleys, and
has not been sought.

At Spencer's mill, in Holmes county, Coal No. 1 is four feet in thick-
ness, and at several other places in this vicinity is from two to three feet.
This is also the seam worked at Mote's mine, two miles north of Napoleon,
where it is three feet thick and of excellent quality ; so that it deserves
to be enumerated among the elements that compose the mineral wealth
of this richly endowed county ; but it is here surpassed in value by some
of the overlying seams.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 29

In Coshocton county, Coal No. 1 is visible near Newcastle, from two to
three feet in thickness, but of poor quality. It has also been seen at
several other points — as at the Crawford mine, southeast of East Union,
etc. . Its line of outcrop has not been carefully examined, but it is appar-
ently of no great value in any locality between Holmes and Jackson
counties. In Jackson, and thence southward, it regains something of its
traditional character and value, and is somewhat extensively mined and
used as a furnace fuel.

In the valley of the Tuscarawas, as in the western half of Stark county,
the place of Coal No. 1 is within two hundred feet of the surface, but only
a few inches of coal have been passed through at the horizon it occupies
in any boring made there. It should be Said, however, that few wells
have been bored in this county, and, of these, all but one with a different
object in view ; so that further trials in the Tuscarawas valley would seem
to be warranted.

Along the divide between the waters of the Tuscarawas and Yellow
Creek, Coal No. 1 lies too deep to be reached by any boring that has been
recently made. At New Lisbon, however, there is no question that it has
been struck in several borings.* It here lies something like two hundred
feet below the lower limestone seam, (No. 3) and is reported to have a
thickness of from four to nine feet. Further down the Little Beaver it is
either wanting, or has been passed through without notice in the oil wells.
At Cameron's mill, on Bull Creek, it was struck at a depth of one hundred
and sixty-six feet below the surface.

From these and other facts which have come to my knowledge, I feel
justified in saying that the country just about New Lisbon is underlaid
by an important basin of Briar Hill coal, and this at such a depth that it
can be worked by shafts in the valleys with scarcely more trouble and
expense than though it cropped out at the surface.

Altitudes oe Coal No. 1.

(The Briar Hill Seam. J

Above Lake Erie.

1. Thompson's shaft, west side of Holmes county 531 feet.

2. Motes' mine, eight miles west of Millersburgh 450 "

3. Steel's coal, two miles west of Millersburgh, Holmes county 379 "

4. J. Cameron's mine, three miles north of Millersburgh, Holmes

county 343 "

5. Jno. Cary's miue, half a mile west of Millersburgh, Holmes county 319 "

6. Massillon, Stark county (mean) 356 "

* On Yellow Creek a coal seam is said to have been passed through in the old salt
wells at Salineville and Collingwood, at about the horizon of coal No. 1.

30 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Above Lake Erie.

7. Doylestown, Wayne county 484 feet.

8. Tallmadge, Summit county, Newberry's mine 520 "

9. Edinburgh, Portage county ( Whittlesey) . 440 "

10. Youngstown, Mahoning county 336 ''

11. Mt. Nebo, Mahoning county (Whittlesey) 232 "

12. New Lisbon, Columbiana county, in oil wells 180 "

Coal No. 2.

Coal seam No. 2 lies from forty to sixty feet above "No. 1, in the region
where it is best developed, i. e., in the valley of the Killbuck, Holmes
county. Here it is a cannel coal (Strawbridge's) from two to eigbt feet in
thickness. All around the margin of the coal basin a thin coal seam
marks this horizon, but it is not constantly present, and is much more
important in Holmes county than elsewhere.*

The Strawbridge coal would be generally classed as a cannel, but it
differs considerably in chemical composition from most cannels, and is
more like some of those known as " splint coals " in England and Scot-
land. It has the structure and aspect of a cannel coal, but has so large
a percentage of fixed carbon, and so little volatile matter, that it is appli-
cable to quite a different class of uses. The Strawbridge coal has as great
heating power as almost any of our coals, and would serve an excellent
purpose as a furnace fuel, if it contained less sulphur. This ingredient
would preclude its use for the manufacture of gas, even if it were not
true — as it is — that it contains less volatile matter than the " Briar Hill,"
which is generally regarded as the u dryest " of our coals. It will serve
a good purpose as a household fuel, though the volume of ash it produces
will be, to many, an insuperable objection to it. In this respect, however,
it will compare favorably with many of our Ohio cannels, as they gener-
ally contain nearly as much ash. I formerly made analyses of all the
cannel coals then known in Ohio, and found none that contained less than
ten per cent, of ash. The Mint Eidge contains twelve per cent. ; the
purest of the Walhonding cannel, Coshocton county, contains ten per

* It should also be said that in central Holmes county, in certain localities, another
seam, generally thin but sometimes workable, lies between Nos. 1 and 2. This is called
the " iron coal," because of a bed of iron ore associated with it ; but it is so entirely
local in its character, that I have not thought proper to enumerate it as one of our series
of workable coals.

On Michart's farm, two miles north of Napoleon, Holmes county, this seam appears in
greater force than anywhere else that it came under my observation. There it is com-
posed of two benches of one foot each, separated by three feet of iron ore, said by the
owner (for it was not fairly shown) to be massive, dark, block ore. Other parties
represent it as one foot of ore to two of shale. In either case it is a valuable ore bed,
and its relationship to the coal is such that it can be mined at a very slight cost.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

cent. ; the Canfield cannel from eleven to nineteen per cent. ; while cannel
from Darlington, just east of the line of Pennsylvania, contains from
twenty-eight to filty-two per cent, of earthy matter, and an average of
thirty-five per cent. The latter coal is now largely mined, and sold at a
price but little below that of our best varieties. The Stra-ffbridge has
much greater heating power than the Darlington coal, and ought to com-
mand at least an equal price.

The true application of coals like the Strawbridge, as it seems to me, is
to the generation of steam, especially in locomotives. Having no ten-
dency to cake in the fire, and burning as freely and with nearly as little
smoke as wood, such coal can be used in a locomotive engine almost
without change in the fire box. For such use it matters little whether
the percentage of earthy matter is a little greater or less, as the ashes are
so readily discharged from the furnace.

Where Coal ~No. 2 appears on the east side of the Killbuck, it is a true
cannel. (See analysis JSTo. 2.)

Analyses of Coal No. 2.

No. 1. Millersburgh, Holmes county, (three miles southwest) Strawbridge's cannel
coal, eight feet thick. (Wormley.)

No. 2. Millersburgh, Holmes county, (three miles northeast) cannel, two feet thick.
(Wormley.)

Specific gravity

Water ,

Volatile combustible

Fixed carbon

Ash

Total

Sulphur

100.00
1.55

Coal No. 3.

This coal underlies the lower or blue limestone. It is almost every-
where of workable thickness, I . e., from three to six feet. At Mr. Glasgo's
in western Holmes county, it is cannel, three feet thick, good. At
Daggan's mine, Knox township, it is six feet thick, in two nearly equal
benches, one bituminous, the other cannel. In Salt Creek township,
Holmes county, it is four feet thick, bituminous in places in two benches,
separated by two feet of fire clay, in others without partings. In the

■32 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

hills south of Napoleon it shows three feet of coal, in three benches of
one foot each, with partings of fire-clay of equal thickness between them.
On the east side of the Killbuck in Mechanic township, it is true cannel,
said to be eight feet thick, but not worked or so exposed that its value
«an be determined. Northeast of Millersburgh, at Mast's, Collier's and
Chambers' mines, it is about four feet thick, semi cannel, good ; at Har-
ger's mill, eastern part of Holmes county, five feet thick, part cannel,
part bituminous.
The section of Coal No. 3 at Mast's mine is as follows :

Blue limestone 5',

Coal r 6"

Fire-clay 8"

Coal 2' 6"

Black shale 1' 8"

Coal 1'

Fire-clay 5'

At Collier's mine, two hundred yards south, the seam exhibits this
structure:

Blue limestone 5'

Coal :.. 4"

Black shale r 6"

Coal 2' 6"

Blackshale i 1' 6"

Coal 6"

Fire-clay ,.......' 5'

In Stark county, Coal No. 3 is known as the " Limestone Vein," and is
worked over a large area. About Canton and north to Gtreentown, it is
from three and a half to four and a half feet thick, a tender caking coal
of medium quality. East of Canton it is overlaid by the gray limestone
seam No. 5, is generally worthless, sometimes wanting; the Newberry
coal thirty inches thick, of excellent quality; and No. 6 (the "Upper
Vein ") four to six feet thick, and generally very good. This latter coal
supplies the wants of the coanty; and as Coal No. 3 thins in that direc-
tion, \% loses its consequence.

Near Massillon, Coal No. 3 is very thin, while No. 1 is good. Hence a
theory (without foundation) has become general, that " where the Mas-
sillon coal is good, this limestone vein is poor," and nice versa.

In Summit county, Coal No. 3 occurs in the southeastern townships, as
at Mogadore, etc., but is thin and of no value. The same is true of its
outcrops in Portage and Mahoning counties.

In Coshocton county this seam of coal acquires unusual importance in
Bedford and Jefferson townships. It is here cannel, and, as we often
find this bed, divided into several benches. Its maximum thickness is

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

seven feet, and the best portions are as pure as any cannel I have seen in
Ohio. At Wheeler's mine it presents the following characteristic section :

Blue limestone 3'

Bituminous coal 5"

Calcareous shale 4"

Bituminous coal 1/ 5"

Cannel coal V 6"

Cannel coal 2' 6"

Shale 2"

Fire-clay 4"

Bituminous coal - 4"

Fire-clay 3'

This I also suppose to be the cannel coal of Flint Kidge, Licking
county 5 but I have not yet made the observations necessary to connect
that with the Coshocton county localities.

In the valley of the Connotten, Tuscarawas county, Coal No. 3 is five feet
thick — cannel, worthless. At Hammondsville, in the valley of Yellow
Creek, this is the " Creek Vein," three to four feet in thickness, bitumin-
ous. In the valley of the -ittle Beaver, at New Lisbon, it is " Green's "
and " McClymond's " coal. In Canfleld, Mahoning county, No. 3 is the
seam worked at Infelt's and Bruce's mines. Between this point and New
Lisbon it is visible in several localities, exhibiting nearly the same
character throughout ; a highly bituminous, caking coal, from three to
tour feet in thickness, but containing a large percentage of sulphur.

No.

Analyses of Coal No. 3.

Glasgo's, near Nashville, Holmes county, cannel 3' (Wonnley.)

Mast's coal, N. E. of Millersburg, Holmes county, semi-cannel . . 4£' (Wormley. )

Collier's coal, N. E. of Millersburg, Holmes Co., semi-cannel 5' (Wormley.)

Greentown, Summit county, bituminous 3'-4' (Wormley.)

Creek Vein, Yellow Creek, bituminous 3J' (Newberry. )

Green's coal, New Lisbon, Columbiana county, bituminous (Newberry.)

Specific gravity .

Water

Volatile combustible .

Fixed carbon

Ash

Total

Sulphur

Coke

Color of ash .

1.292

3.90
40.50
49.95

5.65

1.282

4.20
32.20
56.60

7.00

1.305

3.85
33.95
56.40

5.80

3.25
38.75
55.05

2.95

1.290

2.50
36.60
56.30

4.60

100.00

1.55
Pulverulent.
Fawn.

100.00

3.34
Compact
Gray.

100.00

2.06
Compact
White.

100.00

1.73
Compact.
White.

100.00

2.05
Compact.
Brown.

1.301

1.30
37.10
57.15

4.45

100.00

1.95
Compact.
White.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Altitudes of Coal No 3.

10.
n.

(The Blue Limestone Seam.)

Above Lake Erie

At Eli Glasgo's, west side of Holmes county 634 feet.

Millersburgh, central part of Holmes county 363 "

Scare's mine, Trail Creek, eastern part of Holmes county 473 "

Dover, Tuscarawas county 272 "

Zoar Station, Tuscarawas county 300 "

Tunnel, Tuscarawas Branch R. R., Tuscarawas county 386 "

Salineville, (in well) Columbiana county 210 "

New Lisbon, Coluaibiana county.. 390 "

Actor, Columbiana county , 340 "

Near mo ath of Little Beaver, Columbiana county 126 "

Linton, Jefferson county 116 "

Coal No. 4.

Coals Nos. 4 and 5, lying between the two limestones, can be almost
always found when sought at the proper horizon, but in Holmes county
they are thin and of little value. Both, however, become much more
important in passing toward the east. In Holmes county Coal No. 4 is
not constantly present, and nowhere, that we have observed, does it
exceed two feet in thickness.* In the valley of the Tuscarawas, between
Dover and Zoar Station, it lies near the grade of the railroad, and is
overlaid by sandstone, by which it is frequently cut out, but where attain-
ing ils full dimensions, has a thickness of three feet ; a bituminous coal
of indifferent quality. The section of this seam exhibited in the railroad
cut at Zoar Station is so instructive, that I venture to represent it in the
following wood cut :

Section- of Coal No. 4 at Zoar Station, Tuscarawas county, O.

1. Sandstone. 2. Shale. 3. Coal No. 4. 4. Fire-clay.

* In Mechanic township, Holmes county, on the property of the Killbuck Mining
Company, it is about two feet in thickness, overlaid by red shale with nodules of iron
ore.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 35

Here the coal seam is seen to be, in places, overlaid by a soft argilla-
ceous shale. Over this is a heavy bed of sandstone, which locally cuts
out both the shale and coal. The story told by this section is plainly this,
that after the coal was deposited, it was covered with a fine, clay-mud,
such as forms the roof shales of many of our coal seams. Subsequently
strong currents of water passed over this surface, cutting away both
shale and coal along the channel lines, and depositing in these and over
all great quantities of sand, that was subsequently consolidated into
sandstone.

From the valley of the, Tuscarawas to that of Yellow Greek, Coal No. 4
passes beneath the divide and is concealed. At Hammondsville and
Linton, however, the Yellow Creek valley cuts within two hundred feet
of the bottom of the Coal series, exposing Coal No. 3, and twenty feet
over it Coal No. 4, here known as the " Strip Vein," two and a half feet
in thickness, a highly caking coal, but working handsomely in blocks and
of great parity. From this region it has been extensively exported as a
gas coal, while the slack produced in mining it has been made into coke,
which is regarded as of excellent quality.

In the valley of the Little Beaver above New Lisbon, Coal No. 4 is seen,
a few inches in thickness, buried in a mass of bituminous shale. At
Letonia, where the New Lisbon railroad crosses the Pittsburgh, Fort
Wayne and Chicago railroad, No. 4 is a bituminous coal, two and a half
feet in thickness, remarkably free from sulphur and ash, in fact one of
the purest coals in the State. Here it is extensively coked, and furnishes,
the fuel used in the successful iron works in this locality. Still further-
north, in the edge of Canfield, Mahoning county, this seam of coal is two..
and a half feet thick, the upper six inches bituminous, the lower two feet
cannel. At Wetmore's mine in Canfield, it is five feet in thickness, alls
cannel of good quality. Near Palestine, and at Darlington, Pennsyl-
vania, this is the " Darlington Cannel," from eight to thirteen feet in
thickness, but containing a large percentage of ash. In the valley of the -
Little Beaver, just below New Lisbon, Coal No. 4 is represented, by,
twenty feet of bituminous shale.

Wherever assuming the cannel character, this coal seam ha&alarge
percentage of ash, and also contains the remains of fishes and mollusks,
thus illustrating the truth of the conclusions to which, from these and
other facts, I was years ago led, viz., that cannel coal owes Us peculiar
character to the large amount of water in which the carbonaceous matter it
contains was suspended ; that it was, in fact, formed in the open lagoons of
the coal marshes, where the- softer portions of vegetable tissue, perfectly'
macerated, accumulated with more or less transported sediment and mingled
with the remains of aquatic animals.

GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY OP OHIO.

Analyses of Coal No. 4.

No. 1. Wetmore's Cannel, Upper bench, Canfield 5 (Newberry.)

" 2. Wetmore's Cannel, Lower bench, Canfield 5' (Newberry.)

" 3. Letonia, Columbiana county, bituminous 2' 6" (Newberry.)

" 4. Strip Vein, Hammondsville, bituminous 2' 6'' (Newberry.)

" 5. Darlington Cannel 8'-13' (Silliman.)

Specific gravity ...

1.438

1.65
33.56
45.65
19.14

1.295

1.53
40.63
46.26
11.58

1.213

2.56
39.60
56.04

1.80

1.256

2.13

34.86

55.78

7.23

1.357

0.74

Volatile combustible. . .

30.01
39.90

Ash

29.35

Totals

100.00

2.63
Pulverulent.
White.

100.00

2.04
Pulverulent.
White.

100.00

.53

Compact.
White.

100.00

.43

Compact.
Reddish.

100.00

2.31

Coke

Pulverulent.

Gray.

Coal No. 5.

This coal seam lies beneath the gray limestone. In Holmes and Tus-
carawas counties it is rarely more than two feet in thickness, and is
therefore of comparatively little value. At Hecker & Burnett's lime-
kiln, one mile east of Millersburg, it is mined with the limestone above
and the fire-clay below, and is used as a fuel for burning the lime. The
section at this point is as follows :

1. Gray shale with kidney ore near base, to top of hill.

■2. Clay shale or indurated clay, burning bright crimson, and valuable for

fine "face brick" and terra eotta 6'

3L Gray limestone 4'-6'

4. Coal No. 5 2'

-5. Fire-clay (good) 6'

<&. Gray shale 15'

.7. Drab sandstone (good building stone) 25'

;8. JPIaee of Coal No. 4 (coal covered)

IS. Gajay shale 35'

10. Blue > limestone 3'

■11. Shale 20'

12. CoalNo.3 (cannel) 3'-6

13. iiFire-clay

14. Slope covered 120 feet to railroad at Millersburg, 243 feet above Lake Erie.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 37

i
On J. Armbach's land, lot 33, Salt Creek township, Holmes county, the

gray limestone is six feet in thickness, the coal below it three and one-
half feet thick. Selected specimens are of good quality, and much like
Mast's coal, but there are many sulphur and clay seams in the coal, which
substantially spoil it. On George Armstrong's land, lot 31 of same town-
ship, the gray limestone and coal are of the same character and thickness
as above, and are 99 feet above the blue limestone.

About Canton, in Stark county, both limestone coals (Nos. 3 and 5) are
visible, the upper one extensively mined. It is sometimes six feet thick,
but is usually slaty, and contains much suphur.

Near Zoar, in Tuscarawas county, Coal No. 5 crops out in a great num-
ber of localities, but is nowhere that I have observed it, over two feet in
thickness. It is just that in the Fairfield hills and in the valley of the
Connotten, above Zoar Station. After passing Hanover Summit, where
it is covered, we have in the valleys of Yellow Creek and Little Beaver
an important coal seam beneath the limestone, and which is probably
identical with the upper limestone seam of the western counties. This is
the "Roger Vein" of the Yellow Creek valley, and the "Whan Seam" of
the vicinity of New Lisbon. The "Roger Vein" on Yellow Creek, is
three feet in thickness, a caking coal of fair quality. The " Whan Coal "
is three to five feet in thickness, working large, and free burning. It has
much the appearance of the Briar Hill coal, but contains a larger per
centage of volatile matter, and more suphur.

In Tuscarawas county, above the upper of the two limestones I have
described, comes in a seam of coal which is there of considerable import-
ance, but which I have been unable to identify with any of the seams
mined east or west of this county. In the vicinity of Millersburg, the
distance between the upper limest'one and coal seam No. 6, is, in some
localities, as little as twenty -five feet, and no coal seam occurs in this
interval. Going eastward, the limestone and the sandstone over No. 6
become more widely separated, and about Mineral Point, in Tuscarawas
county, this space is something like seventy feet, filled with argillaceous,,
often bituminous shale, in which are three seams of coal, the uppermost;
(Coal No. 6) just under the sandstone; the second, twelve to eighteen!
inches thick, twenty-five feet below, are impure and worthless cannel ;
the lowest, four feet thick (twenty feet lower), a very hard, bright and
excellent coal, containing too much sulphur and too much volatile matter
to be advantageously used as a furnace coal, but very free burning, andi
highly valued as a steam coal. This is known as the "Newberry" coal at;
Mineral Point, and is worked at the mines of Mr. Holden. It is also
worked at the tunnel three miles above. At Mineral Point, and on the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

west bank of the Tuscarawas, near Zoar, this seam is locally duplicated
so as to be of double its average thickness. A strongly marked band of
iron ore lies immediately over it. On the south side of Huff's run, on
the Holmes farm, this coal seam appears better than in any place where
it is now worked. Though at present somewhat difficult of access in this
locality, there is such a body of it in the massive hills that stretch south-
ward from the valley of Huff's run, and the coal is so handsome and val-
uable, that it will doubtless some time be the basis of a great mining
business in this region.

I give below analyses by Dr. Wormley of type specimens of Goal
No. 5, adding one (No. 4) of Coal 5 a, or the " Newberry" coal. Both
the " Whan Coal" and this are much better than would be inferred from
these analyses.

Analyses of Goal No. 5.

No. 1. Bennington coal, south of Nashville, Holmes county 2' 6''

No. 2. Roger coal, Salineville 3' 6"

No. 3. Whan coal, New Lisbon - 4'-5'

No. 4. Tunnel coal, near Mineral Point, Tuscarawas county 4'

1.345

2.30
29.30
57.80
10.60

1.304

1.65
37.35
56.80

4.20

1.15
40.45
53.75

4.65

1.375

3.20

Volatile combustible

39.70

52.95

Ash

4.15

Total

100.00

4.42

Compact.
Fawn.

100.00

2.03
Compact.
Gray.

100.00

3.51
Compact.
Reddish.

100.00

2.64

Coke

Compact.

Coal No. 6.

This is one of the most interesting and important coals of the series.
It lies under the " Mahoning sandstone," and over the upper of the two
limestones I have referred to. On the western side of Holmes county it
has a thickness of two feet. Near Millersburg it is the coal mined by
Judge Armor, Mr. Saunders, Day & Ohattuck, the Holmes County Coal
Company, &c. ; is from five to six feet in thickness, generally in two
benches separated by a slate parting. In the mine of Mr. Saunders the
«coal is in three benches, top fifteen inches, middle two feet, bottom eigh-
teen inches in thickness. At Judge Armor's mine, a half mile north, there
are but two benches of nearly three feet each and much alike in quality.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

The coal of this mine may be considered typical of the seam — breaking
irregularly with broad, smooth, black, resinous surfaces, rather tender
and containing considerable sulphur. It is highly cementing in charac-
ter, and makes a bright and handsome coke if properly treated, but such
as holds too much sulphur to make it popular as a furnace fuel. The
faults of this coal will be almost completely corrected by washing. This
will remove nearly all the sulphur and the slate that comes from the part-
ings, and will make it possible to produce from it, at small expense, a
coke which will be first class in quality. This coal is much liked for the
generation of steam, and is the type of a " steamboat coal" on the Ohio,
where the draft in the furnaces is so strong that an adhesive coal is pre-
ferred.

At Fredericksburg, Wayne county, this seam is worked at the Wayne
Hill mines by Mr. C. H. Clarke, and is three and a half feet in thickness;
its composition is expressed in the subjoined analyses made by Mr. W. A.
Hooker, E. M. :

Specific gravity

Moisture

Volatile combustible

Fixed carbon

Sulphur

Ash..,

Total

100.00

Color of ash — fawn.

Coke 60 per cent., hard, bright, silvery.

A cubic yard weighs 2,160 lbs.

Gas 4 cubic feet per lb. ; illuminating power high.

In the valley of Trail Creek, eastern part of Holmes county, this seam
is worked at the mines of Adam Scare and Henry Coley. Iu is here three
and a half feet thick, a white-ash coal, more free from sulphur than fur-
ther west. At Patterson's mine, Dundee, it is still better, and four and a
half feet thick.

In all this region this coal is overlaid by a black bituminous shale, full
of shells — Chonetes mesoloba, Semipronites umbraculum, Aviculojpecten oc-
cidentalism Produotus equicostatus, Myalina Swallovana, etc. Very gener-
ally these shells are replaced by sulphide of iron.

In Tuscarawas county, Coal No. 6 is seen in all the hills about Mineral
Point. It is but little worked there, but is the coal mined by John Black

4:0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

on the south side of Huff's Bun. It has also been worked for many years
on the Zoar Furnace property, on the Davy and Holmes farms at Mineral
Point Station, and at the Tunnel three miles above.. In all this region
it is from three and a half to four feet thick, a caking coal of medium
quality. In the valley of the Oonnotten, at New Cumberland, it is five
feet thick ; the upper bench greatly improved in quality. From this local-
ity it thickens going east, and has been opened at some points in Carroll
county where it is seven feet thick. In the central portion of this county
it lies too deep to be reached, as the Barren Measures with their red
shales form the surface rocks.

In southern Tuscarawas, and in Coshocton county, this seam furnishes
most of the coal mined. It is the seam worked at Coal Port, Port Wash-
ington, Trenton, &c. In this region it ranges from three to six fe'et in
thickness, and varies considerably in purity, but has a prevailing, I may
almost say constant, character as a tender, adhesive, but "strong" and
valuable coal. It is well adapted to the generation of steam, and its best
varieties are preferred to any other Ohio coal for blacksmith's use.

In Stark county, Coal No. 6 underlies much of the surface east of Can-
ton, approaching within four miles of that town on the east and south.
In Pike and Osnaburgh townships it is especially good, from three and a
half to six feet thick — usually about four — in two benches, with a slate
parting. The lower bench furnishes coal of such purity that it is hauled
by wagons from Osnaburgh to Massillon, for use by the blacksmiths.
Near Louisville it is somewhat worked, but is not quite so much esteemed.
At Eobertsville, south east from this point, it is overlaid by coal No. 7,
the "Black Band Seam," with its associated iron ore. Near Mapleton it
is four to six feet thick, black and good. Thence east and south it forms
a sheet cut only by the valley of the Sandy. It is mined at Waynes-
burg, Pekin, Malven, Oneida, &c, and occupies most of Carroll county.

In the highlands that form the divide between the waters of the Big
Sandy and Yellow Creek, the Mahoning and Little Beaver, Coal No. 6
reaches continuously from the Tuscarawas valley to the Pennsylvania
line. In all this interval it is the main seam of the series, ranging from
four to seven feet in thickness ; everywhere a caking coal. It is marked
at Bochester, New Chambersburg, Hanover Station, &c, near the summit
of the C. & P. railroad.

In the valley of Yellow Creek, Coal No. 6 is the " Big Vein " of Saline-
ville, Hammondsville and Linton, and ranges from four to seven and a
half feet in thickness. It is also the "Big Vein" of the Shelton and
Arter farms near New Lisbon. Throughout this region it yields a highly
bituminous, caking coal, containing too much sulphur to be used for gas,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 41

but destined, when washed and coked, to play an important part in the
future industries of this remarkably rich district. East of New Lisbon,
Coal No. 6 is less thick but purer. It is Dyke's Coal on Camp run, the coal
of the Carbon Hill, Enon Valley and other mines near Palestine, and is the
ic Upper Freeport " coal of the Pennsylvania geologists.

At the mouth of Yellow Creek the " Big Vein " is underlaid by four
inches of cannel, which is literally full of the remains of fishes and am-
phibians. We have already obtained from this locality more than twenty
species, all new to science and of great interest. The fishes are for the
most part species of Goelacanthus and Hurylepis ; the latter a new genus
found only here. One species of Palaeoniscus occurs here ; two of Ehizo-
dus, and many spines and teeth of sharks. The amphibians were aquatic
carnivorous salamanders, allied to Archegosaurm, Ophiderpeton, Urocor-
dylus, and to the living Membranchus. Some of them were several feet in
length and of remarkable and interesting structure.

All these animals were apparently the inhabitants of a lagoon in the
coal marsh. While it continued to be a lagoon, carbocaceous mud, de-
rived from the decomposition of the soft parts of the plants growing in
the water and the surrounding marsh, accumulated at the bottom, with
innumerable remains of the various animated forms, that for ages lived
and died in the water above. There came a time, however, — after enough
of this carbonaceous mud had gathered to form a layer of cannel four
inches thick — when, just as so many of our little lakes are " growing up "
now, the lagoon was closed and ultimately all filled up by the peat that
formed its margin. This peat produced the ordinary cubical coal which
composes the mass of the seam.

Both the fishes and amphibians will be found figured and described in
the first volume of our final report.

Analyses of Goal No. 6.

By Dr. Wokmlbt.

Saunders' coal, middle bench, Millersburg, Holmes county 5'

Adam Scare's, near Berlin 3' 6"

Salineville," Big Vein" - 5'-6'

Linton, "Big Vein" 7' 6"

New Lisbon, " Big Vein," (Arter Farm) 7'

Dyke's coal, Camp Kun, upper bench 4'

" " lower bench 4'

No,

. i.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Specific gravity

1.369

5.10
39.00
51.70

4.20

1.277

3.85
34.65
58.60

2.90

1.280

1.40
34.60
59.55

4.45

1.276

2.60
35.17
55.80

6.43

1260

3.45
35.56
56.36

4.63

1.266

1.35
34.15
62.00

2.50

1.286
1.70

Volatile combustible.

Fixed carbon

Ash

42.70

53.85
1.75

Total ........

100.00

2.26

Compact.
Purple.

100.00

2.66
Compact.
Brown.

100.00

2.11

Compact.

Gray.

100.00

2.63

Compact.

Gray.

100.00

2.50

Compact.

Gray.

100.00

0.99

Compact.

Yellow.

100.00
1.45

Coke

Comp'ct

White.

Altitudes of Coal No. 6.

(The "Big Vein")

Above Lake Erie.

1. Eli Glasgo's, three miles south, of Nashville, Holmes county, (wes-

tern part 748 feet.

2. Nashville, Holmes county, (western part) 688

3. Fredericksburg, (Wayne Hill mines), Wayne county 600

4. Judge Armor's mine, Millersburg, Holmes county 549

5. Judge Saunders' mine, " " 534

6. Day & Chattuck's " " 524

7. Two miles east of Millersburgh 583

8. Berlin, Holmes county, Dr. Pomerene's mine 660

9. Adam Scare's mine, Trail Creek, eastern Holmes county 653

10. Henry Coley's mine, " " " 615

11. Patterson's mine, Dundee, Tuscarawas county; (western part) 558

12. Zoar Station, Tuscarawas county (eastern part) 462

13. Mineral Point, " " 445

14. Tunnel, Tusc. Br. E. R., Tuscarawas county, (eastern part) 495

15. Robertsville, Stark county, (eastern part) 499

16. Hanover Station, Columbiana county, (western part) 560

17. New Chambersburg, " " (Whittlesey) 629

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 43

Above Lake Erie.

18. New Lisbon, Columbiana county 515 feet.

19. Achor, Columbiana county 430 "

20. Salineville, Columbiana county 310 "

21. . New Cumberland, Carroll county 447 "

On a more southerly line :

22. Western Coshocton county. 476 "

23. Coshocton 248 "

24. New Comerstown 293 "

25. Port Washington 260 "

26. Lockl7 295 "

27. Urichsville 275 "

Coal No. 7.

This coal lies in the tops of the highest hills in the western part of
Holmes county, where it is known as the " Taylor Coal," is from four to
six feet in thickness, open burning, and very pure. Unfortunately the
area it occupies is small. Throughout most of Holmes county it is either
wholly cut away or left in the summits of the hills. In the Fairfield hills
of Tuscarawas County, which reach up to the Barren Coal measures, it is
three to three and a half feet in thickness, of rather poor quality. It here
underlies the famous Black Band ore of that district. At Salineville it is
the "Strip Vein," on lower Yellow Creek the " Cumberland " or " Groff
Vein." In most of Columbiana County, it is confined to the highest lands,
and is little worked; but at Palestine it is the coal mined by Burnett and
Joy, and, like most of the coals of that vicinity, is of excellent quality.

This is the highest workable seam of coal in Ohio below the Pittsburgh
bed, although a thin seam — sometimes two feet in thickness — is found
above it. It is overlaid by the great mass of colored shales which form
the Barren Coal Measures, and which compose the tops of the hills border-
ing Yellow Creek ; extending thence southward to Marietta.

With the exception of the Briar Hill coal, there is probably no seam
which along its outcrop, north of the National Eoad, will supply a first-
class furnace coal. The coal of the upper seams is almost universally
cementing in character, furnishing a fuel in many instances well adapted
to the generation of steam and for the puddling furnace, but such as can
only be used in the blast furnace after being coked. In several localities
these caking coals are sufficiently pure to be used for the manufacture of
gas — as at Hammondsville, Palestine, Letonia, etc. — but the quantity of
sulphur which they contain is generally so large that they require more
purification than can be economically effected. It should not be inferred,
however, from these remarks, that the immense store of fossil fuel con-
tained in the region under consideration is of such qualify as not to be

4A GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

usefully employed in the arts ; but it is necessary that some process should
be adopted for ridding our coals of the sulphur by which they are so gen-
erally contaminated before they will become available for the most im-
portant uses, and before their full value will be developed. Here, as it
seems to me, is a field where intelligence and enterprise are capable of
producing results of the very highest importance, not only to the residents
of this region, but to the State at large. By the introduction of the im-
proved processes of coal washing and coking now in constant use in many
parts of the Old World, these coals may be made to produce a furnace
fuel quite equal in value to oui" best open burning coals. I do not hesi-
tate to predict, that within a few years this region will be dotted over
with furnaces supplied with fuel prepared in this way. A more thorough
discussion of the subject will, however, be found in that volume of our
final report devoted to Economic Geology.

The cannel coals which abound in our Coal Measures all contain ,as
much as ten per cent, of ash. But for this they could probably be trans-
ported to New York and compete with the English cannel, which is there
the favorite and fashionable household fuel, and which sells for from
twenty to twenty-five dollars per ton. But the Wigan English cannel
has only about three per cent of ash, and, while the difference between
the heating power of the two varieties is not great, the volume of ash left
by our coals would be regarded as an insurmountable objection by those
who use the English cannel, not only for its cheerfulness, but its cleanli-
ness.

Our cannel coals supply a large volume of the best illuminating gas,
and they will doubtless be somewhat used for this purpose in the future,
but the coke made from them is of inferior quality, and any considerable
percentage of it would impair the value of the coke produced in the retorts
of the gas companies ; and this goes far toward paying the cost of the
coking coals they use. In my judgment, the best use to which our cannel
coals can be applied, at present, is for fuel for locomotives. Burning, as
the cannels do, so much like wood, they can be used in ordinary locomo-
tive furnaces with little or no change; and, since their heating power is
twice that of wood, and they crop out along the sides of several of our
railroads, they seem to me destined to supply the place of wood, now in
many places becoming somewhat scarce.

IKON OEES.

The quantity of iron ore in that portion of our territory which I have
been describing, is very large, but probably somewhat less than that found
in the southern portion of our coal field. The Kidney ores exist in greater

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 45

or less abundance in every township within the coal area, and they have
formed a large part of the ore hitherto used in the furnaces located in this
region. The value of these ores has, however, I fear been somewhat over-
rated, inasmuch as by the washing away of the shales which originally
contained them, they have been concentrated in the surface materials,
where they have been readily accessible and most cheaply mined. When,
after a longer or shorter time, these surface accumulations shall have been
exhausted, I fear that it will only be in rare instances that these ores
will be found of sufficient richness to pay for drifting.

Conspicuous bands of Kidney ore are found at several horizons in the
JJower Coal measures, the first over Coal No. 1, and associated with the
local bed called the Iron coal. This is most noticeable in Holmes county.
The second, over the Blue limestone and Coal No. 3. In the eastern coun-
ties of the coal field the ore is very abundant at this level, and, in western
Pennsylvania, for this reason, the limestone with which it is associated is
called the Ferriferous limestone. In Columbiana county the deposits of iron
at this horizon are very rich; forming tiers of nodules extending sometimes
through twelve or fifteen feet of shale. In other localities the upper por-
tion of the Blue limestone is a calcareous iron ore ; and Black-band — as
in the valley of the Little Beaver — is introduced as another element into
this ferruginous belt.

In Tuscarawas county, at Dover and Mineral Point, the richest accumu-
lation of Kidney ore is over the Gray limestone, and in the roof shales of
the Newberry coal. In Columbiana county there is some Black-band in
the same position. In Mahoning county, from eight to eighteen inches of
excellent Black-band ore is found associated with Coal No. 1, and this has
been used in the furnaces of this region for more than twenty years.
The most important deposit of Black-band ore is, however, found above
Coal No. 7, at the base of the Barren Coal measures. In Tuscarawas
county it attains, in some localities, a thickness of sixteen feet. On the
old Zoar-furnace property in Pairfield township it has been worked for
nearly forty years. At the same horizon is a very irregular bed of lime-
stone which, on the Zoar lands, is so largely charged with iron as to be-
come a very good iron ore. The ferruginous matter is here somewhat
irregularly distributed between the bituminous shale to form the Black-
band, and the limestone to form what is called " Mountain ore."

At Louisville, Bobertsville, &c, in Stark county, the Black-band stra-
tum to which I have referred, occupies a large area of the highest land,
and attains a maximum thickness of something like twenty feet, but it is
less rich in iron than in Tuscarawas county. The yellow limestone, with
which it is associated, is here from eight to ten feet in thickness.

46 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Passing eastward to the hills bordering Yellow Creek near Salineville,
we find the horizon of the Tuscarawas Black-band marked by beds of
blood-red shale. The ferruginous matter is here apparently diminished
in quantity and disseminated through so large a mass of clay as to be
worthless as an ore, but it serves to mark this horizon with great dis-
tinctness.

The Black band ores of the region under consideration are certainly of
great importance. Forming as they do continuous sheets of nearly uni-
form richness, they constitute a reliable basis for mining operations, and
there is no question that they can be profitably made the special object of
mining effort.

It sometimes happens, as at Letonia, that the roof shale of a coal seam
is charged with iron and becomes a Black-band ore. This can then be
removed with little trouble or cost. Such associations of the fuel and
the ore are known to occur in several localities, and it is probable that
others will be found as a reward to future search. Few persons are
accurately informed in regard to the characteristics of Black-band ore,
and the stratified ore of Letonia was not suspected to have any value
until, some years ago, I called attention to it.

I subjoin analyses made by Dr. Wormley, and others, of various speci-
mens of Black-band ore from Ohio, and also of the famous Scotch Black-
band, the discovery of which has given so great an impetus to the iron
manufacture in Scotland.

Analyses of Iron Ores from Holmes, Tuscarawas and Columbiana counties.

By Peop. Wormley.

1. Kidney Ore, over Coal No. 6, Saunders' mine, near Millerstrarg, Holmes county, O.

2. Nodular Ore, under Coal No. 6, Judge Armor's mine, near Millersburg, Holmes
county, O.

3. Shell Ore, Tuscarawas Iron Company, Dover, O.

4. " " " calcined.

5. Mountain Ore, " "

6. " Zoar Station.

7. Kidney Ore, Franklin, Wayne county, O.

GEOLOGICAL SUEVET OP OHIO.

11.45
30.18

"56.M
1.20
2.80
1.30

8.75
1.72
36.33
34.65
0.40
0.60
7.86

8.96
64.17
7.60
1.35
2.60
7.35

2.28
8.46

2.65
13.08

6.10

17.28

38.38

19.59

0.90

1.10

8.93

15 00

32.40

75.00
1.85
0.60

"5.94"

3.64
1.26
0.12

42.50

2.20

trace.

3J.85

21.57

1.60

5 30

15.15

Carbonate of magnesia

Magnesia

0.76

5.37

6.50

5.63

6.13

3.52

0.643
trace.

0.575
2.20

0.863
0.18

0.057
0.22

0.99
0.02

4.379

405

Total

99.293

35.67
2.272

98.455

41.80
3.254

99.573

36.31
3.434

99.15

52.50
4.706

98.137

29.75
3.311

99.42

32.23
3.132

99.324

30.74

3.339

8. Kidney Ore, H. C. Bowman, New Lisbon, O., nucleus.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

" " shell.

Tea Garden, from highest bed,.
Over Coal No. 3, McClynjond's mine.
Foulke farm, Little Beaver, Columbiana county.

U " (C

Lesley's Run, Middleton tp., "

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Water — combined

Silicious matter

Carbate of iron

Sesquioxide of iron

Manganese oxide

Alumina

Carbonate of lime

Lime (as phosphate)

Carbonate of magnesia.

Phosphoric acid

Sulphur

Total.

Metallic iron

Specific gravity.

9.20
68.08
7.62
2.80
1.60
5.20

10.55
11.25

71.88
1.90
1.20
1.96

5.88

19.02

51.78

11.06

2.55

1.20

5.70

4.76
0.59
0.18

0.31
0.51
0.08

1.82

0.703

0.22

100.03

38.21
3.658

99.64

50.32
3.211

99.93

32.56
3.226

9.66

59.79

10.02

0.40

0.80

11.78

0.60

6.39

0.51

trace.

99.95

35.88
3.188

3.77
9.00
66.01
5.35
3.45
1.40
4.05
2.27
2.27
1.92
0.43

99.92

35.61
3.182

6.62
68.53
5.31
3.10
1.90
4.63
3.85
1.44
3.26
0.35

5.45

26.22

27.99

19.84

0.90

2.90

8.75

5.41

1.534

0.140

98.99

36.09
3.629

99.134

27.40
3.184

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Analyses of Blade-band Iron Ore.

1. Mineral Ridge, Mahoning county. (Dr. Wormley.)

2. Zoar Furnace, Tuscarawas county. "

3. " calcined. (Mr. Potter.)

4. Tuscarawas Iron Company, Dover, Tuscarawas county.

5. " " " " calcined.

6. Scotch Black-Band ore. (Dr. Colquohon.)

Water

4.00

1.25

15.00

0.25

1.41

18.30

35.17

7.70

"30.32'

39.31

9.50

3.03

30.50

11.84

26.82

8.94

"27.1.6
66.50

21.10

26.22

23.02

8.79

17.02

1.40

75.00

0.23

53.03

trace.
1.00
1.05

1.30
4.02

0.30
1.05

2.00

1.06
0.07
0.61

0.70
1.70
1.70

0.88

""o!ii"

0.492

0.60
1.65

0.63

2.80

3.33

0.97

2.50

1.48
trace.
0.773

1.77

0.18
trace.

0.31
0.55

Total

99.60

27.12

2.494

99.51

25.63
2.341

100.00

46.55
3.371

99.712

24.06
2.320

99.573

52.50
3411

100.00

41.20

Specific gravity

Analyses of Iron Ores from Oollingwood, Yellow Creek Valley, by Prof. J. L. Cassells ; furnished by E. K. Collins, Esq.

Numbers.

3. .

■s

•l-f

O
&

O
C

-*^

U
O
«

a
3

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Loss m roasting

Moisture at 212°

14.80

2.45

40.00

16.00

2.60

38.00

21.20
2.10

50.20

28.00

1.95

59.40

29.60

1.60

57.60

27.60

2.25

78.00

21.20

1.80

56.00

24.40
1.75

62.66"

2.80

28.00

1.85

64.75

26.40

1.50

63.30

10.40

1.20

25.00

17.60

1.00

37.40

21.20

0.80

61.25

21.60

2.10

48.00

29.20

1.85
67.40

T.56"
40.00

2.30"

Sesquioxide of iron

37.20

0.40

"V.45"
1.60

*4'25"

1.35

0.55

.20

50.00

T.26"

trace.

3.80
13.30

0.75

.25

28.46

1.20
0.40

"i&O

12.50

.46

.29

19.60

T.27'

3.60

"2.6O'

5.25

.50

.25

27.23

1.20

0.85

1.20

21.20

29.60

6.00

7.60

30.80

38.50

0.73

Magnesia

1.46
5.44
4.60
0.35
.10
45.20

2.19

0.75

4.00

.35

.16

25.20

0.80

40.29
3.095

0.75-

1.85

17.40

.40

.15

10.00

0.60

0.65

17.25

.40

.10

16.00

2.20

1.80

7.20

.75

.45

40.20

5.86

1.40

3.20

.25

.90

21.20

1.20

2.00

15.55

.15

.50

13.20

2.18

1.00

17.20

| .52

20.60

trace.

0.60

3.00

.25

1.70

4.60

Alumina

4.00

.50

.12

13.20

12.74
.36
.10

26.60
2.40

39.20

6.40

*2.00

Silica and insoluble

16.80
0.10

14.00

Metallic iron

Specific gravity.

28.00
3.251

26.60
3.138

35.14
3.261

41.58
3.476

40.32
3.421

54.60
3.480

45.32
3.660

43.61
3.568

17.50
2.757

26.18
3.034

42.87
3.272

33.60
3.022

47.18
2.944

31.92
3.500

"3I664

* Clay.

50 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

FIRE CLAYS.

Nearly every coal seam in the series is underlaid by a bed of fire-clay of
greater or less thickness. Usually these clay-beds are three or four feet
thick ; but that which underlies the " Strip Vein " on Yellow Creek is
sometimes twelve feet. These clays differ much in character and value,
but every county within the coal area may be said to possess abundant
supplies of this useful mineral. In Summit county only a single stratum
is worked— the Springfield clay underlying Coal No. 3 — but there are now
in that county something like forty potteries supplied from this source.

In Holmes, Stark, Tuscarawas and Columbiana counties there are
many beds of fireclay of excellent quality. Most of these are, like the
Springfield clay, eminently plastic and well adapted to the manufacture
of stone-ware. Of this class I would specially mention the clay which
underlies the Gray limestone and Coal No. 5 at Millersburg, and that on
the Robbins farm, near New Lisbon, as giving promise of unusual excel-
lence. Clay of similar, and perhaps of equally good quality, will prob-
ably be found at a hundred other localities, but I specify these simply to
designate the type of clay to which I refer.

Quite another quality of fire-clay — and of more rare and peculiar prop-
erties — is that mined by Mr. Holden, at Mineral Point, Tuscarawas Co.
This is not at all plastic, and yet is exceedingly resistant to the action of
fire. As a consequence, it is destined to be largely employed in the man-
ufacture of fire-brick; fragments of this clay being cemented by just
enough of the plastic clay to hold them together. Practically this clay
corresponds to the " cement," or once-burned clay, employed in precisely
the same manner by the fire-brick makers of New Jersey.

The manufacture of our fire clays is an industry yet in its infancy, but
one destined to great expansion. Our furnace men are paying for Mount
Savage or Amboy fire-brick from $80 to $90 per thousand, while, by the
judicious use of the best materials we have, brick nearly or quite as good
may be furnished at little more than half this price.

A fuller exposition of this subject will, however, be given in the volume
of our final report, devoted to Economic Geology.

The following are the analyses referred to above :
Fire-clay, Mogadore, Summit county. (Dr. Wormley.)

" Mineral Point, Tuscarawas, county. (Dr. Wormley.)

" Port Washington, Tuscarawas county. (Dr. Wormley.)

" New Lisbon, Columbiana county, D. Harbaugh's. (Dr. Wormley.)

« « « « « "

" " " " Robinson's farm. "

" Millersburg, Holmes county, Heeker & Burnett's. "

Clay oyer coal, Millersburg, Holmes county. (Dr. Wormley.)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

*7.

5.45
70.70
21.70

11.70
49.20
37.80

3.54
59.95
33.85

60.70
37.20

7.25
52.10
38.50

8.55
58.25
27.19
3.26
1.10
0.97

4.60

59.10

27.62

2.38

0.53

2.65

5 and

) 3.12

4.95

59.40

30.20

0.40
0.37

0.40
0.10

2.05
0.55

1.55
0.36

1.60
0.51

1.07

1 10

3 28

Total

98.62

99.20

99.94

99.81

99.96

99.32

100.00

9. Fire-clay, Jefferson county, E. K. Collins. (Jas. S. Chilton.)

10. " " " (J. L. Cassells.)

11. " Stourbridge, England. (Dr. Bichardson.)

12. " Mt. Savage, Maryland. (J. M. Ordway.)

13. " Amboy clay," (cretaceous) Woodbridge, N. J. (Geo. H. Cooke.)

14. " German clay," (used for glass pots), Coblentz, Germany.

15. " Missouri clay," St. Louis, Mo. (Dr. A. Litton.)

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Water

10.10

63.62

22.74

2.81

0.02

0.61

7.20
63.60
27.00
1.00
0.45
0.70

12.50

61.15

25.09

1.10

1.30

and org. mat.

12.744

50.457

35.904

1.504

0.133

0.018

trace.

12.67

46.32

39.74

0.27

0.36

0.44

13.70
50.20
34.13
0.87
O.30
- .18
0.39

10.00

61.02

25.64

Iron oxide

1.70
0.70

Magnesia

0.08

0.48

0.25

sulphur.
0.45

Total

99.90

99.95 '

101.05

100.760

99.80

99.77

100.32

HYDEATJLIC CEMENT.

AmoDg the other useful minerals of the Lower coal series the hydraulic
limestones should receive some notice. These are limestones with which
were mingled in their deposition a larger or smaller quantity of clay, and
this imparts to them the property of forming a mortar which hardens
under water. I have, in my former report, referred to the fact that we
are importing hydraulic cement from western ]STew York and from Louis-
ville, Kentucky, to the value of more than $100,000 per annum. I also
said that within our own territory there were undoubtedly varieties of
limestone capable of producing hydraulic cement fully equal to that made
in any other portion of the country. Limestones possessing the requisite

52 GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY OF OHIO.

properties are found in various parts of the State, and at several geological
levels, especially in the Upper Silurian strata, which from this circum-
stance have received the name of the Water-lime group. Argillaceous
limestones are, however, not confined to this group. The limestones Of
the Coal measures are found in certain localities to take on the character
which fits them for the manufacture of cement. A change of this kind
may be quite local, so that there are probably many points where stone of
the requisite quality can be obtained. Two such, at least, are known to
me, one at Barnesville, in. Belmont county, where excellent water-lime is
made by Messrs. Parker ; the other at New Lisbon, where the " White
limestone " over a. considerable area contains an unusual amount of earthy
matter, and is capable of producing cement of good quality. This is
evinced not so much by the analyses given below — for here analyses are
but imperfect guides — but by the fact that hydraulic lime was manufac-
tured from this stone at New Lisbon during the construction of the Sandy
and Beaver canal, and was used in all the locks. Its excellence is attested
by the condition in which this masonry is now found. In many instances
the stones themselves would break before the cement which binds them
will yield.*

Analyses of Hydraulic Limestones.
By Dr. P. Schweitzer.

1. Limestone from Whan farm, New Lisbon, O.

2. " " Hephner's Hollow, New Lisbon, O.

3. Parker's Cement stone, Barnesville, Belmont Co., O.

4. Limestone from H. C. Bowman, New Lisbon, O. (Dr. Wormley.)

1. 2.

Water 0.239 0.344

Loss by ignition 4.737 4.487

Insoluble residue 13.851 15,754

* Here, as elsewhere, the valuable properties of the hydraulic limestone are restricted
to somewhat narrow limits, both vertically and laterally. Much of the rock which looks
as though it must be good, is quite worthless. Some excellent cement has been made
from it, but all the trials made of stone from other quarries than that first worked, have
proved failures. At Ottawa and on Put-in-Bay Island, where much of the lower portion
of the Water-lime group appears, some of the layers afford excellent cement, while
others scarcely distinguishable from them by the eye, or by chemical analyses, are of no
value as hydraulic limes.

Nearly the same may be said of the strata of the Water-lime worked at Eosendale,
New York. Some are good, and others quite valueless. The only reliable test is experi-
ment.

Many interesting facts bearing on the subject have been gathered, and will be given
in detail in our report on Economic Geology.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 0¥ OHIO. 53

1. 2.

Ox. iron and alumina 10.301 2.941

Protox. iron 1.400 None.

Carbonate of lime 68.555 70.496

Carbonate of magnesia 1.091 6.066

Total 100.174 100.088

3. 4.

Silica 8.47 Silica 5.80

Alumina 4.85 Alumina 8.20

Iron 3.10 Carbonate of iron 14.50

Carbonate of lime 72.10 Carbonate of lime 69.30

Carbonate of magnesia 11.15 Carbonate of magnesia 1.86

Moisture and loss 0.33 Water and loss 0.33

Total 100.00 Total 99.99

I have now referred very briefly to the most interesting facts observed
in the geology of the field, where most of my own time during the past
summer has been spent. It is proposed to continue the investigations
begun in this region through another season, when it is hoped that by
combining the observations made by all the members of the corps who
shall have been engaged in the study of the Coal measures, we shall be
able to present a full and accurate exposition of the structure and re-
sources of this, the most important subdivision of our Geology. If this
work is well and thoroughly done, it will much more than repay the State
for the entire cost of the Survey.

PART II.

REPORT OF LABORS II THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL DIS-
TRICT, DURING THE YEAR 1870.

E. B. ANDREWS.

REPORT OF LABORS IK THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL DIS-
TRICT, DURING THE YEAR 1870.

CHAPTER I.

Prop. J. S. Newberry, Chief Geologist :

Sir : — Field-work was resumed in the Second Geological District in the
spring of 1870, as early as the weather would permit, and was continued
until late in November.

I was assisted by Wm. G. Ballantine, A.B>, who was with me in 1869, and
William B. Gilbert, A.B. Talfourd P. Linn was a volunteer aid for a few
weeks, and also Mr. Albert Campbell, manager of Hecla Furnace, who de-
voted his whole time to us while engaged in the examination of Lawrence
county. Hon. John Campbell, of Ironton, also contributed greatly to the
success of our work in the same county, not only by his valuable local inform-
ation, and by accompanying us in most of our work, but also by furnishing,
free of expense, means of traveling, and by almost numberless other acts
of kindness and courtesy.

Mr. Ballantine was employed three months, and Mr. Gilbert six months.
I cannot commend too highly the service rendered the State by these as-
sistants. To the indefatigable and skillful labor of Mr. Ballantine I am
indebted for most of the sections taken in Hocking, Athens and Vinton
counties. Mr. Gilbert rendered equally valuable service, and a large
part of the sections in Jackson, Scioto and Lawrence counties were taken
by him. To the invaluable labors of both of these young gentlemen I
shall have frequent occasion to allude in the paragraphs of this report.

BOWLDERS AND SURFACE DRIFT.

Very large bowlders were found scattered through the eastern part of
Fairfield county. A fine collection is seen at the dam at Bees' 'Mill, on
Bush creek, near the village of Bushville. They have been rolled into
the stream as a support to the dam. Some of these must weigh several
tons. There are, in this region, large deposits of drift gravel bordering

58 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Busk creek. This gravel corresponds to the deposits seen in the vicinity
of Newark, where drift action is shown on a large scale. The forces
which carried bowlders and gravel were evidently exerted in an unusual
degree through all the eastern part of Fairfield county. A bowlder, near
the roadside, a few miles north-east of Lancaster, is the largest I have
met with in the State. Most of it is buried, but judging from the exposed
part, I should infer that it might weigh a hundred tons. A granite bowl-
der was seen on high ground in the town of Somerset, Perry county.

A white quartz bowlder was found on one of the small tributaries of
Salt creek, near Allensville, in Vinton county. The location of drift bowl-
ders, near Ashland, Boyd county, Kentucky, mentioned in my last report,
was revisited, and bowlders of white quartz, some as large as a nail-keg,
were found. They are very numerous, and are reported to cover an area
of several miles. This is the most southern point where regular drift bowl-
ders have been seen by me. They are on the high hills bordering the Ohio
river at least two hundred feet above the bed of the stream. It is a mat-
ter of some interest that we often find the bowlders, in a given locality, all
of one kind of rock. In Kentucky, near Ashland, so far as examined,
they are all of white quartz. At a location a few miles east of Lancaster,
Fairfield county, in Ohio, bowlders of limestone are found of very large
size and in great abundance. Here, while there is some admixture with
other drift materials, yet the characteristic bowlders are limestone, and
Mr. A. Freed, of Lancaster, writes that " many thousands of bushels of
lime have been burned from them. They extend from the Marietta road,
near the boundary line of Pleasant and Berne townships, a distance of,
perhaps, five miles to the north, chiefly on the headwaters of B. Eaccoon.
They are highly fossiliferous." They were probably derived from one
locality, and were doubtless brought bodily by an iceberg or ice bergs.
It is difficult to explain this peculiar localization of drift limestones in any
other way.

OHIO BLACK SLATE OE HURON SHALE.

No additional investigations have been made of this formation. In the
report for 1869 I gave the thickness of this slate, as found on the Ohio
river, to be 320 feet. Prof. Orton finds it considerably thinner at points
further north, where he has investigated it.

By the analyses of Prof. Wormley, the volatile matter in this slate is
as iollow.s :

No. 1, sample obtained in Cemetery, at Chillicothe 8.40 per cent

No. 2, sample obtained at Rookville, Adams county 10.20 "

No search has been made for fossils in this slate. Several years since
I obtained specimens of Lingula subspatulata and Discina capax, which

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 59

were examined and identified by Prof. A. Winchell. It is an interesting
fact that the Professor identified similar forms from the stratum of black
slate in the Waverly group, aboat 140 feet above its base.

"WAVERLY SANDSTONE GROUP.

Little time has been found for additional investigations of this group,
but, so far as opportunity has been afforded for gathering facts, we find
the general conclusions of our last report verified. The formation is, in
most of its range, divisible into three parts, the middle being coarse and
often a conglomerate, while that above is composed of fine-grained sand-
stones, and that below of sandstones and shales. In the lower part inter-
stratified sandy shales are very abundant.

The conglomerate portion of the Waverly is seen at Black Hand and
vicinity, between Newark and Zanesville, and at Lancaster and other points
on the Hocking river. It is also well developed in Benton township,
Hocking county. My assistant, Mr. Ballantine, reports having found it
largely developed on Queer creek. He says that " six miles east of
Bloomingville, Queer creek flows over a coarse conglomerate, very dark
colored. The stream makes two little cascades, four and five feet respect-
ively. This conglomerate corresponds to that at Scott's Creek Falls, near
Logan. It is immediately overlaid by fine-grained Logan sandstone." It
will be remembered that, in the last report, that part of the Waverly
lying above the Waverly conglomerate was designated, for convenience,
the Logan Sandstone, it having been first investigated in the vicinity of
Logan, Hocking county.

u On the land of William Lemon," Mr. Ballantine adds, '■' Queer creek
makes the descent of ' Cedar Falls, 7 five miles east of Bloomingville. Here
the stream dashes into a sort of canon made in the Waverly. The rock
is a coarse, heavy sandstone, much discolored by iron, and, in many
places, conglomeratic. The whole descent, nearly perpendicular, is eighty-
five feet. The place abounds in hemlock, laurel, ferns and mosses, and is
quite a picturesque spot. Above the conglomerate, in the immediate
vicinity, unmistakable Logan sandstone comes in. The face of the cliff,
at ' Cedar Falls,' is, in some places, slightly honey-combed. Approaching
Bloomingville from the east, fine opportunities are afforded for studying
the Waverly conglomerate. It stands out from the hills in bold ledges.
The Logan sandstone may always be recognized above it."

Oil wells, bored at Bloomingville, reached the great Ohio Black Slate
about four hundred feet below the surface. Adding to these four hundred
feet of Waverly below the surface, the conglomerate and the Logan sand-
stone above, we find the whole thickness of the Waverly formation in

60 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

this region to be about the same as on the Ohio river, where we meas-
ured it in 1869, viz : 640 feet.

No examinations have yet been made of the Waverly along what may
be called its conglomerate line, between Blooiuingville and the Ohio
river.

An excursion was made from Lancaster east to Somerset, iu Perry
county, in which we found the Upper Waverly or Logan sandstones, well
developed, in the neighborhood of Rushville, Fairfield county. Rushville
is on a high hill on the east side of Rush creek. A measurement, by
barometer, showed the height of the street, in the village, in front of the
office of Doctor Lewis, to be 189 feet above the creek at Rees' mill. The
Logan sandstones and shales are seen to extend almost to the top of the
hill. They contain almost all the, fossils peculiar to the Logan beds.
Near Rees' mill some *new and interesting forms of bivalve shells were
found.

INEQUALITIES OP THE SURFACE OF THE WAVERLY.

In prosecuting the work of the survey in the lower Coal measures, sec-
tions were carried down to the Waverly sandstone wherever it was possi-
ble. It was soon found that the upper surface of the Waverly was far
from being an even plane, but was, on the other hand, quite irregular.
To determine this definitely, it was first necessary to find some well defined
and unmistakable stratum which is continuous and constitutes a marked
geological horizon. If we take the "Putnam Hill" limestone as such a
base lino, it is found that at a large number of places in Perry and Mus-
kingum counties the top of the Waverly is from 90 to 100 feet below.
Where the Maxville limestone rests upon the Upper Waverly, the two
limestones are generally a little more than 80 feet apart. At " Bald Hill,"
two miles south-east of Newark, the top of the Waverly is from 125 to
130 feet below the Putnam Hill limestone. In Vinton county, a mile and
a half east of Allensville, in Richland township, the top of the Waverly
is 123 feet below the same seam of limestone. In section 29, in the same
township, about three and one-half miles south-west of the last named
localities, the top of the Waverly is found to be more than 180 feet below
the Putnam. Hill limestone, a difference of 60 feet in that short distance.

There are also several elevations and ridges of Waverly which show
thtmselves within the geographical limits of the Coal measures. One of
these is found a few miles north of McArthur, in Vinton county, and

* Prof. F. B. Meek has since named the following new forms from this location : Allo-
risma (Sedgwickia ?) pleuropistha, Grammysia Yentricosa, Grammysia t rhomboides and
anguinolites obliquus.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 61

another near Hamden in the same county. At the latter place we find a
deposit of the Lower Carboniferous ("Maxville") limestone resting upon
the Waverly. Prom the Hamden ridge the surface of the Waverly dips
pretty rapidly to the south and south-west, and it is in this latter direction
that we find accumulated upon the Waverly the largest deposit of Coal-
Measures Conglomerate seen in the District. No other undulation was
observed to the south, although it is not improbable that such undulations
may exist in Jackson and Scioto counties. But the general subsidence
probably continued to increase toward the south. A section taken at
Scioto Furnace, in section 28, Bloom township, Scioto county, showed the
Putnam Hill limestone to be 200 feet above the top of the Waverly. Tak-
ing the Putnam Hill limestone, therefore, as the geological horizon to
measure from, it is evident that there was at the time of the formation of
the lower Coal-measures strata a greater and more rapid subsidence to
the south than to the north part of the District.

Should we take for our base line of measurement, not the Putnam Hill
limestone, but the Nelsonville seam of coal, which, in Perry county, is
about 80 feet above the Putnam Hill limestone, we shall find other and
more marked evidences of subsidence in the southern part of the District.
This seam of coal has now been traced from the north to the south line of
the District, and, indeed, several miles into Kentucky. The details of
the proof of this remarkable continuity will be given hereafter, but it is
obvious, that, if thus continuous, it affords a most excellent geological
horizon from which measurements above and below may be made. From
Nelsonville the seam, traced to the south, was found to pass directly un-
der the well known Ferriferous limestone, of Yinton, Jackson, Scioto and
Lawrence counties. This limestone everywhere carries upon its upper
surface, sometimes adhering and sometimes separated by a little shale, an
iron ore which in those counties is everywhere known as the " limestone
ore."

Now we have already seen that the Putnam Hill limestone seam holds
a relation of varying distance from the top of the Waverly, and that from
Vinton county, south, there was a manifest subsidence of the Waverly.
This unusual subsidence contiuued up to the time of the formation of the
strata lying between the Putnam Hill limestone and the southern exten-
sion of the Nelsonville seam of coal.

While in Perry county the Nelsonville coal is only about 80 feet above
the Putnam Hill limestone, we find the interval between the two, in sec-
tion 7, Milton township, Jackson county, to be nearly 140 feet. It is pro-
bably a little greater farther south. The whole matter may be illustrated

62 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

by the following diagram, which fails, however, to represent fully all the
changes of level in the rocks referred to.

_JE*W»fc- JTeTs e/nvtTle CotCb. Zbrrvferoits X.-imascone.

-* ■* -—

fay 1 "'

U-apei* Ufavetly Sandstone.

Fig. 1.

The Waverly sandstone group is remarkably well marked in its litho-
logical characteristics. There is reason to believe from its containing
ripple marks, false bedding and strise made apparently by shore-ice, that
it was deposited in shallow water. Further west in Illinois and Missouri
the ocean was deeper, and we find large accumulations of limestone of
the Lower Carboniferous types. The shallow waters of the Waverly ocean
contained a rich vegetation of the marine forms of Spirophyton cauda-galli
and allied species, and fucoid stems are most abundant. In the Upper
Waverly, or Logan sandstone, we find, in addition to the above, at least
three varieties of an unnamed form of vegetation, which have left traces
of themselves in innumerable impressions of vermicular marking. These
are peculiarly characteristic of the Logan sandstones. It is more than
probable that the Logan deposits, and with them the Maxville limestones,
which were doubtless formed in depressions in the Logan, were brought
up above the water and remained for an indefinite period as a vast
stretch of sandy flats. It is possible that during this period more or less
surface erosion took place, but to what extent, my observations, thus far
do not furnish data for any definite answer.

When afterwards, a subsidence of the Logan had taken place, we find,
at points where generally the submergence was the greatest, although
not always, an accumulation of the gravel or pebbles of the true Coal-
measures Conglomerate. This submergence allowed the ocean to attack
with erosive force the higher continental land, probably lying to the east
or north-east, and with this erosion came the materials which constitute
the Conglomerate and all the sedimentary strata of the Coal measures.

This submergence was doubtless very slow, for the higher areas of the
Logan remained near the water level for a period long enough for coal
vegetation to accumulate sufficiently to form seams of coal which now
rest almost immediately upon the Logan.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 63

MAXVILLE LIMESTONE.

A few miles east of Bushville, in Eeading township, Perry county, Lut
near the Fairfield county line, was seen the Maxville limestone. It is first
seen on the farm of J. A. Beatty, but a mile or two farther east it is exposed
at different points near the Zauesville and Maysville turnpike. It is quar-
ried and used for macadamizing the road, for which use it serves a good
purpose. At no point did we see the underlying strata, but the limestone
is unmistakable, and without doubt the fine-grained Logan sandstone lies
directly below it.

Over the Maxville limestone were found 8 or 10 feet of soft, coarse
sandy shale, and above this 40 or 50 feet of a soft laminated sandrock.
Above this is a coarse sandrock rich in impressions of Lepidodendra.

The location of the remarkable deposit of Lower Carboniferous lime-
stone, at Newton ville, Muskingum county, was revisited and a considerable
colleetion of fossils made. This is one of the patches of limestone found
always resting upon the top of the Logan sandstone (or upper Waverly,)
called in my last report the Maxville limestone.

The following is a list of the fossils found- at Kewtonville, so far as
they have been identified by Prof. Meek. This list was published in the
American Journal op Science, February, 1871 :

LIST OP SPECIES AND GENERA.

1. Zaplirentis. A small undetermined curved conical species.

2. Seaphiocrinus decadactylus Hall ? Described from the Chester group

3. Productus pileiformis McChesney. Drescribed from the Chester group. Thought

by Mr. Davidson to be the same as P. com d'Orbigny.

4. Productus elegans N. and P. Described from the Chester group. Some of the speci-

mens may be the form Prof. McChesney described from the same horizon under
the name P. fasciculatus.

5. Chonetes. Undetermined species.

6. Athyris snbquadrata Hall. Described from the Chester (Kaskaskia) grsup.

7. Athyris trinuclea Hall sp. Described from the St. Louis (Warsaw) groups.

8. Spirifer (ilartinia) contractus M. and W. Described from the Chester group.

9. Spirifer. Undetermined fragments of perhaps two species.

10. Terebratula. An undetermined, small oval species showing the fine punctures

under a lens.

11. Aviculopecten. Undetermined species.

12. Allorisma. Undetermined fragments, apparently like A. antiqua Swallow, described

from the Chester group.

13. Naticopsis. A small undetermined species.

14. Straparollus perspeetivus Swallow, sp. Probably a more elevated form of S. plani-

dorsatus M. and W. Both are described from the Chester group.

15. BeUeropiKon subleavis Hall. Described from the St. Louis (Warsaw) limestone.

16. Pluerotomaria. A small undetermined cast.

17. Nautilus. A small undetermined compressed, discoidal species with the very nar-

row periphery truncated.

64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

18. Nautilus. A large sub-discoid undetermined species, with an open umbilicus and
only slightly embracing volutions that are somewhat wider transversely than
dorso-ventrally, and provided with a row of obscure nodes around near the
middle of each side. Very nearly allied to N. sjoectabilis M. and W. from the
Chester group, but more compressed and having narrower and apparently one
or two more volutions. Specimens mere fragments.

Iu his letter to me, Prof. Meek adds : " From these fossils, it is clearly
evident that the limestone, from which they were obtained, belongs, as
you had supposed, to the horizon of the Lower Carboniferous limestone
series of the Western States. They also show that it does not belong to
any of the inferior members of that series.

Of the 18 or 20 species of fossils sent from this rock, about one-half are
represented in the collection only by specimens that are too imperfect for
specific identifications ; though none of them, so far as their characters
can be made out, appear to be allied to known forms from any horizon
below the St. Louis limestone.

Of the remaining species, five can be identified confidently with Chester
forms, and three others are either identical with Chester species, or most
closely allied to forms of that age. Hence we may safely say that eight
of the species are Chester types. Two, however, seem to be identical with
species described from the St. Louis limestone further west.

From these facts I can scarcely doubt that we have in these local
masses of limestone a representation of the Chester group of the Lower
Carboniferous limestone series; though it is possible that there may
also be some representation of the St. Lonis limestone of the same series
at some of the outcrops. *#####

The discovery of these beds is, I believe, the first indication we have
had of the existence of any member of the Lower Carboniferous limestone
series Of the West in Ohio. They also seem to show that the old Car-
boniferous sea did not extend to this region during the deposition of any
but the later members of the lower limestone series, although we know it
had done so previously, that is, during the older Waverly period."

I hope to be able to make additional collections of organic remains
from this interesting limestone. If, as Prof. Meek intimates, two groups
of the more western Lower Carboniferous limestones are represented in
the Ohio Maxville limestone, viz : the Chester and the St. Louis, it may
be found possible to subdivide the Maxville into two distinct layers, the
upper representing the Chester, and the lower the St. Louis group. It is
a fact of no little interest, that these little local patches of limestone,
never exceeding 15 or 20 feet in thickness, and generally not more than 8
or 10 feet, represent, by their fossils, two groups, which, in Illinois, attain
very great thickness. Prof. Worthen, in the Illinois Reports, gives the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Chester group as 800 feet in thickness, and the St. Louis group as 200 feet.
In Kentucky, on the Ohio river, a few miles above Sciotoville, the Maxville
limestone is 46 feet thick, while in Carter county, further south, it is found
nearly 100 feet thick, and contains many large caves. In my explora-
tions in that region, several years ago, I failed to find any fossils in the
limestone, except some stems of crinoids, and these were very rare.
North of my district, Rev. Mr. Herzer informs me that he has never found
the Maxville limestone, but it is not impossible that patches of it may be
found in Coshocton and Holmes counties. In addition to the locations of
this limestone in my district, mentioned in my last report, it is found on
the Zanesville and Maysville turnpike, near the west line of Perry
county; at Eeed's mill, one mile north-east of Hamden, Vinton county;
(see Fig. 2) ; near Enoch Canter's, sec. 24, Hamilton township, Jackson
county, (see Fig. 3,) and on the Harrison Furnace lands, sec. 24, Clay
township, and sec. 7, Harrison township, Scioto county.

gAg» Irtn Qm.

3&axrftteX<imetbimt,

6' <mfzrMlU'e Shalt,
B'4''ms$Br Sloek Coal.

/2 , jfEET JS fofr Seen.

s' ElSB^l Saniilfrock.
7 X f§^gg@3?Zt«j<mi6? lyre-

iJFereClcvj
fSJiale,

&~ -

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

Generally the Maxville limestone carries an ore upon it, which, at
Enoch Canter's, in Jackson county, has been somewhat extensively mined,
and used with favor in the " Jackson " furnace.

Near Austin Thomson's, Richland township, Vinton county, we found
in a hard white sand rock, separated from the top of the Logan or Upper
Waverly sandstone by only a layer of white clay, silicious nodules con-
taining comminuted fossils, which led me to believe that they represented
the horizon of the Maxville limestone and were the product of the same
waters and at the same date. The same facts were observed at one or two
other points. In these places the waters were probably very shallow, and
the organic forms of the more quiet basins were in some way commingled

66 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

with the fine white sand and formed calcareous concretions. The calca-
reous matter was afterward replaced by silica from the pure sand.

Analysis. — A sample of the buff-colored portion of the Maxville lime-
stone obtained from' the land of J. H. Roberts, Newtonville, Muskingum
county, was analyzed by Prof. Wormley, with the following result :

Silica 15.20

Iron and Alumina (chiefly iron) 4.40

Lime, Carbonate 49.80

Magnesia, Carbonate 30.15

Total 99.55

No tests have yet been made of this limestone as a material for hy-
draulic or cement lime.

CONGLOMERATE OF THE COAL MEASURES.

Eesting upon the Logan or Upper Waverly we find over limited areas,
true Ooal-Measures Conglomerate. It is not, as is often thought, an
evenly spread deposit of coarse sand and gravel, or pebbles, constituting
a floor on which the strata of the productive Goal Measures were laid.
In the 2d District the Conglomerate is the exception rather than the rule.
Nor is there generally a coarse sand-rock in the place of the Conglomer-
ate, which may be called, as is often done, a Conglomerate by courtesy.
In the exact horizon Where, by the theory, the Conglomerate should be,
we find more often fine clay shales, coals, ores, etc., etc., of the lower
Coal Measures. An examination of the maps of Grouped Sections will
furnish illustrations of this. The decided localization of the Conglom-
erate along the base of the Coal Measures will be readily seen by refer-
ence to Fig. 1, already given on page 62.

There is a little conglomerate in the vicinity of Newark and in the hills
bordering the Licking river between Newark and Zanesville. Near New-
ark the true conglomerate is found in a coarse pebbly sand-rock, from 10
to 15 feet thick. I have never found it thicker in that region. How far
south of Newark it extends, I have not been able to ascertain. None
was found along the Zanesville and Maysville turnpike, between Somer-
set and Eushville, at the line of contact between the Logan and the
Coal Measures.

la the examinations made by my assistants in 1869, along the Cincinnati
and Muskingum Valley Eailroad, it was thought that a little Conglomerate
was seen near the west line of Perry county. It is a question, whether
this was true Ooal-Measures Conglomerate or Waverly conglomerate.
Whichever it might be there was very little of it. South of that point,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

no true Coal-Measures Conglomerate has been seen until we reach the
confines of Jackson county, near the Marietta and Cincinnati Bailroad.
The heavy ledge of sand-rock resting directly upon the Waverly at Cin-
cinnati Furnace is, I think, the geological equivalent of the true Con-
glomerate, which is largely, developed a few miles south of the railroad.
INear Allensville, in Richland, "Vinton county, a few miles north of Cin-
cinnati Furnace, a seam of coal is found resting directly upon the Wa-
verly, with only a fire-clay between. There is no conglomerate above
this coal. In the western part of Jackson county, the conglomerate is
well developed but lies apparently in a vast heap with little of even and
regular distribution. It is often very coarse and made up of white quartz
pebbles as large as hens' eggs. Mr. Gilbert reports finding these pebbles
with a diameter of 4 or 5 inches.

I have, as yet, no conclusive evidence that this body of ^Conglomerate
extends eastward under the Coal Measures. It is apparently only a local
heap of gravel and pebbles, with determinate limits on the north and
east, and only continuing to the south as a very thin and often inter-
rupted layer. This heap is very uneven and contains in it what may be
called depressions or bays, and in these we find coal and associated strata
regularly deposited,

'«V^ ,, "Ui"-!-l l ''"V Caaban Cnu/lomtrxee.

tfMjfafftr

Fig. 4.

The general outline of the Jackson county conglomerate is proximately
given in Fig. 4, and the position of two small deposits of Maxville lime-
stone lying nearly east of the northern and southern extremities of the
Conglomerate. The northern end of the Conglomerate is a little north of

68 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

the line of the Marietta and Cincinnati Bailroad, at Cincinnati Furnace,
in Vinton county. The southern end is in the north-eastern corner of
Scioto county. South of this point a little conglomerate is found, but it
is always thin, and in many places it is altogether wanting.

A longitudinal section or profile of the conglomerate is also given in
Fig. 4. So far as our observations have extended, the deposit is thickest
towards its northern part, as represented in the figure ; at one point it
measured over 130 feet. Wherever possible, sections were made along
the eastern edge of this conglomerate ridge, and everywhere the con-
glomerate thins out to the east. At the points marked Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4,
in the outline of the conglomerate in Fig. 4, sections were taken. No. 1
represents a section from conglomerate sand-rock, near Cincinnati Fur-
nace, to the Maxville limestone, one mile north-east of Hamden. Both
formations rest upon the Logan sandstone. But at Hamden there is no
conglomerate. From an examination of the cuts of the railroad east of
Cincinnati Furnace, I am led to believe that the conglomerate scarcely
extends a half mile east of the furnace. At No. 2, we have a section on
Pigeon creek, Washington township, Jackson counts, northwest of Mr.
Jacob Sells'. Here the conglomerate rests upon the Logan and is 80 feet
thick, constituting a bold cliff overhanging the creek. Just across the
valley, not a third of a mile away, the upper 50 feet of the conglomerate
are gone and replaced by strata of coal, clay shales, etc., of the regular
Coal-Measures rocks. The lower 30 feet were not exposed, so that it was
impossible to tell whether they were or were not of conglomerate char-
acter.

At No. 3, we have a section on Salt creek to the northwest of Jackson,
Jackson county. On the northwest the conglomerate measures over 130
feet, while two or thiee miles nearer Jackson, it is found to be thinned
down to 8 feet. In both cases the conglomerate rests upon the Logan.

At No. 4, in Hamilton township, Jackson county, the conglomerate is
well developed, while to the east, perhaps two miles, in the neighborhood
of Enoch Canter's, we have the Maxville limestone, but no conglomerate
whatever.

From these facts it is evident that the conglomerate is limited in its
eastern extension. I have no well authenticated proof of its continuance
to the east under the productive Coal Measures. It may exist, but I
think only in limited deposits, as we find it in Jackson county. It is
doubtless in isolated heaps or ridges, and not anywhere evenly distrib-
uted. Another part of Fig. 4 represents the coal seams resting on what
may be termed benches of the conglomerate, with, of course, the usual
under clav intervening. The Jackson " Shafi'' coal rests on a white coarse

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 69

sand-rock, often passing into a regular conglomerate. We sometimes
find the "Anthony " coal, in its more western outcrop, resting upon the con-
glomerate at a higher level.

The study of the Jackson county conglomerate has led me to suppose,
that in the wearing away of a pre-existing continent by the ocean, the
waters reached a region of old strata, largely filled with quartz veins and
the fragments of quartz rock, rounded and worn by the waters, were
left in the position now seen. The uniform character of the conglomerate,
made up exclusively of quartz pebbles, would seemingly imply that in the
origin of the mass there was little possibility of the commingling of
pebbles of other kinds. This uniformity of lithological character is,
apparently, inconsistent with the supposition that the conglomerate was
distributed after the manner of a general drift, whatever the agency
causing the drift might have been. The peculiar localization of the con-
glomerate, in patches along the western margin of the great Central or
Appalachian coal-fields, also implies a localization of cause. Without
dcubt, similar accumulations of quartz-gravel and pebbles are now taking
place along existing coasts. The great size of the pebbles of the Jackson
county conglomerate would seemingly forbid the supposition that they
had been transported by ocean currents any very great distance from the
place of derivation ; but, nevertheless, as. the ocean advanced landward
they might be left far behind, and actually far out in the shallow sea.
Mid-ocean currents are not believed to be adequate to such transportation,
although the deep-sea dredgings by the British naturalists reveal smaller
pebbles and gravel commingled with the sedimentary mud of the deep
. ocean bed. Such a mass, or heap, of coarse pebbles as the Jackson county
conglomerate, could never have been in the deep sea bottom, for if so,
there would have accumulated on its flanks and over it, sedimentary
strata, whereas we find coal seams on its flanks and top. It is also
evident that this conglomerate ridge must have been, in part at least,
lifted above the surface of the water, and resembled, proximately, the ex-
isting sand ridges off the coast of the Oarolinas, as, for example, the one
separating Pamlico Sound from the Atlantic. The coal seams on the
^anks of the conglomerate were, necessarily, sub-serial in origin. The
exact location of the pre-existing continent from which the quartz peb-
bles were derived cannot, of course, be definitely known. Prof. Henry
D. Rogers, of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, derives all the mate-
rials of the sedimentary strata of the Palaeozoic rocks from a continent
to the southeast. Prof. Dana gives the location a north-eastern, and
Prof. Hall an eastern direction. If such a heap of very coarse conglom-
erate, as we find in Jackson county, were brought from a considerable

70 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF OHIO.

distance^ and left in a channel-way of a strong ocean current, then the
current, doubtless, flowed from the north-east or the south-west, in the
direction of the major axis of the deposit. If, on the other hand, the
deposit was an off-shore one, the materials having been obtained from the
shore, and rounded by the attrition of the beach, then the place of origin
was evidently toward the east. There are some reasons which point to
this latter view, that our conglomerate is such an off-shore accumulation,
and derived its materials from land lying proximately eastward.

Some very interesting facts relative to the distribution of sediments
directly over the Ferriferous limestone of the Coal-measures will hereafter
be given.

A careful study of the very large number of sections given in the maps,
which accompany this report, will show that the changes in the lithologi-
cal character of the rocks of the lower Coal-measures, from sandstones,
often very coarse, to fine clay-shales, are sometimes so sudden and abrupt,
that the strata must have, apparently, been accumulated not very far from a
shore, for they resemble accumulations now taking place along indented
shores having frequent alternations of ,rough and quiet waters ; nor were
these accumulations made in deep water, because they are intercalated
between seams of coal, which are of sub- serial origin.

There are to be found, at various horizons in the Coal measures, con-
glomerates, as will be noticed hereafter, but none of these are of great
extent, and never show the same extremely coarse materials, as the con-
glomerate at the base of the Coal-measures. So far as the Survey has pro-
gressed in the 2d Geological District, these upper conglomerates are
found in the southern part, over the area of the greatest subsidence, and
where the deposits of sand, gravel and pebbles indicate very considerable
transporting power of the waters.

The general principles which guide the geologist in the study of the
deposition of mechanical sediments, are so ably and clearly given by Prof.
H. D. Eogers, in the Pennsylvania Geological Report, vol. II, p. 779, that
I quote the following passage :

"We may assume it, also, as our established law, upon which we may
safely rely in our geological reasonings, that the relative coarseness or
fineness of the sedimentary matter in a given stratum measures approxi-
mately the relative strength or feebleness of the watery currents that
strewed them; and, furthermore, that the degree of thickness of a land-
derived or mechanically formed deposit is a criterion of its relative
proximity to the ancient shores from which it was swept. Guided by the
familiarly-known transporting functions of moving water, in which we
witness every gradation of velocity, from speeds too swift for any depo-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 71

sition, to motions too sluggish for the further floating of the suspended
matter, we must infer that the greatest number of sea-borne sediments,
not merely sheets of gravel and sand, but the "widest layers of clay, are
in their component beds and in their aggregate bulk, very thin, even to a
feather edge, at both their landward and seaward margins ; their land-
ward from excess of velocity ; their seaward ones, from exhaustion of
material. It is plaiu that by carefully observing in any stratum all its
gradations in respect to its aggregate thickness, the coarseness of its con-
stituent fragments and particles, the nature of its organic remains, as
implying shallow or deep waters, and the quality of its materials, as
traceable to comminuted rocks of the dry land, or to chemical precipitates
derivable only from water, the geologist — if the scale of the deposit is
large — is enabled, by assembling his data, to ascertain with considerable
accuracy, the quarter whence the formation was derived, and the relative
strength of the transporting currents ; indeed, if he proceeds with cau-
tion, he may, by summoning to his. aid the facts and deductions of
physics on the one hand, and those of natural history on the other, gain
not a little insight into the physical geography of the globe, at its best
recorded successive epochs. The attempt at a restoration of the ancient
geographies of the earth, in the sense of the relations of its lands and
waters, and the distribution of its living tribes, is one of the highest aims
of geology, in the cautious inductive pursuit of which the science is grad-
ually taking rank by the side of astronomy itself, for the sublimity of
the field it opens and its marvellous capacity of revealing the unknown."
The first work in all sciences, preliminary to obtaining the grander gen-
eralizations, which, when found, reveal the thoughts and plans of the
Creator, is the careful gathering of facts. As this work demands the
utmost patience and toil, sometimes requiring successive generations of
observers, it is too often attempted to be done in a very hasty* and care-
less manner. There is a twilight region between the illuminated known
and the dark unknown, and too frequently our so-called scientific theories
and speculations belong exclusively to the twilight region. Science strictly
implies the known. All speculations and theories, in which the unknown
is a factor, can be considered only as provisional, or mere temporary
scaffolding to aid in the building of the edifice of true science.

THE COAL MEASTJKES.

Before entering upon a discussion in detail of the counties examined
in 1870, it is necessary to make a few general and preliminary state-
ments. It has already been shown that the surface or top of the Logan,
or upper Waverly, does not present an even line, but shows a very con-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

siderable depression toward the south part of the 2d District. There
are, besides, smaller local undulations of surface which could not be rep-
resented on the maps. So far as observations have been made hitherto —
and these observations have extended along all, or very nearly all the
base of the Coal Measures of the 2d District — the conglomerate is only
in local development.

In some places a seam of coal is found resting directly upon the Logan
sandstone, with only the usual under-clay between. This implies that at
these points there were areas above the water upon which vegetation
grew as upon a marsh. These areas were encircled by water in which
sands and clay sediments were being accumulated. In subsequent sub-
sidence the coal-marsh vegetation was buried by sediments, and thus the
materials were permanently secured which, in the changes and interac-
tion of the elements of the vegetation, formed a seam of coal. Doubt-
less the subsidence was not always uniform over large areas, nor was the
filling in of sediments uniform, so that when one part was brought above
the water and the vegetation grew, there might remain other portions of
the given area still in submergence. In this way seams of coal often
become very irregular in their distribution.

An examination of the large maps will show that some of the seams of
coal are entirely local, having doubtless been formed on low islands of
very limited extent. These islands, over certain areas, were ever emerg-
ing, and hence we are likely to find, at almost any horizon, a seam of
coal. Sometimes we find well marked intervals in which there was a
more general and perhaps more rapid subsidence and a larger incoming
of sands, making heavy beds of sandstone; and of clay sediments which
now constitute thick beds of shale. Sometimes the sand and clay are
intermingled, and the shales are sandy.

An examination of the maps will show the difficulty of grouping the
coal seams by numbers and. arranging them in numerical order. The
lower coals are the most difficult to group. For example, the " Shaft,"
"Anthony" and "Hill" seams, found in the vicinity of Jackson, Jack-
son county, are only a local group, not certainly found to the north. The
upper or "Hill coal" probably has a considerable southern extension.
About 75 feet below the Ferriferous limestone is, in the southern coun-
ties, a seam of coal which is in a measure persistent. It will be found
indicated in several sections on the maps.

The coal under the Ferriferous limestone, is, we think, the Kelsonville
seam. It becomes thinner toward the Ohio River, and sometimes reveals
itself only as a mere trace of a seam ; but in Kentucky it becomes thicker,
and is of great economic value. This is the most continuous seam found

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 73

in our lower Coal Measures. It is, where best developed in Perry county
and in the vicinity of Nelsonville, a coal of unusual purity and value. In
Kentucky it has authenticated itself as a superior iron-making coal. It
deserves careful investigation all along the line of its outcrop, in the
hope of finding other locations -where it may exhibit equal purity and
excellence.

The seam of coal first above the Ferriferous limestone is also quite
continuous from .the middle of Vinton county south to the Ohio Eiver. I
have called it the "New Castle" seam, from the name of the mining point,
in Lawrence county, where it is more extensively mined than elsewhere
in the 2d Geological District. It is probably more used in that county
than the coal from any other seam.

The " Sheridan" seam of coal, 66 feet above the Ferriferous limestone, is
named from the Sheridan mines on the Ohio Eiver above Ironton. It is
also quite persistent through the southern part of the District. It has,
however, been practically developed at only a few points. In Walnut
township, Gallia county, the coal of this seam is of fine thickness and
of remarkably fine quality.

There are several seams of coal, higher in the series than the Sheridan
seam, found in the eastern part of Lawrence county and in the south-
eastern corner of Vinton county. These are given in the maps. We
have indicated on the maps all the coal seams seen, however thin, be-
cause it is very desirable to know their stratigraphical position, since
future research may find them in places thick enough for profitable work-
ing. All coal seams are liable to change for the better or worse, either
in respect to quantity or quality. The quantity depends chiefly upon the
length of time the vegetation making up the coal was allowed to grow
and accumulate ; the quality is largely dependent upon the freedom from
sulphur and from foreign sedimentary matter brought into the coal-
marsh by tidal or other overflows. What causes one coal to be more
sulphurous than another is not well understood. Uo two coals are alike
in the contained percentage of sulphur, and the same seam is liable to
great differences in this respect, even in the same mine. The nature of
the roof or stratum directly above the coal sometimes determines the
value of the coal. The more impervious the roof to water, the better the
quality of the coal, as a general rule. Sometimes we find what were per-
haps tideways or channels intersecting the old coal-marshes, and these
old channels are now filled, sometimes with sandstone, sometimes with
shale, and these take the place of the coal. I present a group of four
sections, in Fig. 5.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

'aett.

DBnofrocft •

M*m<We Ore.
JstrMSfom .

(focal ■
'late.
OOlZ.

^$j£ enr 'rugvn,o us

Caotl.

Xii/ffiestane.

J^Cob exposed.

&&",

Fig. 5.

These sections all represent exactly the same geological horizon, and
show how the various forces at work modified the stratification. No. 1
was taken in Vinton township, Vinton county; No. 2 near Gallia Furnace,
Gallia county; No. 3 near Olive Furnace, and No. 4 a mile or two from
Hecla Furnace, Lawrence county. In No. 1 the lower coal — the equiv-

alent of the Nelsonville seam — is seen -with a parting of slate 7 inches
thick, which assures us that at one time the coal marsh was inundated,
and a deposit of sediment laid down, which, compressed, now measures
7 inches in thickness. Generally such partings are blackened by the
bitumen derived from the coal at the time the vegetation went through
the process of bituminization. In Nos. 2 and 3 the coal presents essen-
tial y the same appearance as in No. 1. In ~No. 4 nothing below the Fer-
riferous limestone was exposed.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 75

In No. 1 the Ferriferous limestone, the " limestone ore" and the upper or
" New Castle" coal are all wanting, and we have, in place of the two
former, 9 feet of finely laminated black slate, and of the latter, a heavy,
coarse sand-rock.

While, generally, we find that after the subsidence of the marsh in
whicb the lower coal seam was formed, there came in a body of shallow
water, clear and free from much sediment, and from this water the lime-
secreting forms of life elaborated what is now the Ferriferous limestone
which often exhibits distinctly the fossilized remains of mollusk and radi-
ate, yet sometimes, as in No. 1, there was an area in which the water was
charged with sediments, commingled with carbonaceous matter destruc-
tive of most forms of marine life, which now constitute the 9 feet of black
slate over the coal.

Why the iron ore should not be found in No. 1, is difficult of explana-
tion, unless we suppose that the waters of this basin were isolated from
the waters in which the ore was deposited, and contained no iron.

In No. 2, the upper or Newcastle coal is represented by two streaks of
coal imbedded in the sand-rock. These are not proper seams, but only
the vegetable matter which had been floated from some coal marsh, not
very far away, and imbedded in the accumulating sand.

In No. 3, the whole group is exhibited, the upper coal showing a part-
ing of slate 7 inches thick, and above it a sand-rock. In No. i, the lower
coal was not exposed. During the progress of the subsidence there were,
before we reach the time of the formation of the upper coal, three periods?
during which a land surface was exposed, and on this surface vegetation
took root and grew, thus forming three very thin beds of coal. Bach coal
has under it the usual under clay, the soil in which the vegetation grew.

In place of the sand-rock over the limestone iron ore, as seen in the sec-
tion given, we often find the ore covered by clay shales. Many of these
will be seen on the maps of Grouped Sections. I have found by examina-
tion that the clay-shales and sandstones are arranged in alternate belts
along the surface of the limestone. If we go back in thought to the time
when the Ferriferous limestone and its superincumbent ore had just been
deposited, we shall find that they were buried by alternate sands and
mud; an area of sand bordered by another of mud, and thus alternating.
This is illustrated by the following figure :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Fig. 6.

A similar alternation of strata can be traced far to the north. On the
Marietta and Cincinnati Eailroad, the Nelsonville coal is covered by
heavy sand rock. On Meeker Bun, in York township, Athens county, we
find a heavy deposit of clay shales over the same coal. At Nelson ville
and directly on the Hocking we find the heavy sand-rock. At Straits-
ville, and vicinity, we find the shales again, while on the heads of the
"West Fork of Sunday Creek we find a very heavy sand-rock. Lower
down the West Fork the shales appear and probably continue over a con-
siderable area. Where the same seam crosses the Cincinnati and Mus-
kingum Valley Eailroad, at the tunnel, we find the sand-rock again.

There are two different explanations of this peculiar alternate arrange-
ment of the deposits.' One supposes the materials brought down from
adjacent land having an indented coast and distributed, as we sometimes
now find them, on our Eastern coasts. In favorable places there would be
gravel bars and sandy flats extending for a greater or less distance into
the sea, while between these bars there would be deposits of mud and
finer materials. These alternating deposits would, theoretically, have the

GEOLOGICAL STJKVEY OP OHIO. 77

direction of their axes at right angles to the general line of the shore.
Practically, however, the direction would be greatly modified by the
ocean currents.

By the other, and perhaps less tenable theory, this arrangement of the
sands and clays, would perhaps imply that the materials were washed
into the places, as now found, by the waves and tides of the sea, and that
the shore line was parallel with the general direction of the belts, i. e.,
it extended in a northwest and southeast direction. Possibly, a similar
arrangement of sands and fine sediments may be taking place along the
lines of our present coasts. The materials came from the land but were
subsequently assorted and distributed by the water of the ocean.

How far distant the land might have been, and how high the land was,
are matters of mere conjecture. It is the opinion of Prof. Leo Lesquereux,
who has studied our coal-fields more carefully and successfully than any
one in our country, that the lands of the Carboniferous era were low and
flat. In his recent contribution to the 4th Yol. of the Illinois Geological
Reports, page 492, Prof. L. writes: "From all appearances, the land, es-
pecially on our Western coal-fields, was, at the Carboniferous period,
represented merely by a series of flat swamps, separated by lagoons, and
therefore the whole vegetation of the land was essentially of the boggy
kind. But even if at this epoch there was any elevated land, the extreme
atmospheric humidity should have forced upon it the same vegetation as
that of the bogs, as it happens in our time in some parts of Ireland and
Germany, where, under the influence of atmospheric humidity, peat bogs
ascend on inclined slopes to the top of high mountains. Prof. Schimper
says, in speaking of the ferns which constitute the essential vegetation of
the coal formation, 'there is no other natural order of plants whose in-
tensity of vegetation so much depends upon atmospheric humidity.
Ferns are true natural hygrometers, whose individual as well as numerical
development is always in direct proportion to the humidity of the climate
wherein they live. Therefore the land vegetation of the Carboniferous
period must every where bear the same general character.'"

While, therefore, these two very distinguished palaeontologists agree
that if higher lands existed, the vegetation on them would be the same
as on the marshy low lands, yet we nowhere find a seam of coal extend-
ing over the higher grounds, or what might be supposed to be ridges or
hills of the Carboniferous era. This, however, is easily explained, for the
waters which in the subsidence of the low lands, would cover the vegeta-
tion with sands and clays, would also tear away and destroy the vegeta-
tion along the hill-sides. In this fact we may find a possible explanation
of the existence of large quantities of vegetable debris, imbedded in our

78 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

sandstones and other strata, which are now stratigraphically removed from
any seam of coal. We often find the trunks of trees thus imbedded in
sandstones.

At Zaleski, in mining the Nelsonville coal, a fine bowlder of gray
quartzite was found half imbedded in the coal, and the other half in the
overlying shale. The quartzite is very hard, and the bowlder was rounded
and worn by friction before it came into the coal. The dimensions of the
bowlder are not far from 17 inches in the longer diameter, and 12 inches
in the shorter. Adhering to the stone in places are portions of coal and
black slate which show the smooth surface called " slickensides." These
indicate movement and pressure. Doubtless the bowlder had settled into
the coal while the coal was in a comparatively soft state at the time of its
bitumization.

How the bowlder came there, is a question not easily answered. That
it came in at the time of the deposition of the sediments which constitute
the shale over the coal, is doubtless true. But currents from which com-
paratively fine sediments are dropped, would hardly have force enough
to move heavy bowlders. The usual explanation of isolated bowlders,
such, for example, as are found over our prairies, is that they were dropped
from melting icebergs or other floating ice. This explanation would require
us to account for the existence of ice during the period of the productive
Coal-measures. A part of the vegetation of the coal period was allied more
or less closely to the modern ferns, but these, of very large size, are found
chiefly in the tropics. Coal is, however, found in arctic regions. This
fact has been supposed to indicate a warm climate during the coal period.
There are two equally important elements in all calculations respecting
the origin of coal. The first is a sufficiently warm atmosphere to secure
luxuriant and abundant vegetation; the second, a climate sufficiently
cool to prevent such decay of the vegetable matter as would forbid any
accumulation. There is little or no accumulation of vegetable matter in
the hot, damp climate of the tropics, the decay counterbalancing the
growth. On the other hand, the peat vegetation accumulates in wet bogs
in comparatively cold climates. Whether there may have been, after the
submergence of the Zaleski coal, at some point more or less remote, a
shore on which ice may have been formed, which floated the bowlder in
question, or it was brought down by river ice from some higher and colder
part of the old continent which was skirted by the coal producing low-
lands, it is impossible to say.

Sir Charles Lyell in 'his " Students' Elements of Geology," published in
1871, gives the following paragraph on the climate of the coal period;
" As to the climate of the coal, the ferns and the coniferse are, perhaps,

GEOLOGICAL STJKVEY OF OHIO. 79

the two classes of plants which may be most relied upon as leading to
safe conclusions, as the genera are nearly allied to living types. All
botanists admit that the abundance of ferus implies a moist atmosphere.
But the coniferse, says Hooker, are of a more doubtful import, as they
are found in hot and dry and in cold and dry climates, in hot and moist
and in cold and moist regions. In New Zealand the coniferse attain
their maximum in numbers constituting 1-62 part of all the flower-
ing plants; whereas, in a wide district around the Cape of Good Hope
they do not form 1-1600 of the phenogamic flora. Besides the conifers,
many species of ferns flourish in New Zealand, some of them arborescent,
together with many lycopodiuins, so that a forest in that country may
make a nearer approach to the Carboniferous vegetation than any other
now existing on the globe."

New Zealand is in latitude 40 degrees south of the equator.
The Putnam Hill limestone everywhere contains fossils. The best loca-
tions for gathering them, thus far noticed, are Flint Ridge, Bald, (or
McFarland's Hill,) 2£ miles south-east of Newark, ard at a location a mile
west of Somerset, Perry county. The following forms, recognized by Prof.
Meek, are very abundant. The list is very incomplete.

Productus equicostatus, Shum ; P. Nebrascensis Owen ; P. semi-reticu-
latus; P. punctatus, Martin; P. longispinus, Sow; Spirifer cameratus,

Morton ; S. — — ,? ; Chonetes mesoloba Nor. and Prat. ; Chonetes ? ;

Athyris subtillata, Hall; Lingula umbonata? Cox; Discina ?;

Streptorhyncus crassus, Meek and Hayden ; Myalina recurvirostris, Meek
and Worthen; M. Swallovinus, McChes.; Aviculopecten carbonarius,
Stevens; A. Coxanus, Meek and Worthen; A. occidentalis, Shum.;

A. n. s. ; Avicula longa, Geinitz; Pecten a viculatus, Swallow ;

Edmondia ? ; B. 1 ; Alloriama t ; Area 1 ; Bellerophon

Montfortianus ; B. f ; Pleurotomaria ? ; Nautilus ? ; Micro -

don tenuistriatus, Meek and Worthen ; Synocladia bi-serialis, Swallow ;

Polypora ? McCoy; Fenestella ?; Petalodus ?

A large collection of the Putnam Hill limestone fossils has been made,
and Prof. Meek is now studying them. The fossils of the Ferriferous lime-
stone have not yet been carefully gathered.

80 GEOLOGICAL SURYEY OP OHIO.

CHAPTER II.

HOCKING AND ATHENS COUNTIES.

In the prosecution of the -work of the survey in 1870, there was a division
of labor between my assistants, Mr. Ballantine and Mr. Gilbert ; the former
taking Vinton county and the small portion of Hocking county, lying
between Vinton county and the Hocking river, and also a very small
portion of the north-west corner of Athens county. Mr. Gilbert worked
south of Vinton, in Jackson, Scioto and Lawrence counties. My own
personal labors were divided between the two assigned fields.

HOCKING COUNTY.

That portion of this county south of the Hocking river, which lies
properly within the productive Coal measures, is found in Star, Green,
Washington, Falls and Benton townships. The western limit of the Coal
measures formation forms a very irregular line, and it is possible that a
very small portion of the south-eastern corner of Laurel township may
come within the limit.

In Falls township, the rocks of the Coal measures lie high in the hills,
and as there was seen little of special economical value we have no de-
tailed statement to make respecting the township. There is, doubtless,
some iron ore to be found there.

In Washington township both coal and iron ore were found.

On the land of J. W. lies, section 19, the following geological section
was made:

Feet. Inches.

1 — Blue limestone (not measured)

2— Blueelay ,. 3

3 — Bituminous slate 8

4 — Sandstone, unevenly bedded 3

5— Coal 3

6— Clay, blue 4£

7 — Coal (1 foot 3 inches seen, 4 feet claimed) 1 3

This grasp is seen in Sec. No. 5, Map ~8o. I.

On the land of Leander Emerine, section 21, the following section was

made:

Feet. Inches.

Blue limestone (not measured) ,

1— Not seen 13

2 — Coal (reported) 3 3

3— Not seen 7

4— Coal 5

5— Clay : 8

6— Coal.. 1 6

See Map I, Sec. 7.

GEOLOGICAL, SUKVEY OF OHIO. 81

On the land of Eobert Gordon, section 21, a section was made extend-
ing from the blue limestone up to the buff limestone, about 125 feet.
Below the blue limestone, the usual coal was seen, but its thickness was
not measured. About four feet below the upper, or buff limestone, was
found a stratum of iron ore, measuring from 5 inches to 12 inches in
thickness. This section is given in Map I, No. 8.

On the land of Henry Trimmer, section 30, the following section was
made :

Feet. Inches.

1. Disintegrating sand rook (not measured)

2. Blackshale 6

3. Coal 3 6

4. Not seen 9

5. Blue or Putnam Hill limestone (not measured)

6. Notseen 13

7. Coal 3

8. Clay 2

9. Coal 4

See Map I, Sec. 9.

On the land of Phillip Johnson, section 34, the blue fossiliferous lime-
stone was found 2 feet thick, and upon it a large deposit of iron ore. The
ore consists of 4 inches (bottom) of very sandy "red ore " and 18 inches
limonite ore. The deposit is one of unusual thickness. The ore is thought
to be too much contaminated with sand to be very valuable. It may be
found in the neighborhood more free from this undesirable admixture.
It is worthy of careful investigation by parties interested. From 6 to 8
feet above the ore is a seam of coal, claimed to be 2 J feet thick, the lower
4 inches being cannel coal. There are 6 inches coal above, separated by
3 to 4 inches bituminoas slate. Above the coal are 3 feet 4 inches blue
clay, then 8 inches bituminous shale, then 7 inches coal, and above all a
sand rock, of which four feet were seen. This group is given in Map I,
No. 10. The blue limestone of this locality is reported as excellent for
lime, the lime making a strong mortar for walls, and is preferred by the
citizens to Maxville lime.

Near New Mount Pleasant, in Washington township, coal is found quite
high in the hill, and mined for neighborhood use. At the bank of Thomas
Harris the seam showed the following structure, viz : 13 inches coal
(bottom), \ inch clay, 8 J inches coal, 1 inch clay, and 1 foot 6 inches coal;
total, 3 feet 3J inches coal. The seam has a slate roof. The coal is used
for blacksmithing. Another seam of coal, reported to be 2^ feet thick, is
found 27 feet higher. Eighteen feet below the chief seam is an out crop

82 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

of limonite ore. Fifty-five feet below the ore is a seam of highly bitum-
inous slate 16 inches thick. This slate may possibly pass into coal in the
neighborhood. Below the slate was seen dark clay.

On the land of Jacob Nimon, section 20, a seam of coal measuring 1
foot 8 inches, was seen. Sixty-four feet below is a seam of bituminous
slate, 15 inches thick, with 16 inches of finely laminated slate above it.

In the same section, on the land of J. M. Ferguson, three seams of coal
were found. The middle one was reported to be "not quite four feet
thick, and a clay parting near the center." The old drift had fallen in
and no measurements could be made. Twenty-seven feet above, is a
seam of coal which was thought by Mr. Ballantine to be the equivalent
of the seam seen on the land of Jacob Mmdn. Eighty-two feet below
the middle seam is a third one, measuring eight inches. This latter ex-
posure was seen one-fourth of a mile east.

On the land of Daniel Schaal, section 30, a seam of coal 15 inches thick
was seen, overlaid by blue slate. The relations of this coal were not de-
termined. The coal is poor.

On the land of J. K. Johnston, section 29, the blue limestone, highly
fossiliferous, was seen. This is probably about the western limit of this
well marked limestone.

By the foregoing statement it will be seen that the seams of coal in
Washington township are generally quite thin. Where reported the
thickest, the old mines had generally fallen in, and no measurements were
possible, nor was it easy to get representative samples for analysis.
The fossiliferous blue limestone of Washington township is believed to be
the equivalent of the Putnam Hill limestone. There is a general corre-
spondence in fossils, and its stratigraphical position warrants this belief.

There is probably much more iron ore in the township than was seen,
but there being no market for it, little explorations for It have been made.

Benton Township. — No coal seams were found exposed in this township.
Most of the township lies on the Waverly formation, and the Coal-measures
rocks are only found on the highest lands in the southeastern part of the
township. The Logan sandstone, or upper Waverly, and the Waverly
conglomerate, are well developed, and are seen along all the streams.

On John Hoy's land, six miles east of Bloomingville, Queer creek flows
over a coarse conglomerate, very dark colored. The stream makes two
little cascades of four feet and five feet, respectively. This conglomerate
corresponds to that at Scott's creekfalls near Logan, described in the Report
for 1869. On the land of William Lemon, 5 miles east of Bloomingville,
Queer creek makes the descent of " Cedar Falls," plunging into a canon

''ptftttufit.ui-l.

ENTBAKCE TO THE BOCK HOUSE, HOCKING COUNTY.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 83

eroded from the Waverly rocks. The rock is a coarse, heavy sand rock,
mnch discolored by iron, and in many places showing pebbles. The fall
is nearly perpendicular, and about 85 feet. Above the conglomerate
comes in the Logan sandstone group. This region presents unusual op-
portunities of studying the Waverly conglomerate, and the wild and pic-
turesque scenery will amply repay a visit.

Laurel Township. — This township is similar in its general geological
character to Benton. In this township is the famous "Bock House," a
description of which has been given by Mr. Gilbert, as follows :

" The Rock House is a inagificent corridor, or arched room, of great
length, high up in the cliff, having on one side the solid rock, and on the
other, toward the face of the cliff, six vast columns, which have been
rounded and shaped by water and frost. The cliff at this point is 115 feet
high. In this region, and especially along the banks of Queer creek, is
the most picturesque scenery to be found in Southern Ohio. The stream
flows through the Waverly conglomerate. In this immense deposit of
sandrock it has cut channels, undermined cliffs, and excavated tunnels.
Occasionally it plunges abruptly over a fall of nearly a hundred feet, to
gather its shattered waters together again and flow smoothly through a
narrow valley which the water has cut from the solid rock. The rock as-
sumes the most fantastic shapes. Here it is a perpendicular cliff, capped
with evergreens, there it is an overhanging shelf, forming a roof to shelter
cattle or grain. Every turn of the road presents new features of the
scenery. Perhaps the most famous of the strange formations in this re-
gion is the Eock House, above described, and of which a pencil sketch is
given. The place is often visited, and would be a place of fashionable
resort if it were more accessible. The whole country around is fruitful
in Indian legends. These cliffs and caves were the natural fortifications
of the red men. One cave is pointed out as the place where the Indians
made gunpowder ; in another they smelted the ores of silver. If, how
ever, one is incredulous enough to inquire how the Indians learned to
make gunpowder, or what they did with silver, he gets no satisfactory
answer."

Starr Towhship.—A good section of the strata was obtained near Union
Furnace, formerly known as the " Five Mile Furnace," in section 23. This
section is given in Map I, No. 1. The section reveals the same blue fossil-
iferous limestone which is so generally found in Washington township. It
is seen near the furnace, but has not been regarded as a suitable limestone
for furnace use. A sample of it has been analyzed by Prof. Wormley,
chemist of the survey, with the following result :

84 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Silica 36.89

Alumina and sesquioxide of iron 9.20

Carbonate of lime 52.60

" " magnesia * 1.21

Total 99.90

The large percentage of silica renders this limestone of little value for
furnace use.

About 130 feet above this limestone is another, which is gray when
freshly broken, but weathers buff. This is doubtless due to the presence
of iron. The stone is not regarded as adapted to furnace uses.

Eighteen feet below the buff limestone is a thin seam of <coal about 2
feet thick, with a clay parting \\ inches thick 11 inches from the top. It
has been mined for neighborhood use. Bight feet below the coal is a
stratum of " kidney " ore, reported to be 4 inches thick. Nine feet below
this ore is another, which is much thicker. It is reported to be some-
times 4 feet thick, but this thickness must be quite exceptional. An
analysis of this ore has been made by Prof. Wormley, with the following
result :

Specific gravity 2.653

Water combined * 13.42

Silicious matter 24.40

Sesquioxide of iron. 60.75

Alumina

Manganese Trace.

Carbonate of Lime 0.89

Carbonate of magnesia Trace.

Phosphoric acid Trace.

.Sulphur 0.38

Total 99.84

Metallic iron 42.53

The above ore has been supposed to contain phosphorus, but Prof.
Wormley failed to find more than a trace. The sample analyzed was
taken from a pile lying at the furnace. The ore was rejected many years
ago, and a tradition of its worthlessuess has been handed down. The
present superintendent has never tried it.

Twenty-eight and a half feet below this ore is a thin seam of coal, re-
ported to be eight inches thick.

There is a trace of coal just below the blue limestone. Sixteen and a
half feet below the limestone is a stratum of ore 3 inches thick, called
the "little block" ore. Ten arid a half feet below this ore is a very thin
stratum of ore called the " sand block " ore. About 6 feet below this ore
is a very thin seam of coal only 4 inches thick. The ores for the supply

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. S5

of the furnace come, in part, from ore lands controlled by the company,
and the rest is brought to the furnace by the citizens of the vicinity, and
comes from several different seams. These ores vary considerably in
richness and purity, but the furnace makes, nevertheless, a very satisfac-
tory quality of iron.

The furnace uses charcoal, and native ores exclusively. The limestone
for flux is brought from a deposit of "Maxville" limestone found a little
below Logan, on the east side of the Hocking river. The following are
the dimensions of the furnace, furnished by Mr. Culbertson, the financial
agent:

Statistics of Union Furnace.

Height 32 feet.

Diameter across tbe boshes .- 9 feet 4 in.

Batter of boshes 9 in. to the foot.

Diameter of top of hearth 34 in. (circled.)

Diameter of bottom of hearth 30 in. "

Depth of hearth 6 feet.

Height of dam stone 1 foot 6 in.

Height of twyer above bottom of hearth 2 feet 10 in.

One twyer, 4 inches diameter.

Pressnre of blast; 6 pounds.

Temperature of blast, about 900°.

Half charge — 33 bush, charcoal, 1,150 lbs. ore, and 60 lbs. lime.

Sixty half charges in 24 hours.

General average production, 11-J tons per day.

Of this production, two-thirds is No. 1 foundry iron, and one-third No. 2 foundry
and mill iron.

On the. land of John Backus, about 1J miles west of the Union Fur-
nace, the following section was made :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal 1 6

2. Light-colored shale 10

3. " Red ore," reported average 8" to 12", here 1 6

4. Not seen 46

5. Coal, reported 1 3

6. Not seen 55

7. Blue limestone

See Map I, Sec. 2.

On the land of Matthew D. Wolf, 1J miles south-west of Lick Run

Mines, the following section was made :

Feet. Inches.

1. Dark blue fossiliferous limestone <-

2. Notseen 20

3. Coal, (probable place) 1 8

4. Notseen 83

5. Buff limestone

86 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF OHIO.

Feet. Inches.

6. Not seen 18

7. Coal, reported thickness 4

8. Soft blue shale 45

9. Not seen 12

10. Nelson ville coal, reported 5

See Map I, Sec. 3.

On the land of P. Chidester, sec. 35, Starr township, a seam of coal was
found of good thickness, divided as follows : Coal, 1 foot (top) ; clay,
parting from 1 in. to 6 in. ; coal, 2 ffc. 7 in. ; clay, 1 in. and 6 in. coal (re-
ported) ; making a total of coal of 4 ft. 1 in. The coal has a slate roof.
This seam of coal was thought by Mr. Ballantine to be the probable
equivalent of the Nelsonville seam, but he had no time to verify the suppo-
sition, and hence the section is not given on the map of grouped sections.
About 27 feet above this coal was a trace or " blossom " of another seam
of coal. Forty feet below the main coal is a stratum of iron ore and twelve
feet lower another stratum. Neither of these ores has been opened, and
no good investigation could be made. Twenty feet below the lower ore is
a thin seam of coal, reported to be 18 in. thick.

ATHENS COUNTY.

York Township. — Following the strata to the east of Starr township we
find in York township, on the lands of the "Hocking Coal, Coke and
Mining Company," on Lick Run, the Nelsonville coal and the two lime-
stones, the buff and the blue, in the hills above it. The Nelsonville seam
is largely mined and the coal shipped by the Columbus & Hocking Valley
Eailroad. The seam measures 6 ft. 6 in., and exhibits a structure similar
to that of the same seam at Nelsouville. Over the coal is the same heavy
sand-rock seen about Nelsonville. Forty-six feet above this coal is a very
thin seam of coal, measuring only 9 inches. This seam, on the land of
Matthew D. Wolf, about 1£ miles south-west, is reported to attain a thick-
ness of 4 feet. About 18 feet above this coal, and separated by intervening
shale, we find the buff limestone, from 8 in. to 12 in. thick. No fossils
were detected in it. One hundred feet higher is the dark blue fossiliferous
limestone. This limestone measured from 6 to 12 in. Below the Nelson-
ville seam of coal is a lower coal seam, reported to be 3 ft. thick. The
intervening strata are chiefly shales. The section showing the rocks
above mentioned at the Lick Bun mines is given in Map I, No. 4.

Following the same group over to Meeker Bun, we find at T. M. Boyles',
sec. 16, York township, the Nelsonville coal, apparently fully developed.
On both branches of Meeker, on the lands of John L. Gill, Esq., it reaches

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 87

a thickness considerably above the general average. The seam was traced
from near the mouth of Meeker to Nelsonville, and north-west to the Lick
Eun mines. Twenty-seven feet above the large seam is another which
measures 3 ft. in thickness. This coal has been dug and used by Mr.
Boyles. About 46 ft. above this is another seam of coal, with the buff
limestone a few feet below it. No measurements could be made, but the
coal was reported to have been once opened and found to be 4 feet thick.
About 80 feet higher is the usual dark blue fossiliferous limestone, separ-
ated from the coal below by sandstones and shales. Twenty seven feet
higher takes us to the top of the high knob, which was found to be 207
feet above the grade of the C. & H. V. E. E. at the mouth of Meeker Eun.
A general section of the strata on Meeker Eun is given on Map I, No. 6

On the lands of John L. Gill, near the mouth of Meeker Eun, 10
feet of shale were seen above the Nelsonville coal. No sand rock was
exposed. The shale over the coal insures the seam from disturbance from
the sand rock, and also the full thickness of the seam. Here the coal
measured 8 feet in thickness, exclusive of the usual slate partings. It is
a remarkably fine development of coal. Twenty-seven feet above Nelson-
ville seam is another, 3 ft, thick, overlaid by 6 ft. of black bituminous slate,
containing Lingulae. Forty-six feet above this seam is the "blossom" of ■
another, reported to be 4 ft. thick where once opened. This seam, on
Floodwood Greek, measures 6 ft. There is another seam of coal about 30
ft. below the Nelsonville seam. Under this seam is a heavy body of white
fire clay. Nine or more feet below the Nelsonville coal are nodules of
siderite ore, containing coal plants.

On the land of Thomas Juniper, in the same township, the buff and
blue limestones were both seen — the former a sort of breccia and measur-
ing 18 in., and the latter measuring only 6 in. Twenty-four ieet below the
blue limestone was seen a trace or " blossom" of a coal seam.

About a mile below the mouth of Meeker Eun the Nelsonville seam of
coal is well exposed in a railroad cut, but here the sand rock above replaces
the upper part of the coal, or "cuts it away," in the popular phrase. This,
however, is not everywhere the case, and where there is no such disturb-
ance the coal measures 8 feet in thickness. The blue clay shales under
the coal at this point are filled with finely preserved coal plants.

From this point the Nelsonville coal gradually dips to the south-east to
Salina and Chauncey, in Dover township, Athens county, where it is
reached by shafts. At Salina thexoal is about 100 feet below the surface,
or about 100 feet below a seam of coal seen at different points in the
neighborhood, and sometimes called the "Bayley's Eun" coal. Salt water
is reached at 570 feet below the surface. This necessitates the conclusion
that the source of the brine is in the Waverly rocks.

88 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The Is elsonville coal in tliis neighborhood has been mined some 30 years.
Where measured by Mr. Ballantine it was 5 feet 8 inches thick, with a
parting of clay 3 in. thick, 3 ft. 3 in. above the bottom of the seam. The
seam may be a little thicker at other points, as 6 feet is claimed to be the
usual thickness in this region. No special investigation of the quality of
the coal in this neighborhood was made. The coal serves an excellent
purpose for the uses to which it is exclusively applied at Chauncey and
Salina. Between Salina and the mouth of Meeker Bun are some coal
mining enterprises projected, but no special investigations were made of
the rocks between those points. On one of the branches of Floodwood
Creek, a seam of coal 6 feet thick was opened 65 feet above the Nelson-
ville seam, but the entry had fallen in when I visited it. It is evidently
a more caking coal than the Nelsonville.

Passing over the ridge dividing the waters of the Hocking from those
of the Raccoon Valley, we find on the east branch of the Baccoon, in the
south-western part of York township, the same general group of rocks
found on Lick Bun and Meeker Bun.

On the land of Jacob Werheim the following section was taken :

Feet. Inches.

1. Buff limestone 1

2. Not seen 8

3. Yellow shale : 4

4. Sandstone 9

5. Blue clay shale 9.

6. Sandy carbonate of iron (siderite) 5

7. Dark colored shale, lower part slaty 3 8

8. Coal 1 2

9. Clay 1

10. Coal 10

11. Not seen to level of Raccoon Creek. 10

See Map I, Sec. 11.

On the land of Jacob Bauersock, 1£ miles above Carbondale, on Baccoon
Creek, the following section was made :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sand rock - 15

2. Blue shale 3 6

3. Coal 1 3

4. Not seen, hut containing a huff limestone 36

5. Coal, reported 2* to 3

6. Raccoon Creek ;

See Map I, Sec. 12.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 89

Oa the land of E. J. Brandenburg, section 19, the following strata were
seen:

Feet. Inches.

1„ Blue fossiliferous limestone

2. San dstoDes and shales 24

3. Coal, reported thickness 3

4. Shale for the most part 20

5. Sandrock 20

6. Not seen 22

7. Compact gray limestone weathering huff ?

8. Not seen and sandy shale 15

9. Black hituruinous slate passing upward into hlue clay 3 6

10. Coal , 1 6

11. Clay 1

12. Coal 1 5

13. Clay and hlue shale

See Map I, Sec. 14.

At Carbondale, section 36, Waterloo township, Athens county, we find
a coal largely mined by the Carbondale coal company. From this point
there is a branch railroad down the Eaccoon to the Marietta & Cincinnati
railroad, at Mineral City. The Carbondale seam of coal presents three
divisions. The top 10 in. coal, next below, 3 in. to 4 in. clay parting ; then
2 it, 5 in. coal with 1 in. clay parting below; then 7 in. of bottom coal,
making in all 3 ft. 10 in. of coal. The lower 4 in. of the upper part are
not esteemed and are not shipped. .

Some small fragments of the buff limestone were found 64 feet above
the coal. If this is the approximate place of the limestone, then this coal
is the equivalent of the Nelsonville seam. Its dry burning quality would
also indicate the same equivalency. This coal is- used on the locomotives
of the M. & C. E. E., and is also shipped to supply various markets on the
line of the railroad. Its use on the locomotives would indicate a relative
freedom from s lphur, but it would probably not be pure enough for iron
making. It is an excellent house coal.

The position of this coal is given in Map I, No. 15.

On the land of J. F. Sheffield, N. W. quar. sec. 30, Waterloo township,
the buff limestone was seen and the Carbondale coal 68 feet below it.
Twenty feet above the Carbondale coal was a thin seam of coal, not meas-
ured, and 92 feet above the same seam another seam was reported.

On the land of George Carter, in the same section, the buff limestone
was seen with the blue fossiliferous limestone 96 feet above it. A coal
was reported in the bed of the Eaccoon creek 50 feet below the buff lime-
stone. See Sec. No. 16, Map I.

On Trace creek, about f mile southwest of J. Beckley's, the Carbondale

90 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

seam was found showing the following divisions : 1 ft. coal, slaty, (top)
3 in. clay, 2 ft. 4 in. coal, 1J in. slate and 4 in. coal (bottom). Over the
coalwere from 2 in. to 8 in. shale and clay, and above these a sand rock.
Bight feet of shaly sand rock were seen below the coal.

On the land of Charles French, in Waterloo township, 1£ miles above
Mineral City, on the Eaccoon, we find the Carbondale coal. Its structure
here shows coal 2 ft. (top) 1 in. clay parting and 6£ in. coal (bottom). There
is in this region a manifest irregularity in the thickness of the seam. Where
measured, there are 4 in. black shale over the coal and above the shale a
heavy sand rock. Below the coal is blue clay passing down into 10 ft.
arenaceous shale.

This section is given in Map I, No. 13.

At Mineral City, in Waterloo township, the same seam of coal is keen.
Mr. Ballantine traced the seam all the way down from Carbondale and is
confident of its continuity. Here it is divided as follows: 1 ft. 8 in. to 2
ft. top coal, with 1 in. clay parting, and 6£ in. bottom coal. Above the
coal are 4 in. black shale and above this a sand rock, of which 10 feet
were seen. The buff limestone was not seen at this place, but the blue
fossiliferous limestone was found 160 feet above the coal. This is the
proper interval and serves to identify this coal with the Carbondale and
the Nelsonville seam. The Mineral City section is given in Map I, No. 18.

The same seam of coal was found near the top of the tunnel on the M. &
C. E. E., about a fourth of a mile east of King's Switch St •tion. The
seam at the east end of the tunnel shows one farting of clay from 1 in. to
2 in. thick, while at the west end there are two partings, the lower one
from 1 in. to 2 in. and the upper 3 in. thick. Here the measurements gave
6 in. coal (top) 3 in. clay, 2 ft. coal, 1 in. to 2 in. clay and 6 in. coal (bot-
tom). Above the coal are 15 in. light colored shale separating the coal
from the very heavy sand rock above. This coal is given on Map I,
No. 19.

In the King's switch tunnel was found a finely preserved trunk of one
of the trees of the Coal period. It is a Sigillaria and resembles S. Oweni
Lesq. The trunk measured 4 ft. 6£ in. in height, with a circumference of
5 ft. 9 in. at the bottom, and 3 ft. 1 in. at the top. Much of the original
bark is perfectly represented. It was taken out of the tunnel by Mr. S. S.
Lindley, of Athens, from whom it was obtained for the State Cabinet.

In the railroad cut approaching King's Switch, we find ouly 10 in. coal.
Above it are 2 in. clay and 5 in. bituminous slate, and over the slate the
sand rock is here more fissile than usual.

The mines at King's Switch are in the same seam of coal, but where it
is considerable thicker. Here the coal has the following subdivisions :

GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF OHIO. 9l

6 in. coal (top), not used, 4 in. clay parting, 2 ft. 1 in. coal, 2 in. clay part-
ing, and 5 in. coal (bottom.) Directly over the coal, shales were seen, but
the soil covered most of the overlying strata. A trace or "blossom" of
coal was seen 90J ft. above the main coal.

The position of this coal is represented on Map I., No. 20.

Considerable coal has been mined at this place by Mr. King, and shipped
to various markets along the railroad.

The remaining portion of Athens county will be examined hereafter,
our plan of working up our Coal measures systematically requiring us to
devote our time to the lower measures which lie in the western part of
the county.

92 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

CHAPTER III.

VINTON COUNTY.

Passing westward from King's Switch we enter Vinton county. In the
discussion of the equivalencies of strata, it was necessary to pass from
Starr township, Hocking county, into York, Athens county, and from
that township trace the Nelsonville coal south through Waterloo to the
Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad. We have traced the Nelsonville coal
to Mineral City and to King's Switch.

At Moonville Station, Brown township, on the M. & C. R. R., the
same seam of coal is found. The difference of railroad level, accord-
ing to statistics kindly furnished by John Waddell, Esq., Chief Engineer
of the M. & C. R. R., between Mineral City and Moonville, is only three
feet, but the coal seam is much higher above the road at Moonville than
at Mineral City. This will be seen by reference to Map I., No. 21. In
going westward we necessarily descend in the geological series.

The " Mineral City " seam of coal, at the mines of Mr. Coe, pre-
sents the following sub divisions: coal (top) 4 in., clay parting 3 in., coal
2 ft. 1 in., clay parting 1 in., and coal (bottom) 5 in. The sand rock comes
in directly above the coal. Forty-one feet below this seam is another,
which shows itself in the railroad tunnel. This is only 15 in. thick, with
2 ft. black shale above it. Thirty-four feet below this seam is another 1 ft.
4 in. thick. Below this coal, separated by 3 ft. finely laminated black
slate, is an irregular stratum of siderite ore, from 4 in. to 15 in. thick.
From 3 ft. to 4 ft. below this ore is another seam of coal 18 in. thick.
This whole section is seen on Map I., STo. 21.

A considerable quantity of coal has been mined at Moonville and
shipped by the M. & C. R. R. to various markets on the line of the road.

Further west, on the line of the railroad, we find, at Hope Furnace
Station, the " Mineral City " coal pretty high in the hill, under a heavy
sand rock. There is a difference of railroad levels, between Moonville
and Hope Furnace Station, of 11 feet. The coal at the latter point was
formerly mined by the Zaleski Company, which owns the land. The coal
seam gave the following measurements : 5 in. coal (top), a variable part-
ing of clay, to 6 in., 2 ft. 6 in. coal (bottom.) Above the coal is a varia-
ble stratum of shale, perhaps 1 ft. thick, upon which is the heavy sand
rock. There is, apparently, much irregularity in the upper part of the
coal and in the shales.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 93

On the land of David Keeton, a half mile west of Hope Furnace Station,
the same seam of coal shows these divisious, viz : 6 in. (top), 4 in. clay,
2 ft. 3 in. coal, 1 in. clay and 5 in. coal (bottom.) The sand rock rests on
the coal. Forty one feet below this coal was seen the Moonville tunnel
coal. This is the usual' interval.

A section of the rocks at Brewer's cut and vicinity is given on Map I.,
No. 22.

Here the " Mineral Oity " and tunnel coals are seen in their proper
places. In the cut are two seams of coal, doubtless the same as revealed
in Sec. No. 21, Map I.

About one-fourth of a mile south-west of the cut, a highly fossilifer-
ouh calcareous shale, very dark colored, was found in the bank of Bac-
coon creek. This calcareous shale becomes a somewhat earthy limestone
farther west, and is traceable through most of Vinton county, and south
into Jackson county. Everywhere it is a guide to the stratigraphical
position of the rocks below it. I have little doubt that it is the same
stratum as that seen at Union Furnace, in Starr township, Hocking
county, as given in Sec. 1, Map. I.

The distance is about 10 miles, but in this distance there has been a>
subsidence of about 70 feet, that is, it is near Brewer's cut, so much
lower, taking the geological horizon of the Nelsonville, or the Mineral
City seam of coal as the basils of measurement. It has already been seen
in the general discussion of the district, on page 61, that there has been
a corresponding subsidence of the underlying Waverly rocks.

The thickness of the calcareous shale, near Brewer's cut, as measured
by Mr. Ballantine, is from 2J ft. to 3 ft. In many places, farther west, it
is much thicker, but it is often thinner. It is often highly fossiliferous,
and is doubtless the geological equivalent of the Putnam Hill limestone
of Muskingum, Licking and Perry counties, as shown in the Geological
Eeport of Progress of the Second District for 1869.

Under the calcareous shale, near Brewer's Out, is a seam of coal sepa-
rated from the shale by 1 inch of clay. There are 10 inches of coal, (top)
5 inches clay parting, and 18 inches coal, (bottom) with the usual under-
clay below.

A general section made on the lands of the Hope Furnace company may
be seen on Map I, No. 23. This furnace is in Brown township, Vinton
county, and is connected with the M. & C. E. E. by a short branch rail-
road. The seam of coal mined at the furnace is probably the equivalent
of the "Mineral City" seam. It measures 2 feet 6 inches in thickness,
and is separated from the coarse sand-rock above by 8 inches of shale and
clay. A little below the coal is a stratum of white fireclay, with 3 inches

94 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

or 4 inches of iron ore on the top of it. A little more than 70 feet above,
is a stratum of buff limestone 2 feet thick, with a little ore upon it. There
were no opportunities to investigate this limestone carefully, but it is be-
lieved to be the equivalent of the limestone which generally weathers
buff, and hence called the buff limestone, and which is found so com-
monly in Starr and York townships. Twenty feet above this limestone is
an upper coal seam, but no measurements could be taken. Ten feet above
the coal is a thin stratum of iron ore. The two coals were 92 feet apart.
Below the main coal another seam was reported by Mr. Burtenshaw, the
furnace manager. It is about 18 feet below, and has a reported thickness
of 18 inches.

Ninety feet below the main coal is a thin seam of only 10 inches, and
over it are nearly 6 feet of highly bituminous slate, very thinly lami-
nated. . Remains of fossil fishes were found in this slate. There are in
this slate two layers of nodular siderite ore, the lower 3 inches thick, and
the upper 2 inches. Above the black slate is a heavy sand-rock, of which
25 feet were seen.

On the Hope Furnace company's lands, about half a mile west of Hope
Furnace Station, 2 feet of gray fossiliferous limestone, rich in crinoids,
were seen, with some ore resting upon it. The thickness of the ore was
not measured. Fifteen and a half feet above the limestone, and sepa.
rated by a fine grained fissile sand-stone, was a trace or " blossom "
of another seam of coal. Thirty-three and a half feet below the lime-
stone was seen the place of another coal seam, thought by Mr. Bal-
lantine to be the same as the "Tunnel" seam seen on David Keeton's
laud in the neighborhood. Although the exact stratigraphical position of
this local deposit of limestone was not quite satisfactorily ascertainedj and
no place is given it on the map of sections, yet it is quite possible that it
represents the well known Ferriferous limestone of southern Vinton?
Jackson and Lawrence counties.

Two miles north east of thefurnace, on Big Sand creek, a seam of coal
was seen in the bank about 15 feet above the bed of the stream. The
coal showed the following divisions: 1 foot 6 inches (top), 1 inch slate
and 1 foot coal (bottom). Above the coal, and separated by 3 feet 6 inches
bluish shale, were 4 inches slaty coal, with bituminous slate above. Over
the slate 15 feet of sandstone and shales were seen.

The Hope Furnace uses charcoal for fuel. The ores in the vicinity have
not proved satisfactory in quality and quantity, and now the ore is
brought from the neighborhood of McArthur station. Of late years the
furnace has made a very uniform and excellent quality of iron.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 95

Statistics of Hope Furnace.

This furnace is owned by Putnam, Welch & Co.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack , 35

Diameter of boshes 10 6

Batterof " per foot 8|

Height of hearth 6

Diameter " at top 4 2

" " " bottom 3 4

One twyer of 4£ inches diameter.
Pressure of blast not known.
Temperature of blast, 950°.
Production, 15 tons per day.

" during 1870, 2,827 tons, No. 1 Foundry iron.

Proportions of " half charge : "

Ore, (roasted) 1,150 to 1,225 lbs.

Limestone, 70 lbs.

Charcoal, 35 bushels ; or an average of 140 bushels to a ton of iron.

At Zaleski, Madison Toicnship, the " Mineral City," or Nelsonville
coal, is somewhat extensively mined. The seam at the "Bung Hole"
mines presents the following divisions : Goal, (top) 6 inches; clay parting,
3 inches ; coal, 2 feet 10 inches ; clay parting, 1 inch ; and 7 inches coal,
(bottom) making in all nearly 4 feet of coal. . Over the coal is shale of
varying thickness, and over the shale the usual sand-rock.

The coal is dry burning, and makes a popular grate coal. The coal has
less sulphur than many coals, and indeed less than the same seam at sev-
eral other points.

Seventy-five feet below the coal, chiefly mined at Zaleski, and the one
containing the quartzite bowlder, referred to in chapter I, is another
seam of coal which was formerly wrought by the Zaleski company. It is
a more caking coal than the upper, and is more contaminated with sulphur.
It was tried by Mr. Bobson, the first agent of the Zaleski company, in
the blast furnace with undesirable results.

Between these two coals, Mr. Bobson found two seams of iron ore, one
called by Mr. B. a limestone ore because it rests upon a thin limestone.
The old pits have fallen in and it was impossible to find either the ore or
limestone. The ore was not considered satisfactory, and for many years
the supply of ore for the Zaleski furnaces has been brought from further
west by railroad.

About 60 feet below the middle coal seam is the lowest seam, seen near
the junction of the branch to the mines and the M. & C. B. B. The sec-
tion is as follows:

96 GEOLOGICAL STJKVET OP OHIO.

1. Calcareous shale, highly fossiliferous the same as that seen at

Brewer's Cut and the equivalent of Putnam Hill limestone. . 10 feet seen

2. Coal 1" 2 in.

3. Clay and slate parting " 5 "

4. Coal 2 " 3 "

5. Black slate.
Level of railroad.

This coal would answer a purpose for household use, but is inferior in
quality to that of the upper seam.

Mr. Robson found two seams of ore between this coal and the middle
seam, but they are not exposed now and no observations could bo made.

A general section on the Zaleski lands is given on Map I, No 24.

The following are the statistics showing the structure and working of
the Zaleski furnace :

Statistics of Zaleski Furnace.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 48

Diameter across boshes 11 6

Batter of boshes per foot 11

Height of hearth 5 6

Diameter of hearth at top , 2 6

" " " bottom , 2 2

3 twyers, height above bottom of hearth 2 6

Pressure of blast not known.

f 1050 lbs. ore.
Half charged 33 bush, charcoal.

1.50 lbs limestone.
38 half charges in 24 hours.

Average daily production in 1869-70 11J tons.

Total production from May 10, 1869, to March 14, 1870 2445 tons.

!1745 tons No. 1 foundry.
150 " " ' 2 "
550 " mill iron.

Swan Township. — A few sections were made in this township, but it was
difficult with the limited time at our command to connect our observa-
vations with those made elsewhere. The most remarkable and interesting
fact observed, was an exposure of undoubted Logan sandstone, or Upper
Waverly, in the valley of the Brushy Fork, near the centre of the town-
ship. On the land of William Swain, Sec. 21, from 30 to 40 feet of fine-
grained Logan sandstone were seen along the stream. It contained the
usual Spirophyton cauda galli, Vermicular markings, etc.

A section here is as follows, beginning at the top :

Feet. Inches.

1. Thincoal 4

2. Not seen, only sandrook at bottom 55

3. Bituminous slate 3

4. Clay 6

GEOLOGHCAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 07

Feet. Inches.

5. Coal 4

6. Not seen .. 3 to 4

7. Thin iron ore, supposed to mark the top of the Logan sandstone.

8. Logan sandstone '. 30 to 40

On the laud of Hiram Swaim, in the same section of township, the fol-
lowing rocks were seen:

1. Sandrock, thickness not seen. Feet. Inches.

2. Sandy black shale , , 6

3. Coal- „ 2 6

4. Not seen , 12

5. Characteristic Logan sandstone — not measured.

On the land of Cummings Morehead, Sec. 26, Swan township, was
obtained the following section of rocks:

F c dt. Inches.

1. Slate roof of coal not measured — ..

2. Coal 9

3. Clayparting - 11

4. Coal 1 7

5. Clayparting 2

6. Coal 1 2

7. (Clay under the coal, not measured)

8. Notseen 55

9. Coal "blossom" ,

10. Notseen 14 ■

11. Coal blossom :

In Jackson township, Vinton county, little coal was seen, and very few
exposures could be heard of. - The most interesting observation made was
the exact stratigraphical position of the coal seam of E. P. Stokeley, Sec. 5.
The geological section is as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Shaly sandstone 8

2. Sandstone 3

3. Clayshales ■. 10

4. Coal 2 10

5. Fireclay 3

6. Notseen 2

7. Logan sandstone group, extending down to Waverly conglomerate. .120

8. Waverly conglomerate not measured

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The section is better understood by reference to Fig. 7. The same
section is, for the most part, seen on Map I, ]STo. 27.

3' egg££a6fare«& tbne .

10' fKj!l*g&h<*Ze ■

2 '2f W&S Goal.
9' eiay.

3S3iogaw 0cmcHgfoiie.

Fig. 7.

Here we find the Waverly conglomerate and the Logan sandstone, or
upper Waverly, extending up to the coal. Kb true Coal-measures con-
glomerate is found, but the coal, with its superincumbent shales, rests
directly upon the Logan sandstone. This valuable section tends to verify
deductions made elsewhere in regard to the Waverly conglomerate, and
also in regard to the entire absence, over certain large areas, of the true
Coal-measures Conglomerate. At this place no Maxville limestone was
found resting upon the top of the Logan group.

Prof. Wormley analyzed a sample of the Stokeley coal, with the follow-
ing results :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 99

Specific gravity 1.277

Combined water 3.90

Ash 3.05

Volatile matter 35.90

Fixed carbon -. 57.15

Total 100.00

Sulphur 2.00

Cubic feet permanent gas per lb. coal. 2.92

This coal has a little more sulphur than, belongs to the best coals, but
in all other respects the coal is most excellent. The per centage of com-
bined water is relatively small, and so is that of the ash. The per centage
of fixed carbon is prettj large, and for all uses the coal is excellent, except
for iron and gas making, for which purposes the sulphur is an obstacle.

On the land of Eli Hill, Sec. 10, Jackson township, Vinton county, a
thin seam of coal was found, reported to be 15 in. thick. This coal is over-
laid by a layer of thin nodules of siderite ore, from 1 in. to 2 in. thick.
Above the ore were seen 5 feet of blue sandy shale.

Richland Township. — This township lies on the western margin of the
Coal-measures. The deeper valleys have exposed the underlying Logan
sandstone, so that a few good sections have been made from that horizon
upward.

On the highest hills in the vicinity of Allensville a blue fossiliferous,
earthy limestone is seen, which is at once recognized by its lithological
character and by its fossils as a limestone found extensively through a
large part of Vinton county. It is seen everywhere in Elk township, to
the east of Richland, and is the same as that found just above the lowest
coal at Zaleski, and near Brewer's cut. At the latter locality the earthy
character predominates, and it weathers into a calcareous shale. It is, as
I think, the equivalent of the limestone near Union Furnace, Starr town-
ship, Hocking county, and is, doubtless, the continuation of the Putnam
Hill limestone.

On the land of Mr. Zeigler, about 1£ mile east of Allensville, we find
the blue or Putnam Hill limestone, with some iron ore on it, 123 feet above
the top of the Logan or upper Waverly. A seam of fire clay rests upon
the Logan, and above this a seam of coal. No measurements of the coal
could be made, the old working having fallen in. Some small fragments
of coal were seen. Forty feet below the fire clay, and down to the Logan
sandstone, were two evenly spread layers of conglomerate, measuring 15 in.
and 4 in., respectively, and separated by 10 in. of fine-grained sandstone.
The Logan here contains the usual upper Waverly fossils. A section of
the rocks here is given on Map I, No. 29.

100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

On a branch of Salt Creek, a mile and a half from its junction with the
latter, was found a bowlder of white quartz. No "drift" was seen on
Salt Creek, and this bowlder is one of those estrays occasionally found
far to the south of the regular drift deposits.

On the land of Austin Thompson, Sec. 16, Eichland township, were
found two seams of coal, and their relations to the upper Waverly estab-
lished. The lower seam is mined to supply a pretty large neighborhood
demand. It is 60 ft. above the top of the Logan. Thirty-six feet higher is
another thin seam of coal. On the Logan rests a stratum of white fire clay,
and over the clay a hard white sand-rock. In this sand-rock are white
concretions of flint and lime, made up largely of organic forms, often
comminuted. Fragments of Fenestella were distinctly seen. It appeared
probable that these concretions represent the horizon of the Maxville
limestone.

I have seen similar forms, having the same geological position, in the
sand rock at the base of the Coal measures in Licking county.

Mr. Thompson's seam of coal presents at the mine the following divi-
sions :

Feet. Inches.

1. Yellow shale, roof

2. Coal 7

3. Slate parting r -• 1|

4. Coal, the efaoice coal used for blacksmithing 1 3

5. Coal, more slaty 10

6. Under clay 3

See Sec. 2, Map II.

A sample of the best coal or middle part of the seam was analyzed by
Prof. Wormley with the following result :

Specific gravity : t 1.262

Combined water 6.80

Ash 1.50

Volatile matter 30.80

Fixed carbon 60.90

Total 100.00

Sulphur 1.08

This is, in all respects, a very superior coal. The ash is unusually small
and the amount of fixed carbon is quite large. The percentage of sulphur
is not excessive, and it is probable that much of it passes off in the vola-
tile matter. The seam is not thick enough for very profitable mining,
especially if the more slaty part should be l'ejected ; but it may possibly
be found of increased thickness in the vicinity, if careful and intelligent
.search were made.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 101

On the land of John Coil, section 29, Eichland township, a section was
taken showing the blue or "Putnam Hill" limestone in its relation to
the Waverly. The location is about 3£ miles southwest of Mr. Zeigler's,
where a similar section was made, but it was found that the interval had
increased in the southwest direction more than 60 ft. The sections were
taken and verified several times so as to preclude any possibility of mis-
take. The coal seam at Mr. Coil's is very near the top of the Logan or
Upper Waverly. The highest point in the Logan exposed was 15 ft. below
the coal, but it probably comes up to the usual clay under the coal.
Above the coal is a shaly sandstone, over which is a heavy coarse sand-
rock. Seventy-five ft. below the limestone w r as detected a trace of a coal
seam. With the limestone is the following group :

1. Shaly sandstone, 3 feet, seen.

2. Clay, 2 feet.

3. Iron ore, not measured.

4. Blue or " Putnam Hill " limestone.

For this Sec. see No. 5, Map II.

The seam of coal just above the Waverly, on Mr. Coil's land, was meas-
ured by Mr. Gilbert and found to be 2 ft. 6 in. thick, but it is claimed to
be 3 ft. 6 in. The coal is somewhat slaty. Prof. Wormley made an analy-
sis of the coal with the following result :

Specific gravity 1.348

Combined water 5.10

Ash 9.25

Volatile matter 27.50

Fixed carbon 58.15

Total 100.00

Sulphur 1.11

Cub. ft. permanent gas per lb 2.75

The ash is a little larger than is desirable, but the coal is, notwithstand-
ing, a very excellent one. It is hoped that careful explorations may be
made to find it in larger development.

In section 3, Eichland township, belonging properly to the north tier
of sections in Washington township, Mr. Gilbert found a seam of coal 13
in. thick, about 60 feet above the top of the Logan or Upper Waverly.
Although thin, it may be found in thicker development in the vicinity.
Prof. Wormley made an analysis with the following results:

102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Specific gravity 1.350.

Combined water 5.30

Ash 4.85

Volatile matter 36.50

Fixed carbon i - 53.35

Total 100.00

Sulphur 1.31

Cub. ft. permanent gasper lb 3.24

This indicates a good quality of coal.

Another seam of coal is found considerably higher in the hills to the
east of Cincinnati Furnace, which has been mined a little for household
use by the Cincinnati Furnace Company. Its exact stratigraphical posi-
tion could not be well ascertained for. the want of some definite base line
to measure from. The seam is reported to be from 30 in. to 33 in. thick
with a single slate parting 1 in. thick. Below the underlying fire clay is
a sand-rock used for hearth-stones at the furnace.

This coal is probably the same as a seam in the immediate neighbor-
hood once opened by Hon. Seneca W. Ely, which he reported to be " 30
in. thick with 1 in. slate parting."

There was at the time of the formation of the strata in this region a
marked tendency to the segregation of iron ores, and ore of greater or less
urity is found at several different horizons. In some places there are
only small concretions and widely scattered, and at others the masses are
quite large. The ore chiefly mined is a block ore, pretty high on the hill
above the level of the railroad, but no exact measurements were made.
Of late years much of the ore used in the furnace has been brought from
the neighborhood of Vinton Station.

At Cincinnati Furnace there is a very heavy body of coarse sand-rock
resting directly upon the Upper Waverly. Mr. Gilbert measured 46 feet
cf this coarse rock. The railroad tunnel, at the furnace is excavated in
the Waverly, which here shows the usual fossils. The stream in Hungry
Hollow has not only cut a channel down through the coarse sand-rock,
but also down into the Waverly, to a depth of 75 feet. The cliffs on the
north side of the stream are very bold, and the summer residence of Mr.
McLandburg, perched upon one of them, has a very attractive and pic-
turesque appearance. ' The coarse sand-rock over the Upper Waverly does
not extend very far to the north or east. On section 29, Eichland town-
ship, two or three miles north of the furnace, John Coil's coal rests almost
directly upon the Upper Waverly. Coal is found 3J miles west of the
furnace.

Structure of Cincinnati Furnace, operated in 1870 by Messrs. Long &
Smith :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 103

Feet. Inches.

Height 40

Diameter of tunnel head 1 6

" atboshes 10 6

Height of hearth 4

Diameter " at top 3

" " bottom 2 4

Height of twyers from bottom of hearth 2

Number of twyers, 2.
Diameter " 4 inches.

Pressure of blast, 31 lbs.
Temperature of blast, 900°. •
Average daily production, 13 tons.
In blast about 9 months each year.
Rule to stop on Sundays.
Proportions of " half charge : "

950 to 1,000 lbs, ore (f " limestone ore," and i " native block ore.")

30 bushels charcoal.

Limestone not reported.

A well 1,400 feet deep was bored several years since for oil, about half
a mile west of the furnace. IsTo oil was obtained. Gas was emitted in
large quantities at first, and still continues to flow in a less degree, the
well being partially choked. Mr. Long reports that no limestone was
struck in the whole depth, and only Waverly and the Black Slate were
penetrated. The top of the well is in the Upper Waverly or Logan, say
100 feet from the surface. This would give us 540 feet of Waverly strata,
and 320 feet of the Black Slate, (assuming these formations to have the
same thickness as on the Ohio river), and then there should be found the
limestones which crop out to the west. What peculiar modification of
the lower limestones caused them to be mistaken for black slate, I have
no means of knowing,, as the borings are now gone.

On the land of Matthew Hanna, Richland township, Mr. Ballantine
made a section from the blue "Putnam Hill" limestone down to the Wa-
verly, although he was not certain that he found the exact top of the
latter. The top of the high knob was found to be 265 feet above the bed
of Salt creek. On the blue limestone was found disintegrated sandy iron
ore. Seventy feet below the limestone is a seam of coal, reported to be
from 20 to 24 inches thick. Another seam of coal was reported to have
been found below this, but was not seen by Mr. Ballantine. The upper
seam corresponds nearly to a " blossom " of coal found by Mr. Gilbert 75
feet below the blue limestone at John Coil's, section 29. The section on
Mr. Hanna's land is seen on Map I, No. 28.

On the land of B. P. Bothwell, section 1, Richland township, we find
the blue fossiliferous limestone 6 feet thick. Here in a meadow the sur-

104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

face was sufficiently exposed to exhibit the directions of well denned
vertical joints. These were found by Hon. Homer Jones to be 25". 28° E.,
and S". 68° E. The strata exposed at this point are the following :

Feet. Inches.

1. SoU

2. Light gray shale 5

3. Coal 1

4. Blue clay 2 4

5. Coal -5J

6. Dark blue clay 1 10

7. Coal 7

8. C,lay (reported) 1 6

9. Coal (reported) 6

10. Not seen 4 2

11. Blue limestone, "Putnam Hill" 6

Eor this section see TSo. 4, Map II.

On the land of Martin Essick, large plates of mica are reported to have
been found. As mica does not belong to the Coal formation, except in
comminuted particles in micaceous sandstone, these pieces must have
come from a disintegrated granite bowlder, or have been brought there
by the Mound-builders or by Indians, who were always attracted by this
beautiful stone. Plates of it are often found in the mounds where they,
with stone implements and copper ornaments, were buried as the treas-
ures of him whom the mound commemorated.

On the hill of George Brown, section 1, Eichland township, a section
was made of the strata lying above the Putnam Hill limestone. The
upper seam of coal has. been mined, but no measurements were made.
The section is given on Map I, No. 26. The blue limestone is 6 feet thick,
under which were seen 3 feet black shale, highly fossiliferous.

Elk Township. — On the land of John S. Dillon, section 17, Elk township,
we find the blue limestone, "Putnam Hill," from 8 feet to 10 feet thick,
and 34 feet above it a well developed seam of coal.

The following is a section. See also Map II, No. 6.

1. Shale, roof. Feet. Inches.

2. Coal, reported as sometimes wanting 10 to 12

3. Clay parting 4 to 10

4. Coal 4 5

5. Sandstones and shales 34

6. Blue "Putnam Hill" limestone 8 to 10

Part of the coal in the above seam is an impure cannel. The seam at
Benjamin Newland's bank is similar in quality and thickness. Considera-
ble coal is mined from these banks.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 105

On tlie farm of Stephen Kline, in section 17, Elk township, the same
seam gives the following measurements :

1. Slate roof. Feet. Inches.

3. Coal 10tol2

3. Clay parting 6

4. Cannel ' 9 8

5. Bituminous coal 1

Totalcoal 4 8

On the land of Andrew Wolfe, M. D., section 8, Elk township, a careful
section was made by Mr. Ballantine. See Map II, No. 1. In this section
we have three interesting features, the blue or " Putnam Hill " limestone;
and above it, 137 feet, the buhr, the geological equivalent of the Ferrifer-
ous limestone, which we find a little way to the south, and from which
we shall not part company until we reach the Ohio River, in Lawrence
county j while 83 feet below the blue limestone, we find the Elk Fork coal,
generally known as the " Wolfe coal." The following are the principal
items of the section :

1. Buhr, once quarried for millstones, not measured. Feet. Inches.

2. Notseen 73

3. Coal, once mined, reported 4 feet 4

4. Notseen 5? ..

5. Iron ore, not measured.

6. Shales, chiefly 22

7. Trace or "blossom" of coal.

8. Sandstone and shale 37

9. Blue limestone, "Putnam Hill," not measured.

10. Not well seen, blue shale at bottom 65

11. Slatycoal 2

12. Grayshale 16

13. * Elk Fork coal (no parting) 2 7

14. Clay.

Samples were selected by me of Dr. Wolfe's coal for analysis. I had
no access to the mine, the entry having partially fallen in, and I took two
samples from a heap at the mouth of the mine, one to represent what was
apparently the better and the other the poorer part of the seam. I am
not certain that the selections made represent the seam with entire accu-
racy. The following are Prof. Wormley's results of analysis :

* Note. — From 3 to 4 feet are claimed as the thickness of this seam. It is possible
that our measurement was taken at a point where the coal was not of full average thick"

106 GEOLOGICAL STIGVJEY OP OHIO.

Specific gravity • 1.280 1.309

Combined water 7.50 5.40

Ash 1.60 6.20

Volatile matter 32.20 28.20

Fixedcarbon 58.70 60.20

Total 100.00 100.00

Sulphur 0.63 0.66

Cubic feet permanent gas per pound 3.11 3.11

Color of ash yellow white

These analyses show the coal to be of very superior quality. The sul-
phur is small in both samples. In the first the ash is very small; in the
second the ash is considerable, yet not excessive. The percentage of
fixed carbon is sufficiently large for iron making. The coal is dry burn-
ing. I have little doubt that the coal will be needed ere long for iron mak-
ing, for which purpose it will, doubtless, serve an admirable purpose.

On Dr. Wolfe's " Speed place," section 16, Elk township, we find the
blue or "Putnam Hill" limestone and the "limestone ore" 137 feet above
it. This ore has been somewhat extensively dug at this point. Directly
over the ore is a heavy sand-rock. Seventy- three feet below the ore is a
seam of coal, once mined, but the old drift is now fallen in and no meas-
urements could be made. This coal is 64 feet above the blue limestone.
This limestone is 10 feet thick, all of it quite shaly except the very bot-
tom which is quite solid. Below the limestone, 38 feet, is a sand-rock 12
feet thick, under which is a shale irregularly bedded 2 feet thick, and con-
taining nodules of blue or siderite ore. For this section, see Map I,
No. 30.

Mr. Ballantine reports finding in the north-west quarter, section 16,
Elk township, in the bed of Elk Pork, fine-grained sandstone with im-
pressions of SpiropTiyton cauda-galli. The rock in lithological character
and fossils, apparently belongs to the Logan Upper Waverly, and I am
led to think it quite possible that there may be here, in the valley of Elk,
as we have seen in Swan township, in Brushy Pork valley, a local ex-
posure of the Logan or Upper Waverly sandstone. The valley is eroded
down to the top of what is, doubtless, an elevation or ridge of the Upper
Waverly. If this is so, then it is more than probable that Dr. Wolfe's
Elk Pork coal is not very far above the Upper Waverly. In physical
structure, this coal resembles the block coal of the Jackson shafts, and a
similar coal in Hamilton township, Jackson county.

The relation of Dr. Wolfe's Elk Fork coal to the bine limestone is given,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 107

(see Map II, Sec. No. 1), but not its relation to the Waverly. West of the
Elk Creek valley, in Richland township, the top of the Waverly lies at a
far greater distance below the blue limestone.

On the land of Columbus B. Pilcher, section 15, Elk township, the gray
Ferriferous limestone is seen. The lower part of it is flinty, and both
parts contain fossils. There are two seams of coal above the limestone.
The whole group in detail is as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coa], reported 4 6

2. Not seen 50

3. Coal, reported 3 6

4. Grayshale 14

5. Iron ore 6

6. Sandy gray shale 1 3

7. Ferriferous limestone and flint , 2

8. Clay 3

9. Coal "blossom"

The limestone ore is of good quality and has been extensively mined.
It is separated from the limestone by 1 foot 3 inches gray shale.

In Sec. 8, Elk township, on the land of Joseph Kaler, the blue or Putnam
Hill limestone was seen, with a seam of coal a little above it. This coal
was reported to be 4 feet thick. Thirty-seven feet above the limestone
is another and higher seam of coal, but no definite knowledge of it could
be gained. Between the two seams of coal was seen much ore scattered
over the surface. One hundred and nine feet below the limestone, the
interval not seen in detail but made up mostly of sandstone and shales,
a thin seam of coal was found, reported to be one foot thick. Below this
coal were seen 10 feet of shaly sandstone. This section is given on Map
II, No. 3.

On the land of Thomas B. Davis a half mile north-west of McArthur, a
section was taken showing the place of three seams of coal between the Put-
nam Hill limestone and the "limestone ore." Here the ore and the lime-
stone (Putnam Hill,) are 137 feet apart. Thirty seven feet above the
limestone, which is here a hard blue limestone, 8 inches thick, breaking
up into blocks 4 feet long by 1 foot 6 inches wide, is the evidence or
" blossom " of a seam of. coal. This is the same as the seam on Sec. 8,
which is also 76 feet above the limestone. Twenty-seven feet higher, or
64 feet above the limestone, is another seam of coal, reported to be about
4 feet thick. Twenty-three feet higher is another coal, reported to be
between 3 and 4 feet thick. This is regarded as the equivalent of the
" Dowd seam." Fifty feet above the last coal, is the " limestone ore,"
which has here been dug. For this section see Map II, No. 7.

108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

In Sec. 30, Elk township, on the land of John Huhn, a section was
taken which revealed two seams of coal below the upper or Ferriferous
limestone. Here the limestone measured 10 feet, but Mr. Ballantine
thought the lower 4 feet might have slipped down, if so, the seam is only
6 feet thick. This is what is usually termed the gray limestone, to dis-
tinguish it from the blue found 137 feet below ; but at this point it has
an unusually bluish tint. At the horizon of this limestone on the same
hill, both iron ore and buhr millstones have been quarried.

Thirty-seven feet below the limestone, is a seam of coal with the follow
ing reported measurements :

Feet. Inches.

Coal 2

Clay parting ■ 1

Coal 4

Twenty feet below this is a seam of coal reported to be 1 foot 6 inches
thick. This section is given on Map II, No. 8.

A section showing the position of seams of coal on the land of the
Vinton Furnace Company, Sec. 15, Elk township, is seen on Map II, No. 9.

None of the seams of coal were opened, and no measurements could be
obtained. The Furnace Oompauy bought the land chiefly for the " lime-
stone ore."

On the land of William Huggins, Sec. 14, Elk township, we find a
" blossom" of a coal seam, believed by Mr. Ballantine to be the equiva-
lent of the seam immediately under the Ferriferous limestone. Below
this " blossom," 43| feet is a group of strata, as follows :

1. Sandrock, roof of coal, thickness not seen. Feet. Inches.

2. Coal, reported -- 3

3. Clay t

4. Flint (various colors) 3 6

5. Coal 10

6. Clay ., - 4

7. Coal 10

8. Clay ■- 2

9. Coal 8

10. Clay.

For this section, see Map II, No. 10.

On the land of William Gold, Sec. 22, Elk township, the Ferriferous
limestone is found with a fine development of limonite ore over it and a
seam of coal reported 3 feet 4 inches thick a little below. The ore is quite
irregular, but at one place attains a very unusual thickness. It is re-
ported to range from a few inches to 9 feet, the reported average being

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 109

from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet. This is one of the most celebrated
developments of ore in all Southern Ohio. It has been mined by drifts,
and Mr. Gold reports 10,880 tons taken from less than two acres.
At one place the limestone and ore are both wanting, but the coal re-
mains. The horizon of these is occupied by 5 feet of blue shale with a
heavy sandrock above, of which 15 or 20 feet were seen. The strata on
Mr. Gold's land may be learned from the following section :

1. Eeported coal, not measured. Feet. Indies.

2. Sandrock and shale, etc 35

3. Ore limonite, average , 2^ to 3

4. Ferriferous limestone 7

5. Clay 7

6. Coal 3 4

7. Sandstones and shales 33

8. Coal not measured

9. Interval, not seen .. 6

10. Ore, reported 8

11. Interval, not seen 34

12. Coal"blossom"

13. Interval, not seen 36

14. Coal "blossom"

This section is seen on Map II, No. 11.

On the land of Conrad Schmidt, section 27, Elk township, we find a
seam of coal, reported 3 feet thick, the stratigraphical position of which
is about 30 feet below the Ferriferous limestone. This seam is claimed to
be 6 feet thick in places. There are strata below of interest, and we give
the group, commencing with the coal above referred to :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal 3

2. Notseen 17

3. Sand-rock 3

4. Coal 2

5. Clay 4

6. Flint, of various colors 2 6

7. Notseen '.. 25

8. Coal 2

9. Clay 1 10

10. Coal 4

11. Cannal coal 1

The above section is given in Map II, No. 12.

110 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

On the land of J. Shockey, section 27, Elk township, we find the
Ferriferous limestone, and with it the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ferriferous limestone 3 8

2. Notseen 30

3. Coal 2ft.5 in. to 3 3

4. Sandstone 3 in. to 15 in. — average 9

5. Coal 2 3

6. Notseen 26

7. Coal (once worked) ,

The irregular stratum of sandstone in the upper seam of coal is a little
remarkable. We often find the coal marsh inundated by waters bringing
in fine sediments which constitute clay or slate partings, but it is very
rare to find evidence of an overflow with a current strong enough to bring
in sand. It is possible that this part of the marsh was flooded by a river
bringing down from the higher land sand which subsequently hardened
into the sand-rock.

The above section is given in Map II, No. 13.

We find in section 34, Elk township, on the lands of Henry Eutsler,
the " limestone coal," with the overlying limestone (Ferriferous) but sel-
dom seen. Much ore has been dug from its proper horizon over the
limestone. The following are the strata seen on Mr. Eutsler's land :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore — not measured

2. Ferriferous limestone— not measured

3. Dark shale- -not measured

4. Coal 1 4

5. Clay parting 5

6. Coal 1 8

7. Clay 1

8. Coal 1

9. Sandstone and shale 18

10. Sand-rock 4

11. Black clay, reported 2 6

12. Coal 1 2

At the "ore diggings" of Patrick McAllister, near Vinton Furnace
station, we find the Ferriferous limestone with an interesting group of
iron ores and seams of coal. The following is the whole group :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

Ill

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal " blossom " ,

2. Not seen, except sand-rock at bottom 33

3. Clay 5

4. Ore " limestone," reported 3

5. Ferriferous limestone, average 5

6. Clay, estimated 2

7. Coal — not opened

8. Sandstone and shale. 39

9. Coal — not opened

10. Shale 6

11. Ore, " gray kidney " ■ 4

12. Ore, "little fine block " . 10

13. Sandstone and shales 32

14. Coal— reported 3 6

15. Sandstone and shales 36

16. Ore, "kidney" i 2

17. Ore, "big red block" 10

18. Flint — not measured - ..

19. "Putnam Hill" limestone — not measured

20. Coal — notmeasured

For this section see Map II, No. 14.

Mr. Ballantine obtained a suite of ores from Mr. McAllister for
analysis. Prof. Wormley reports his analyses as follows :

Number 1 the lower part of the limestone ore.

middle "

top

"fine block."

"little fine block."

"red block.'.'

Specific gravity (dried at 212°)

2.709

2.307

3.333

3.018

2.287

2.682

Combined water

12.65
17.26
65.65
0.05
1.40
0.55
1.28
0.215
0.10

8.90

22.16

60.86

0.0

3.95

0.12

0.83

2.524

trace.

7.50
6.64
79.37
0.0
1.75
2.95
0.56
0.91
0.0

7.75
10.04
78.74
0.30
1.75
0.0
0.64
0.222
0.0

11.60

13.08

72.43

0.0

1.10

0.55

0.83

0.255

trace.

8.75

Silicious matter

43.46

Sesquioxide of iron

45.95 •

0.0

0.50

Lime

0.20

Magnesia

0.50

0.971

Sulphur

Total

99.155

99.344

99.68

99.442

99.845

100.331

45.95

42.60

55.56

55.12

50.70

32 17

112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The stratigraphical place of the " fine block " is not given in the geo-
logical section.

The ores in the above table are all of the hydrated sesquioxide class,
but show different degrees of hydration. The determinations for sulphur
show the ores to be remarkably pure in this respect. No. 1 gives only
0.10 per cent, and the others give none whatever, or only a mere chemical
trace.

The percentage of phosphoric acid is greater. It will be remembered
that the proportion of phosphorus to oxygen in phosphoric acid is 31 to
40. By reducing the phosphoric acid in Prof. Wormley's table, we have
the following as the percentage of pure phosphorus:

No. 1, 0.094-; No. 2, 1.102 ; No. 3, 0.397 ; No. 4, 0.096 ; No. 5, 0.111 ; No.
6, 0.424. The only ore in which phosphorous is found in objectionable
quantity is No. 2.

The coal seam near McArthur, mined by Messrs. Gilman, Ward & Co.,
was thought to be the "Dowd seam." It here presents the following
divisions:

Ft. Inches.

Coal, reported 1 6

Clay parting 6

Coal 1 6

Clay parting 1

Coal 1 5

Under-clay

On the land of Otho L. Marfield, Sec. 27, Elk township, we find the
Ferriferous limestone and the " limestone ore," which has here been ex-
tensively dug. Fifty-five feet below the limestone is a seam of cannel
coal, reported 2 feet thick. The coal seams between the limestone and
horizon of the cannel were not seen, there being no exposure of the
intervening strata. For this section see Map II, No. 17.

A sample of ore from the lands of the Zaleski Furnace Company, not
far from Vinton Station, was analyzed by Prof. Wormley. It was taken
from a heap which had been lying at Vinton Station for two years. It
was originally a blue or siderite ore, but, as the analysis shows, had be-
come considerably changed by atmospheric action.

Analysis :
Specific gravity

Combined water ... : 4.38

Silica 8.56

Sesquioxide of iron 46.65

Carbonate of iron , 25.68

Alumina 1-00

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 113

Oxide manganese 1.45

Carbonate of lime 3.57

Carbonate of magnesia 5.60

Sulphur 2.53

Phosphoric acid 0.384

Total 99.804

Percentage of metallie iron 45.09

Madison Township lies east of Elk, and contains the Ferriferous lime-
stone and associated ore in the southern part. The section at Zaleski,
already given, does not reveal the limestone and ore, although their
proper place would be just above the "Bunghole" seam of coal.

Sections were taken in the vicinity of Vinton Furnace, a half mile

north, of the furnace, presenting the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Limestone ore 10

2. Ferriferous limestone 5

3. Not seen 21

4. Sand-rock : 3

5. Slate 1?

6. Coal 1

7. Slate 4

8. Coal 1 9

9. Slate 2

10. Coal 1 2

11. Slate 1

12. Coal 1 2

13. Under-clay

For this section see Map II, No. 16.

The coal is an excellent one for all ordinary uses. The usual limestone
coal, i. e., the seam generally found directly under the Ferriferous lime-
stone, is thought not to exist at this particular point, as explorations, for
it have not been successful. Mr. Gilbert saw not even a trace of it.

A section taken a mile and a half south-east from the furnace gives the

following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore, not measured

2. Ferriferous limestone, not measured

3. Blossom of coal below the limestone

4. Interval from limestone to black slate 30

5. Black slate with Linguhs and scales of fishes 3

6. Coal..". 2 6

This coal is the same as that found a half mile north of the furnace.
At the latter place there is an aggregate of 5 feet 1 inch of coal, inde-
pendently of the slate partings.
8

114 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 05 OHIO.

A section given in Map II, No. 15, was made up of two, one taken on
the hill back of the furnace, and the other taken in the shaft of the coal
mine. It presents the following named strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Limestone ore, not measured

2. Ferriferous limestone, not measured ;

3. Not seen 5

4. Coal 9

5. Slate : 8

6. Coal 1 2

7. Not seen 65

8. Coal ^ 2

Top of shaft.

9. Soil, gravel and elay 20

10. Blue shale 40

11. Sand-rock 7

12. Coal 3

13. Blackslate r 11 6

14. Sandstones and shales.. 30

15. Blacknint 1 6

16. Sandstone and shales 31

17. Coal 2

18. Clay 1 3

19. Coal 4

20. Sandstones and shales 23 8

21. Clay shale 18

22. Coal 1 3

23. Clayparting 3

24. Coal 1 4

It was claimed that the lower coal was at other points thicker than
where measured by Mr. Ballantine. The facilities for a careful examina-
tion of this coal in the shaft were not very good. This seam of coal has
the same stratigraphical relation to the Ferriferous limestone as the shaft
coal of Mr. H. F. Austin, Sec. 7, Milton township, Jackson county. By
reference to Map III, it will be seen that some of the finest coals of Jack-
son county are found in this geological horizon. These coals will here-
after be considered.

Two samples of the Vinton Furnace shaft coal were analyzed by Prof.
"Wormley, the first sample taken from towards the bottom, and the second
from above the clay parting

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO. 115

Analysis. No. 1. No. 2.

Specific gravity 1.321 1.281

Combined water 4.60 4.90

Ash - 10.60 6.60

Volatile matter 29.00 30.70

Fixedcarbon 55.80 57.80

Total 100.00 100.00

Sulphur 1.30 0.65

Cub. ft. permanent gas per lb 2.92 2.99

This coal has been tried in the Vinton Furnace, but the result has not
been satisfactory. The sulphur averages 0.975. How much of this
passes off in the volatile matter of the coal was not ascertained. I ap-
prehend that if the coal were entirely satisfactory in other respects, the
sulphur would not be sufficient to destroy its usefulness. The ash, how-
ever, is unusually large. This would demand a larger quantity of lime-
stone for flux than is usually allowed. Furthermore, the shaft is deep
and the seam of coal thin, and doubtless the great expense of mining
entered largely as an element of failure in the profitable use of the coal.

To the north of Vinton Furnace, towards Zaleski, the Ferriferous lime-
stone and accompanying ore are not found. There appears to be an
entire change in the deposits over the limestone coal, and we generally
find heavy sand-rock and shales. This state of things continues far to the
north, through the whole range of the Nelsonville or Straitsville coal.

The only exception to this is in the layer of flint or buhr found over
the coal at Flint Eidge, in Licking and Muskingum counties.

Passing from Madison township into Knox on the east, we find the

" Mineral City " or Nelsonville coal, with the usual heavy sand-rock over

it. The section taken by Mr. Ballantine, on the land of Isaac Haney,

Sec. 35, Knox township, shows the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sand-rock 15

2. Shale 1

3. Coal 1 7

4. Clayparting 1

5. Coal 7

Another section taken on Jacob Porter's land, Sec. 6, in the same town-
ship, is as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sand-rock 10

2. Light gray shale 6 6

3. Coal 4

4. Clayparting 2

5. Coal 1 8

6. Clayparting 1

7. Coal 6

. Under-clay

116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The following strata was seen at Henry Packard's mill, Sec. 35, Knox
township :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sand-rock — (not measured)

2. Dark shale 2

3. Blackshale 7

4. Coal 1 8

5. Clay parting 1

6. Coal 5

7. Interval, mostly gray shale 48

8. Coal 1 5

9. Under-clay — (not measured)

10. Notseen 44 6

11. Coal and slate reported as found in boring an oil well 6

For this section, see Map I., No. 25.

The lower reported coal and slate are thought, by Mr. Ballantine, to be
the probable equivalent to the lower two coals and included slate seen
in the Moonville section — Map.L, ]STo. 21.

On the land of W. 0. Foster, Sec. 6, Knox township, the following sec-
tion was made :

Feet. Inches.
Soil and mounds on top of hill

1. Sand-rock 10

2. Limonite ore - 5

3. Bufflimestone 10

4. Bine limestone — fossiliferous 8

5. Interval, with heavy ledges of sand-rock 125

6. Blossom of coal -

7. Interval, lower part sand-rock 65

8. Shale 5

9. Coal— "Mineral City" seam 2 9

10. Sandyshales 43

11. Coal blossom .-

12. Notseen....- 40

13. Dark shale (fossiliferons) 4

14. Coal 15in.to2

On the land of J. H. Brooks, 1J miles north-east of Boland's Mill, Knox
township, the following strata were seen :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sand-rock 10

2. Coal 1 1

3. Clay parting 3

4. Coal 1 6

5. Blue under-clay .. 1 15

6. Not seen )

7. Buff limestone, compact, without fossils - 8

8. Light gray sandy shales , - - «>

GEOLOGICAL SXTRTET OP OHIO. 117

Vinton Township. — la this township we generally find the Ferriferous
limestone and accompanying ore, but in some places both are wanting.

At Eakin's Mill, in Sec. 4, the Ferriferous limestone is seen, and a section
was taken by Mr. Ballantine, which covers a vertical range of 245 feet.
The following strata were seen, beginning at the summit of the hills :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone and shale, not measured

2. Compact gray limestone, fossiliferous, (seen) 1 3

3. Sandstone and shale 31

4. "Blossom" of coal

5. Interval, not seen 19 .

6. "Blossom" of coal

7. Sandstone and shale 58

8. Buff limestone, reported 2

9. Shale and sand-rock, mostly sand-rock 56 6

10. Coal, not measured

11. Sandstone and shale :.... 51

12. Coal, reported 1

13. Bituminous slate, reported - 2 6

14. Coal, reported 2

15. Sand-rock, mostly 21

16. Iron ore 10

17. Ferriferous limestone 3 to 4

18. Black shale 4

19. Coal, reported 4

For this section, see Map II, No. 21.

On the land of Winthrop Sargeant's heirs, on Raccoon creek, a half
mile below the mouth of Middle Fork, Vinton township, we find the " lime-
stone coal," but no limestone nor ore in their proper places above it. The
section is as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone and shales, not measured

2. Heavy sand-rock — 50

3. Finely laminated black shale 9

4. Coal 1 6

5. Clay parting 7£

6. Coal, reported 1 6

Bed of creek.

For this section, see Map II, No. 19.

On the land of Mrs. O'Harra, one-fourth of a mile above the mouth of
Middle Fork, the Ferriferous limestone and accompanying ore were also
found wanting. Here a similar laminated shale takes the place of the
limestone and ore. The limits of the area of Jhis remarkable displacement
of the Ferriferous limestone and ore were not definitely ascertained.

118 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

On the lands of the Eagle Furnace Company, Sec. 33, Vinton township,
Mr. Ballantine found the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal 1)108801)1

2. Shale 15

3. Ore, reported 8 in. to 2

4. Ferriferous limestone 5

5. Light gray shale 15 4

6. Coal 1 8

7. Clay parting 6

8. Coal 1 4

9. Clay parting 1

10. Coal 1 6

11. Shales, mostly 12

12. Sand-roct, quarried 13

13. Coal, not measured

For this section, see Map II, No. 24.

A quarter of a mile from the place where the other section was made,
near Eagle Furnace, the Ferriferous limestone and ore are replaced by
sand-rock which rests directly upon the " limestone coal."

No statistics of the structure and production of Eagle Furnace were
received.

An oil well was bored in 1867 on the land of John Calvin, Sec. 4,
Yinton township. At the depth of 95 feet a seam of coal was reported
measuring 5 feet in thickness. At the depth of 490 feet a fissure
containing gas was struck. The gas rushed up with great force and took
fire from the engine fire, 40 feet distant, and burned to a height variously
estimated from 75 to 200 feet. The burning continued for a fortnight, and
caused no little consternation among many of the people of the neighbor-
hood. The gas is still emitted with great force. It seems a great pity
that so much heating and illuminating power should go to waste. In
many places this gas would be worth thousands of dollars each year.
There is, apparently, little diminution of the volume of gas from year to
year. This fact, and similar ones, indicate the probability that over the
whole area of the Ohio Coal-measures, and probably in the Waverly also,
wells might be profitably bored for the gas.

There is brought up from Mr. Calvin's well a small quantity of salt
water.

On Thomas Bowers' land, Sec. 5, Vinton township, is found a thin seam
of coal, 18 in. thick, with a clay parting 2 in. thick. This is believed to be
the same seam as that seen above the limestone at Eakin's Mill.

Clinton township.— Passing west from Vinton township we enter Clinton
township.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO, 119

At McArthur Station, the Ferriferous limestone is often well developed
with the accompanying ore.

On the land of Eichard Timms, near the railroad station, we find the
following strata:

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore, reported average 1

2. Ferriferous limestone, lower part flinty, thickness not seen, estimated 2 6

3. Interval not seen, estimated 3

Coal not measured

Not seen 12

Ore supposed to be a local deposit 1

Not seen 15

"Block ore" in three layers — total... 1

For this Section see Map II, No. 18.

An analysis of the " Block ore " was made by Prof. Wormley with the
following results :

Specific gravity i 3.182

Combined water 10.20

Silicious matter 21.79

Sesquioxide of iron 65.00

Alumina 0.20

Oxide manganese 0.95

Lime 0.39

Magnesia 0.76

Phosphoric acid 0.0

Sulphur trace.

Total 99.29

Percentage metallic iron 45.50

This ore is remarkably pure containing neither phosphorus nor sulphur.

On the land of Mr. O. T. Gunning, section 9, Clinton township, there is,
in places, a fine development of the " limestone ore." At one point it
measured 4 ft.', but not far away the ore was replaced by the buhr. Some-
times in this region the limestone is found without either ore or buhr.
At one point the limestone measured 2 ft. 3 in. The usual coal above the
limestone was seen, but the workings having fallen in, no measurements
were made. It is reported to be 4 ft. 2. in. in thickness.

A coal seam was reported below the limestone, but neither the coal nor
interval was measured.

At Hamden Furnace, section 21, Clinton township and vicinity, a sec-
ion was made giving a vertical range of 179 feet. At some places the

120 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Ferriferous limestone and ore were not seen, but at others both were well
exposed. The following is a combined section :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal, reported 2 8

2. Shale,mostly 25

3. Phosphorus iron ore, reported 4

4. Not seen 2 6

5. Coal, reported. 3 6

6. Sandstone and shale 21

7. Limestone ore, reported 10 inches to 1

8. Ferriferous limestone 6

9. Gray clay shale 7

10. Coal.... 1 5

11. Clay parting 6

12. Coal 1 3

13. Clayparting 1

14. Coal 7

15. Under clay, not measured .'.

16. Sandstones and shales 31

17. Little or red block ore 6

18. Softsandrock 11

19. Outcrop of ore, not measured

20. Soft sand-rock , 9

21. Coal, 4 inches to 1

S2. Soft sand-rock 53

23. Big block ore 4 to 10

24. Black flint, fossiliferous 5

25. Sandstone, quarry 30

26. Sandstone and shale 22

27. Ore 1|

28. Sandy shale 12

For this section see Map II, No. 26.

The place of the seam of ore rejected on account of its phosphorus was
believed by Mr. Eallantine to be about 27 feet above the regular limestone
ore. The saoipl?s for analysis came from the land owned by the Vinton
Furnace Company, section 16, Clinton township. Prof. Wormley analyzed
two samples with the following result :

Specific gravity 3.260 3.018

Combined water 7.80 10.60

Silicious matter j - 0.37 1.55

Sesquioxide of iron 66.87 78,75

Oxide manganese 2.92 0.80

Phosphate of lime 7.81 2.88

Carbonate of lime 12.62

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 121

Carbonate of magnesia * 1.47 0.63

Phosphate of magnesia 0.98

Alumina trace. 2.64

Sulphur trace. 0.12

Total 99.86 98.95

Percentage of metallic iron 46.81 55.12

Phosphoric acid 3.58 1.85

This is a peculiar looking ore. It was evidently once a carbonate of
iron combined with carbonate and phosphate of lime. There is scarcely
any silicious matter and little alumina. The ore has the appearance of
having originally been made up largely of comminuted shells, although no
organic structure can now be detected. If these shells belonged to the
Lingula family, the existence of phosphate of lime is easily explained as
these shells, both in the fossil and recent state, always contain it.

On the land of Wm. Craig, section 8, Clinton township, is a seam of
iron ore, which has been considerably mined, and is well known as the
" Craig ore." This ore was thought to correspond in stratigraphical posi-
tion with an ore on the land of Bphraim Bobbins, a half-mile west of
Hamden, as seen in section 23, Map II. At the latter place the ore is
found to be about 40 feet above the Blue or Putnam Hill limestone.
Assuming the vertical distance between the Blue and the Ferriferous lime-
stones to be from 135 to 140 feet, the position of the Craig ore would
therefore be about 95 feet below the Ferriferous limestone.

The following is the grouping at Mr. Craig's ore bank :

Feet. Inches.

1. Soil and surface clay 4

2. Light gray shale 2 6

3. Soft iron-stained sand-rock 2 3

4. Gray clay shale 1 2

5. Dark blue sandy shale 6

6. Eed limonite ore 10tol2

7. Blue siderite ore 5

8. Coal lto2

9. Clay 1

10. Sand-rock

For this section, see Map II, ]STo. 22.

Analyses of the ore were made by Prof. Wormley.

122 GEOLOGICAL STJEVEY OP OHIO.

¥o. 1 is the upper, or red ore, No. 2 the lower part, or blue ore.

No. 1. Ho. 2.
Specific gravity 2.814 3.516

Water 7.50 1.77

Silicious matter 6.49 3.93

Sesquioxide of iron 83.74 11.61

Carbonate of protoxide of iron 70.10

Alumina 0.70

Manganese trace, trace.

Phosphate of lime 0.12

Carbonate of lime 4.10

Phosphate of magnesia .' 0.30

Carbonate of magnesia 6.17

Phosphoric acid 0.42

Sulphur , 0.06 0.Q3

Total 99.86 98.18

Percentage of metallic iron 58.62 42.00

By the first of these analyses, it will be seen that the red ore of the
Craig bank is in all respects a very superior one. It gives a remarkably
large percentage of metallic iron, (58.62) and a mere trifle of phosphorus
and sulphur. The ore must work easily in the furnace, and make a nearly
neutral iron. The unusually large per centage of metallic iron makes it
a most desirable ore. The physical quality of the ore as soft and chalk-
like and of little specific gravity, has led some furnace managers to reject
the ore as not rich enough in iron. To show how little dependence can
be placed on specific gravity, I refer the reader to the gravities of the two
ores from the Craig bank. The red ore has a specific gravity of 2.814,
and the blue ore 3.516 ; but the former yields 58.62 per cent, of metallic
iron, and the latter only 42.00. At the Buckeye furnace, a dark red
limestone ore, with a specific gravity of 2.983, yielded the extraordinary
percentage of 61.52 metallic iron, while a blue ore of the same " limestone
seam," with a specific gravity of 4.872, yielded only 25.91 per cent, of
iron. From this it may well be inferred that one cannot tell the value of
an ore by "hefting" it. The Craig ore was a marine formation, as it
contains fossils of a marine character. The casts of Producti are re
markable for the perfection of the muscular impressions, and of the Spiri-
ferae for the complete preservation of the spirals.

The most interesting geological discoveries in Clinton township are
the Tipper Waverly or Logan, in the bed of Little Eaccoon creek, a
mile northeast of Hamden, and, resting on the Waverly, a deposit of the
Lower Carboniferous or Maxville limestone. This limestone is seen just
above the railroad bridge, from which point it continues north to Seed's
mill, and probably a little distance beyond. At Keed's mill it is 16 feet

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 123

thiek. Here a part of the formation is brecciated, as is shown in the
figure on page 65. This section, in its relations, is given on Map II, No. 20.

Everywhere under the limestone is seen the unmistakable fine-grained
Upper Waverly or Logan sandstone, with impressions of Spirophyton
cauda-galli. South of the railroad bridge the limestone is entirely gone,
and blue shale and Coal-measures sand stone rest directly upon the Logan.
The Logan, without the limestone below the bridge, is given on section
No. 25, Map II. Nowhere in this vicinity is there any trace of true Coal-
measures Conglomerate. It has thinned out and entirely disappeared.

Combined with the limestone in section 20, Map II, is the stratigraph-
ical position of the Blue or Putnam Hill limestone, with the proximate
positions of two seams of coal, one above, the other below it. The Blue
limestone and coal seams are found in the hills about Hamden. The
seams of coal are thin, and but little worked.

Wilkesville Township. — This township lies directly south of Vinton
township.

At Hartley's mill, Sec. 24, the " limestone coal " is seen, but the usual
Ferriferous limestone was gone. Ore, at its proper horizon, is found
intermingled with the lower part of the sand-rock abeve.

The whole section, at this locality, is as follows:

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandy limestone — not measured

2. Sand-stone . 6

3. Coal 1 2

4. Notseen 58

5. Coal — not measured

6. Notseen 68

7. Sand-rock with iron in lower part 6

8. Blackslate 2

9. Coal 2 1

10. Slate parting, thin

11. Coal 1 1

12. Slate parting

13. Coal 1 2

14. Under-olay

For this section, see Map III., No. 11.

The replacement of the Ferriferous limestone by the sandstone is only
a local matter, the limestone is found near where the section was made ;
indeed the point of transition, from the limestone to the sandstone, was
seen by Mr. Gilbert.

On the land of Mr. Hawk, Sec, 22, Wilkesville, a section was made, in
which the following strata were found :

124 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal, reported place

2. Not exposed 20

3. Ore — not measured

4. Ferriferous limestone 3

5. Blackslate 1

6. Coal 2

7. Slate parting 3

8. Coal 1 1

9. Slateparting : 1

10. Coal... 1 2

11. Under-clay

This section is given on Map III., No. 14.

On Sec. 10, Wilkesville township, strata are found higher in the series
than at any other point in Vinton county. A. combined section was
obtained, which presents the following :

Feet. Inches.

1. Cannel coal — reported 10

2. Notseen , 12

3. Sand-rock 4

4. Sandy and clay shales — coal plants 5

5. Coal .: 1 6

6. Notseen 42

7. Clay shales -

8. Coal 2 2

9. Uuder-clay

10. Notseen 58

11. Clay shales

12. Coal — not measured

13. Under-clay

For this sectioD, see Map III., No. 15.

In the same vicinity a section was made, which gives the following :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore — not measured

2. Limestone, hard and sandy 2

3. Notseen 41

4. Coarse sandstone 20

5. Shales 1

6. Coal — not measured

7. Under-clay -

See Map III., No. 16.

One mile south of the place of the above, two coal seams were discov
ered, in a section, as follows :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 125

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal 1 3

2. Notseen 95

3. Sandy shales 8

4. Coal - 1 6

5. Under-elay ,

The lower coal in this section is identical with the lowest in Sec. 15,
Map III. It is of good quality, and has been extensively used for smith-
ing purposes.

General Summary of Vinton County.

This county is rich in iron ore and in coal. The better ore, as a gen-
eral thing, is the so-called " limestone ore," or the ore resting upon the
Ferriferous limestone. This remarkable limestone is found in five town-
ships, viz : Elk, Madison, Clinton, Vinton and Wilkesville. The northern
limit of the limestone presents a ragged outline, and very often the lime-
stone is replaced by buhr or flint. This northern limit is found in Elk
and Madison townships. At one point, in Brown township, a little lime-
stone was found, which further investigation may prove to be the geolog-
ical equivalent of the Ferriferous limestone. If so, it is only a local de-
posit. It is a fact of no little interest that this limestone never reappears
in our lower Coal measures in the northern part of the Second District.
There is a limestone in the First District called the " gray limestone,"
which may, perhaps, hereafter be found to correspond proximately in
stratigraphical position to the Ferriferous limestone. The minute sec-
tions taken in the more northern counties, by other members of the Geo-
logical Corps, will, doubtless, determine this point. There is also, in the
First District, a lower limestone seam, popularly called the " blue lime-
stone."

North of Elk and Madison townships, we find the Nelsonville coal, but
in other important particulars the strata in the northern part of Vinton
county do not correspond with those of the Southern part. This dissim-
ilarity has been formerly noticed by our more intelligent furnace men,
who, in their explorations between the Marietta & Cincinnati Eailroad
and the Hocking river, report themselves as " lost " in their geological
calculations.

There is, doubtless, much good ore, of the block and kidney varieties,
north and west of the limits of the " limestone ore," but, as there have
been no furnaces to create a market, comparatively little exploration has
been made. The " limestone ore," in Elk and the more southern town-
ships, is often very thick arid of very fine quality. The Craig ore, already
described, is also a very excellent ore, and very rich in iron.

126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

There is ore enough in the county to supply many furnaces for a long
time to come.

The best coal found, as yet, is the " Wolfe coal," in Elk township. I have
no doubt that this coal, in the raw state, will make iron. It is very desi-
rable that the railroad, already graded north from McArthur Station,
should be built so as to reach this coal. The seam lies quite low in the
valley, and, for the most part, is below the bed of the stream, but it may,
perhaps, be found over a considerable area by sinking shafts. Other
seams of coal deserve investigation. The county is generally well sup-
plied with coal suited for all household and ordinary uses. Nowhere
have the seams been found very thick, but they are generally thick
enough for working.

The blue or Putnam Hill limestone is generally well developed, but it is
generally too earthy to make it a valuable material for quick-lime. In the
neighborhood of McArthur it is hard, and susceptible of a good polish, but
it will not, probably, compete successfully with marble for ornamental pur-
poses. I should fear that for uses exposing it to the weather it would not
do. It is everywhere highly fossiliferous, and of great interest to the
palaeontologist.

The soil of the county is well adapted to grass, and there are many
very beautiful grazing farms. The valleys are often very wide, and, gen-
erally, there is a very gradual slope to the hills. In some parts of the
county the hill-tops and higher hill-sides have been devoted, very success-
fully, to grape culture. I should think that fruit-raising would be profit-
able upon the higher grounds. The Marietta & Oincinati Eailroad runs
somewhat diagonally through the county, and the shipment of fruit
would be comparatively easy. The lower lands, where there is often an
excess of clay, would be greatly benefitted by under-drainage. The val-
leys sometimes remind one of old " drift valleys." It is reported that
buried wood is often found in sinking wells. It is possible that this wood
may have grown here, and that there may have been an ancient forest,
similar to that described by Prof. Orton in the Geological Beport for 1869,
found in Montgomery county.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 127

CHAPTER IV.

JACKSON COUNTY.

Washington Township. — This township lies directly south of Richland, in
Vinton county, and contains, in its north-western part, the Coal-measures
Conglomerate in large development.

Sections were taken on Pigeon creek, on the lands of Frank Scott and
Jacob Sells. Pigeon creek is a branch of Salt creek, and flows north
through Washington township. It reaches the Marietta and Cincinnati
Eailroad in the vicinity of Byers' Station.

In Sec. 29 the Conglomerate forms a bold cliff, washed at its base by
Pigeon creek. Under the Conglomerate is unmistakable Logan sandstone,
or Upper Waverly, of which 20 feet were seen. Here the Conglomerate
measured 80 feet. This cliff is seen in Map III, "So. 8. Across the
valley of Pigeon creek, which is very narrow at this place, we found the
larger part of the Conglomerate gone, and its place taken by Coal-meas-
ures strata, of which the following is the group :

Feet. Inches.

1. Notseen 10

2. Sandy and clay shales 10

3. Whiteclay 5

4. Notseen 5

5. Bluish sandstone with stems of facoids 4

6. Shales 5

7. Notseen 10

8. "Blossom" of coal ■

See Map III, No. 9.

By leveling across the narrow valley, it appeared that the strata of the
above section replaced all the Conglomerate of the opposite ledge except
31 feet of the lower part. The distance between the two can scarcely be
more than one-fourth of a mile. This is one of the most sudden and
remarkable changes of the Conglomerate found, and shows how the Con-
glomerate lay in heaps and the Coal-measures strata were formed in the
eastern and southern depressions or slopes of the Conglomerate. By
leveling across and up the valley a half mile or more, to an exposure of
the seam of Jacob Sells, it was found to be nearly on a level with the
top of the Conglomerate ledge.

128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The following section was taken on the land of Mr. Jacob Sells, Sec. 32,
Washington township :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore 4

2. Notseen 50

3. Ore 6-8

4. Blue Putnam Hill Limestone 2 6

5. Not seen 120

6. Coal (cannel) .' 6

7. Coal (bituminous) 2 8

8. Notseen .< 23

9. Sand-rook crusted 'with iron ore

10. Nodules of limestone V 20

11. Sandy shales with fucoid stems

Bed of Pigeon Creek ,

For this section see Map III, ~No. 6.

An ore is reported between the Blue limestone and the coal, but its
exact place could not be ascertained.

Mr. Sells reports the probable northern limit of the seam of coal given
in the above section to be through about the middle of sections 19, 20
and 21, in Washington township.

On the land of Frank Scott, Sec. 33, Washington township, a section
was taken which gave the space between the Blue limestone and the coal
from 5 to 10 feet greater than at Mr. Sells'. This difference may have
arisen from the imperfect working of the barometer from atmospheric
influence.

Upon the Blue limestone rests a seam of iron ore, which has been dug
on the lands of Mr. Scott, but no opportunity was afforded for measure-
ment. It is probably 6 inches thick. The limestone is reported 2J feet
thick. The coal seam of Mr. Scott measures 3 feet 2 inches, with no slate
parting seen. Over the coal seam was a sandy blue slate, and under-
neath the coal 8 or 10 feet of brown clay shale. For this section see
Map III, No. 3.

Samples of coal representing the bottom, middle and top were taken
from the Scott bank for analysis, and Prof. Wormley reports the follow-
ing results of analyses:

GEOLOGICAL STJEVEY OF OHIO.

129

No. 1, bottom ; No. 2, middle ; No. 3, top.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Specific gravity

Combined water

Ash

Volatile matter

Fixed carbon

Total

Sulphur

Permanent gas per lb., in eubic feet
Color of ash

1.284

1.300

1.292

9.10

1.20

31.60

58.10

8.35

1.30

23.65

66.70

8.85

0.85

29.75

60.55

100.00

0.82

3.05

Fawn.

100.00

0.77

2.90

Fawn.

100.00

0.67

2.98

Brown.

The above table shows a remarkable coal in several respects. First,
the ash is very small, No. 3 giving only 0.85 per cent., which is smaller
than Prof. Wormley has found in any coal yet analyzed, excepting a
sample of Jacob Sells' coal in the neighborhood, which gave 0.77 per
cent. The average ash for the whole seam is only 1.12. Second, the per-
centage of fixed carbon is also large, JSTo. 2 giving 66.70 per cent., which
is larger than in any coal yet analyzed. The average of fixed carbon for
the whole seam is 61.78, which is large. This coal, as a whole, is per-
haps finer than almost any other in the 2d Geological District. The seam
is the equivalent of the Anthony coal, having the same stratigraphical rela-
tion to the Blue or Putnam Hill limestone above. It can hardly fail to
be a very superior coal for iron-making, on account of its dry-burning
quality, its large percentage of fixed carbon, its remarkably light ash,
and its relative freedom from sulphur. Although Prof. Wormley made
no examination of this coal with regard to the amount of sulphur remain-
ing in the coke, yet I have no doubt that it will be found to lose nearly
all of the sulphur in the process of coking. This is the case with the
coal from the same seam taken from the adjoining farm of Jacob Sells.
This remarkable property in coal fits it for making, with suitable ores, the
very purest and best iron.

The Blue limestone is seen at its proper place in nearly all the hills
along Pigeon Creek, and the coal is also found on almost every farm.
Its height above the creek secures every facility for convenient mining
and shipment, should a railway be built through the valley. The Blue
limestone is seen on the estate of Hon. H. S. Bundy, in the eastern part
of this township. In that neighborhood the valleys are not deep enough
to reach the Sells' coal of Pigeon creek. The following analyses were
made of the coal from the land of Jacob Sells :
9

130

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

No. 1, lower part of seam.

No. 2, ripper part of seam, below cannel.

No. 3, cannel on top of seam.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

1.298

1.272

1.292

8.50

2.35

32.20

56.95

8.65

0.77

28.45

62.13

6.40

Ash --

5.20
38.40

50.00

Total

100.00

0.91
0.00

100.00

0.68
0.30

100.00

1.27

* Not determined.

Prof. Wormley has also made ultimate analyses of Nos. 1 and 2, of Mr.
Sells' coal, with the following results :

No. l.

Carlson 70.46

Hydrogen 5.69

Nitrogen 1.82

Sulphur 0.91

Oxygen 18.77

Ash 2.35

Total 100.00

Moisture 8.50

Composed of } Hydrogen 0.94

I Oxygen 7,56

No. 2.

73.48
5.48
1.40
0.68

18.19
0.77

100.00

8.65

0.96
7.69

GKEOLOG-ICAI, SURVEY OF OHIO.

Analysis of the ash of 'Eos. 1 and 2 :

131

Silicic acid

Iron sesquioxide . .

Alumina

Lime .

Magnesia

Potash and soda . .
Phosphoric acid. . .

Sulphuric acid

Sulphur combined
Chlorine

Total

No. 1.

Per cent.
in terms
of ash.

44.60
7.40

41.10
3.61

1.28
1.82
0.29
0.58
0.03
None.

100.71

Per cent,
in terms
of coal.

1.048
0.174
0.965
0.085
0.030
0.043
0.007
0.014
0.0007
None.

2.3667

No. 2.

Per cent.
in terms
of ash.

37.40
9.73

40.77
6.27
1.60
1.29
0.51
1.99
0.08
None.

99.64

Per cent,
in terms
of coal.

0.2888
0.0749
0.3139
0.0483
0.0123
0.0099
0.0039
0.0153
0.0006
None.

0.7670

These ashes are very free from impurities which would injure the coal
for iron-making. The Toughiogheny coal ash contains much more phos-
phoric acid bui less sulphur. The following analysis of the Youghiogheny
coal ash was made by Prof. Wormley :

Per cent. Per cent.

of ash. of coal.

Phosphoric acid 2.23 0.075

Sulphuric acid - 0.07 0.002

Sulphur combined 0.14 0.005

By reference to the tables of Heating Powers of coals, prepared by
Mr. T. O. Mendenhall, appended to this Eeport, it will appear that this
coal is of great value. The following are his figures :

No. 1. No. 2.
Calorific power, or number of pounds water raised one degree

(Centegrade), by one pound of coal 65.89 67.94

Calorific intensity in degrees of Fahrenheit 46.27 46.64

Number pounds water evaporated from 212° by 1 pound coal . . 12.27 12.65

Cubic feet of air required for combustion 1 pound coal 121.00 125.00

Calorific power compared with pure charcoal 81.5 84.1

Calorific intensity compared with pure charcoal 94.1 94.6

These analyses show that the Sells coal is of remarkable purity and
excellence. The ash of No. 2 is only 0.77 per cent., while the average of
No. 1 and 2 is only 1.56 per cent. The sulphur almost entirely passes off

132 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

ia coking, the portion remaining in the coke averaging only 0.15 per cent.
The average of fixed carbon is 59.54 per cent., which is larger than that
of many of the most famous coals nsed in blast furnaces.

The cannel coal on the top of the seam is only a local . modification of
that part of the seam, and is not found to extend to the adjacent farms.
None of it was seen in the Scott coal, which is the same seam in the im-
mediate neighborhood, and which is also a coal of the very highest value.

On the land of Jacob Winfough, adjacent to the farm of Jacob Sells,
the same seam was opened and measured 3 feet 2 inches, with no parting
of slate or clay. The quality is very superior.

On the farm of David Higgins, section 29, the same seam measures 3
feet 8 inches. The quality is apparantly equal to that of the very best
in the neighborhood.

South-east of Washington township lies Milton township. On the land
of H. F. Austin, section 7, of this township, the highest hills take the
Ferriferous limestone with its ore. Here a section was made, embracing
a perpendicular range of 255 feet. It is as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore — not measured

2. Limestone — lower part flinty 2

3. Black slate and clay 4

4. Coal, 'with two clay partings 3 10

5. Under clay

, 70

6. Not exposed

7. Ore — notmeasured -

8. Not exposed , 57

9. Blue limestone 4

10. Notseen . 53

Top of shaft :

11. Notseen •- 45

12. Blue shaly sandstone (coal plants) 12

13. Slate and shale 3

14. Coal— reported 3 2

For this section, see Map III, ~8o. 2.

This lower coal where found lies 60 feet below the surface. A shaft
has been sunk to obtain it, but very little cdal has been taken out. The
geological position of this coal is, doubtless, the same as that of the An-
thony or Sells coal. The coal has been analyzed by Prof. Wormley, with
a result as follows :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 133

Specific gravity 1.281

Water — combined 5.50

Ash 2.46

Volatile matter 35.44

Fixed carbon 56.60

Total 100.00

Sulphur 0.91

Permanent gas, per lb., in cubic feet 3.24

This analysis indicates an excellent coal.

Mr. Austin's shaft being filled with water, no opportunity was afforded
to examine the coal in place. Two samples from the heap at the mouth
of the shaft were analyzed. The better result is given in the above
table.

At Lincoln Furnace, section 35, Milton township, the " limestone ore " is
dug, and the subjacent limestone is extensively quarried. On the furnace
lands a perpendicular section of 232 feet was obtained. It gives the fol-
lowing strata : (See Map III, No. 1.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore — not measured „

2. Limestone in nodules

3. Not exposed 109

4. Coarse sandstone 12

5. Blossom of coal

6. Clayshales „ 25

7. Ore 9

8. Ferriferous limestone 10

9. Shale 1

10. Black slate 2

11. Coal 1 10

12. Slate 6

13. Coal 1 3

14. Slate 6

15. Coal 1 3

16. Under clay

17. Shaly sandstone 3

18. Ore (reported sulphurous) 1

19. Shaly sandstone 4

20. Bluish white sandstone — used for hearthstones 10

21. Sand-rock, and not seen 51

22. " Black ore," reported 6

23. Blue limestone 3

24. Notseen 10

25. Coarse sandstone 4

26. Coal 1

-27. Clay and sandy shales 5

134 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The " limestone ore " in this vicinity, instead of always being a limonite,
is frequently found in the form of blue carbonate. The blue limestone
possesses the fossils and the lithological character of the Putnam Hill
limestone, but its position in the series is some sixty feet higher. Lin-
coln Furnace, owned by Win. McGhee, is a cold blast furnace. It was
built in 1854.

Feet. Inches.

Hight of stack 40

Diameter top of boshes 10 6

Batter of boshes 8

Hight of hearth 6

One twyer — diameter of do 3-J

Twyer enters hearth from bottom 2 2

Proportions of charge: Charcoal, 21 bushels; limestone, 30 pounds;
ore, 800 pounds. Uses 35 half charges each 24 hours. Average pro-
duction, 12 tons of iron per diem. Of the iron produced, three-fourths is
reported to be " car-wheel iron," and the remainder foundry iron. Three
tons of raw ore or two tons of burnt produce one ton of iron.

Limestone ore only is used — all obtained from the furnace lands.

The furnace is in blast nine months per annum.

On the land of Joseph Pheteplace, Section 13, Milton township, the
lowest streams have exposed the Ferriferous limestone, together with its
associated ore and coal. Commencing with the highest, we have the fol-
lowing strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandy limestone — not measured

2. Notseen 11

3. Coal — reported 3

4. Not exposed 58

5. Clay shales 2

6. Coal — not measured

7. Notseen 35

8. Sand-rock 6

9. Clayshales 2

10. Coal.... 3 6

11. Slate division

12. Coal 6

13. Mostlyshales 21

14. Ore — not measured

15. Ferriferous limestone 2

16. Blackslate 1

17. Coal with Wo small partings 3 G

For this section, see Map III, No. 10.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 135

On Section 19, Milton township, we find on the land of Capt. B. F.
Stearns that the limestone ore is unusually thick. This is near the west-
ern limit of the Ferriferous limestone in Jackson county. A section was
made which presents the following formations (see Map III, No. 5) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore 1 3

2. Limestone 4

3. Blackslate 3

4. Coal :. 1 6

5. Slate 4

6. Coal 1 6

7. Slate 1

8. Coal 1

9. Under-clay

10. Notseen 35

11. "Kidney ore" 4

12. Notseen 54

13. "Blookore" 3

The Kidney ore has been extensively dug and used at Latrobe Furnace.

On the lands of the Latrobe Furnace Company, Section 21, Milton
township, the Ferriferous limestone is found. A part of the coal below it
has been selected on account of its freedom from sulphur, and used in
the blast-furnace for the purpose of smelting ore.

A section taken near the furnace is as follows (see Map III, No. 4) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coarse sandstone 10

2. Clayshales , 2

3. Coal — reported 3

4. Notseen 18

5. Ore 9

6. Ferriferous limestone 5

7. Clay shale and slate 2

8. Coal 1 6

9. Slate , 4

10. Coal 1

11. Slate 1

12. Coal 1

13. Notseen 12

14. Sandstone, used for hearth-stones 10?

15. Heavy sandstone, and not seen 50

16. Clayshales 2

17. Cannel coal 2 2

18. Under-olay -.

Besides the limestone ore, the kidney and block ores of the preceding
section are found on the furnace lands.

136 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

The Latrobe Furnace is owned by Hon. H. S. Bundy. No detailed sta-
tistics of its structure have been obtained. It differs little from the usual
charcoal furnaces of Southern Ohio. It sometimes produces cold-blast
iron, but more generally hot blast. As the wood of the furnace-lands
has, from year to year, been removed for charcoal, Mr. Bundy has con-
verted the surface into farming lands, believing this to be more profitable
than to wait for the renewal of the forests. The time is not far distant
when the rich ores of this furnace estate will be smelted with the very
superior bituminous coal found a few miles west, in Jackson county.

On the lands of the Buckeye Furnace Company, section 26, Milton
township, the limestone ore is frequently found in the shape of a blue
carbonate. There seems to be ground for the belief that wherever the ore
is covered by compact clay shales, it remains in the shape of a siderite ;
and on the other hand, whenever its covering is of a looser character, it
has oxydized into a limonite. A section taken here shows the following :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coarse sandstone 6

2. Shales and clay 3

3. Coal 3 7

4. Slate 3

5. Coal 8

6. Underclay.

7. Notseen 10

8. Clay shales 13

9. Ore — not measured ■-

10. Ferriferous limestone „ 3

11. Slate and shales 2

12. Coal 1 6

13. Slate ' 4

14. Coal 1

15. Slate '. 1

16. Coal 1

17. Underclay

18. Notseen 10

19. Sand-rock used for furnace hearths 15

20. Partly sand-rock 47

21. Clay shales

22. Cannelcoal 2

For this section see Map III, No. 7.

The cannel coal of Latrobe and Buckeye Furnaces is by no means per-
sistent through Milton township. In many places the seam is partly
bituminous, in others entirely so.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 0¥ OHIO.

137

Several specimens of ore and cinder from Buckeye Furnace were fur-
nished by Dr. Williams, the financial manager, and analyzed by Prof.
Wormley. The results are as follows :

No. 1, labeled, " Best limestone ore."

No. 2, " "Good" » <•'

No. 3, " "Dark red '•<■ "

No.l.

No. 2.

2.980

2.868

10.40

11.90

5.84

1.62

79.40

72.61

0.40

1.90

1.05

0.40

9.75

0.68

1.59

0.642

.0.466

0.12

0.14

99.882

99.526

55.58

50.83

No. 3.

Specific gravity — dried at 212°

"Water combined

Silicious matter

Iron, sesquioxide

Alumina

Manganese

Lime

Magnesia

Phosphoric acid

Sulphur

Total

Metallic iron — percentage

2.983

7.40
3.44

87.89

"o'.io"

trace.
0.62
0.414

trace.

99.869
61.52

No. 4, labeled " Limestone ore, reddish gray, shaly."

No. 5, " " Limestone ore, blue carbonate, best quality."

No. 6, u " Limestone ore, blue corbonate, earthy, sulphurous."

No. 7, " u Gray limestone ore."

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

No. 7.

Specific gravity — dried at 212°

2.704

4.872

3 375

3.245

Water, combined

11.10
23.64
62.69

3.25

31.56

13.55

34.01

2.60

0.45

9.25

1.40

0.894

0.12

3.33

8.84
13.91
55.99
0.30
0.55
4.70
2.38
0.53

8.33

3.20

Silicious matter

23.36

Iron, sesquioxide

13.16

Iron, carbonate

48.44

Alumina

0.80

Maaganese

0.07

trace.

0.75

0.754

trace.

0.25

4.90

0.81

0.065

0.16

Sulphuric acid

Total

99.004
43.88

97.084
25.91

98.86
36.77

95.145

32.59

Cinders were analyzed to ascertain the amount of iron and sulphur
contained.

138

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

No. 1, labeled " Glassy purplish blue, produced in making the best iron."
No. 2, u " Black glassy, " " poorest iron."

No. 3, " " Tellow, sulphurous."

Silica

Iron, protoxide . .

Alumina

Lime

Magnesia

Manganese

Sulphur

Phosphoric acid .

Total

Metallic iron in protoxide.

No. 1.

51.50

trace.

15.60

28.00

1.94

3.10

0.53

trace.

100.67

No. 2.

52.00
8.88

18.40

16.24
1.25
2.20
0.48

trace.

99.45
6.906

No. 3.

52.50

trace.

18.40

21.78

1.65

3.40

1.12

trace.

98.85

Some of the ores in the above tables are very superior. No. 3 gives
61.52 per cent, of metallic iron, and Nos. 1 and 2 give respectively 55.58
and 50.83 per cent. The cinder No. 2 contains nearly 7 per cent, of metallic
iron. No furnace can afford to make much of such cinder. From the
appearance of the cinder heaps some furnaces in Southern Ohio have
made far too much of it.

lAck Toivnship. — This township contains the town of Jackson, the county
seat of the county. Much time was devoted by Mr. Gilbert and myself
to the study of the geological structure of this township. A map of the
township, prepared by Mr. Gilbert from the official map in the County
Treasurer's office, is given. The two eastern tiers of sections are omitted,
and part of Washington township added on the north.

'p^ckeslJlal.O

140 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

In order to exhibit most clearly the various strata of this region, I shall
select the vicinity of Buffalo Skull creek, and give, first, some sections
which will be a general guide for other determinations. See Map III,
No. 20.

On the land of Samuel Anthony, Sec. 7, Lick township, the blue or
Putnam Hill limestone is found presenting all the usual lithological and
paleontological characteristics. Upon it rests the usual stratum of iron
ore. About 135 feet below this limestone is the seam of coal near Mr.
Anthony's house. This coal is 3 feet 6 inches thick, and of very superior
quality, as appears from the following analysis by Prof. Wormley :

Anthony's Coal.
Specific gravity 1.239

Combined water 5.25

Ash r 1.50

Volatile matter 29.75

Fixed carbon 63.50

Total 100.00

Sulphur 0.93

Sulphur remaining in coke 0.37

Per centage of sulphur in coke 0.57

Permanent gas per lb. in cubic feet 3.00

The sample of coal was selected to represent as fairly as possible the
general average of the seam. The analysis shows the coal to be very
superior in all respects, except it may be for gas-making. Its quality will
hereafter be more fully discussed. Prof. Wormley also made an analysis
of the ore resting upon the blue limestone, with the following result :

Anthony's Ore.

Water 12.20

Silica 7.64

Sesquioxide of iron 72.20

Alumina 3.20

Oxide of manganese 2.15

Carbonate of lime 1.30

" magnesia - 0.72

Sulphur 0.21

Phosphoric acid 0.831

Total 100.451

Per centage of metallic iron 50.54

This ore is rich in iron, and is evidently a valuable ore in all respects.
A section showing the relative positions of the blue limestone and coal

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO. 141

on Mr. Anthony's land is given on Map III, No. 17. The section here
includes a nodular limestone, 70 feet below the blue limestone, and under
it 18 inches shale and 18 inches slate, and below the slate 10 inches cannel
coal. On a branch of Buffalo Skull creek, near the crossing of the Jack-
son and Chillicothe road, a section was taken on the land of Charles
Walden, Sec. 15, Lick township. It is as follows. (See Map III, No. 28) :

Higher part of hill covered with. soil.

Feet. Inches.

1. " Hill coal," once mined, not measured

2. Notseen 59

3. Coal, " Anthony's Seam," not exposed for measurement

4. Under-clay ~)

5. Conglomerate sandstone with iron ore I .,„ .

6. Coarse sandstone » f

7. Dark shales J

8. Coal highly laminated and resembling Jackson " Shaft Coal," not

fully exposed

9. Sand-rock

Here are three seams of -coal — two below the "Hill Coal." I have no
doubt that this section presents the "Hill," " Anthony," and the "Jack-
son Shaft" seams.

A sample was taken from the lowest seam. It was impossible to obtain
more than a fragment, but the analysis revealed a good coal, greatly
resembling the " Shaft coal," except in a larger amount of sulphur. The
following table gives the analysis of Prof. Wormley :

Specific gravity 1.296

Combined water 3.70

Ash 5.05

Volatile matter 28.10

Fixed carbon 63.15

Total 100.00

Sulphur 1.40

Cub. ft. permanent gas per lb 2.67

Over the hill, now crowned with pines, this seam of coal is found by
the side of the Chillicothe road, as it decends the hill to the valley of
Buffalo Skull creek. Here the seam is seen resting upon the very irregu-
lar surface of a heavy white sand-rock containing conglomerate pebbles,
and in many places filled with Stigmariw. This undulation of the coal
corresponds entirely with that of the " Shaft coal" found in all the mines
at Jackson. The vertical distance from this coal to the " hill coal," on a

142 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

hill to the southwest, was found by Mr. Gilbert to be 97 ft. At that point
the " hill coal " measured 2 ft. 6 in. in thickness. See Map III, No. 27.

From the sections already given we establish the stratigraphical posi-
tions of the three seams of coal, and also their relations to the Blue or
Putnam Hill limestone.

By the road side, just below the exposure of the laminated coal seam
resting upon the unevenly bedded white sand-rock, under the "Pine tree
hill" of Mr. Walden, were two local deposits of very thin coal in the
white sand-rock, one about 3 ft. and the other 20 ft. below the main seam
above. Associated with these were traces of coal and shales very rich in
coal plants.

Perhaps a quarter of a mile up Buffalo Skull creek from the last named
location, was seen, in the hills, the "Downey coal bank," where the "hill
coal" has been mined. The place of this is given in Sec. No. 22, Map III.

Higher up the stream, on section 7, Lick township, the " Anthony coal"
is found at " Bartlett's bank," and across the valley, to the north, the
" hill coal " was found on the land of W. H. Pearce. The seam in the
Bartlett bank measured 3 ft. 6 in. in thickness, and the hill coal of Mr.
Pearce was reported to be 2 ft. 4 in. The latter coal was once opened and
mined by the late Prof. W. W. Mather, who at the time owned the Pearce
farm. Ten feet above the " hill coal," on Mr. Pearce's land, is a stratum
of ore. No measurement could be made, the old "diggings" having
fallen in.

For this Sec. see Map III, No. 21.

On the land of Charles McKinniss, near the southeast corner of section
6, Lick township, is a seam of coal which, I am led to believe, is the equiv-
alent of the "Anthony" seam. The seam is 3 ft. thick, with a reported
stratum of coal 14 in. thick underneath, separated by 4 in. clay slate. The
coal seen is of very superior quality. The lower part is not mined being
considered very slaty.

The following is a section of strata seen near Mr. McKinniss, (see Map
III, No. 18) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Blossom of coal

2. Kotseen 8

3. Clay shales (seen) 10

4. Coal - 3

5. Clay slate, reported 4

6. Coal slaty, reported 1 2

7. Notseen 9

8. Fire-clay, very hard and good 3

9. Not seen - 8

10. Sandstone

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO. 143

Analysis of McKinniss' Fire-clay.

Silica 53.55

Alumina 31.25

Sesquioxide of iron trace.

Lirue : 0.65

Magnesia - 0.07

Potash and soda 0.83

Water 13.35

Total 99.70

This clay is of remarkable purity and excellence.

Passing over a ridge to the west, we find on the land of Hon. Geo. M.
Parsons, E. J of S. W. ^, Sec. 6, Lick township, a seam of coal, with a
stratum of iron ore a few feet above it. The ore is evidently a rich lim-
onite, but contains grains of quartz, making it a sort of conglomerate
ore. Large blocks, 10 inches thick, were seen scattered about, but they
were not found exactly in place. It is reported that this ore was once
opened and exposed in this neighborhood, and found to be 30 inches thick.
If generally as pure as that seen by me, I have no doubt that it will
answer a good purpose in a stone-coal furnace.

Analysis of ' conglomerate ore" on land of Son. G. M. Parsons.

Specific gravity 2.685

Water combined 8 40

Silicious matter 38.06

Iron sesquioxide 49.34

Alumina 0.90

Manganese 1.40

Phosphate lime 0.75

" magnesia 0.75

Carbonate " 0.11

Sulphur trace.

Total 99.71

Metallic iron - 34.54

Phosphoric acid 0.76

The coal a few feet below the place of the ore was not exposed so as to
make a measurement possible. This is the place where it was once dug,
to a limited extent, and called the "Henry coal." It is a highly laminj
ated coal, and I have no doubt that it is the equivalent of the lowest
Walden and Jackson " Shaft " coal. By estimate it is about 40 feet below
the McKinniss seam. An approximate section of the above is given on
Map III, No. 19.

144 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

On the land of W. H. Pearce, S. W. corner of Sec. 7, Lick township, a
section was made which gave the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal— "hill coal" .• 2 6

2. Not seen 35

3. Coarse sand-rock 10

4. Not seen 15

5. Sandstone and sandy shale 6

6. Blackslate 8

7. " Blossom" of eoal

8. Clay shale 4

9. Iron ore 6

10. Clay shale 5

11. Iron ore 5-7

12. Clay shale 20

13. Blackslate 1 6

14. " Blossom " of coal

15. Under-clay 1

[ 16. Coarse sand-rock with Lepidodendra 13

17. Conglomerate 8

18. Logan or Upper WaTerly sandstone 15

For this section, see Map III, No. 13.

At this point the characteristic Conglomerate resting upon the Upper
Waverly is only 8 feet thick. As we go down the valley of Salt creek to
the northwest, the Conglomerate thickens very rapidly. On the land of
Win. L. Faulkner, in Jackson township, about 2 or 2J miles distant, in a
straight line, the Conglomerate measures 130 feet in thickness. On the
land of Col. Wm. M. Bolles, a mile nearer Mr. Pearce's, the Conglomerate
is 80 feet thick, as seen on Map III, No. 12.

On the land of John Hope, S. W. J, Sec. 8, Lick township, the " hill
coal " is mined somewhat extensively. The seam measures 2 ft. 6 in. A
stratum of iron ore, 6 in. thick, is found 116 ft. above the coal. This ore
has been dug for the Jackson furnaces. For this section, see Map ILT,
No. 29.

On the land of Mr. Price, Lot No. 13, Lick township, the "hill coal" is
mined. The measurement gave 2 ft. 6 in. Above the coal, 32 ft., is a
thin seam of cannel coal. The cannel coal was not anywhere sufficiently
exposed for measurement. A sample of it was analyzed by Prof. Worm-
ley, with the following result :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 145

Specific gravity 1.415

Combined water 2.25

Ash 23.00

"Volatile matter 34.75

Fixed carbon 40.00

Total 100.00

Sulphur 0.84

Cubic ft. permanent gas per lb 2.19

From this analysis, the coal appears to have a large per centage of ash.
In other respects, it is a good coal.

On "Haystack Hill" the " hill coal" is 2 ft. 6 in. thick. Two openings
into this seam, 100 yards apart, by estimate, showed a difference of level
of 15 feet. At the lower point it was 3 ft. 5 in. thick. On this hill, at a
distance of 30 feet above the "hill coal," a cannel coal has been dug, as
reported by Mr. Levi Sly, to whom I am indebted for mnch valuable local
knowledge of the region. On the land of Mr. Van Fossan, on south part
of Lot 13, Lick township, the "hill coal" is extensively mined. Ninety-
six feet below the " hill coal " is a " blossom " of coal, doubtless the equiva-
lent of the lower Walden or " shaft coal." The following is a section :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal, "hill coal" 2 6

2. Notseen 51

3. Coarse sand-rock 30

4. Clayandshale 15

5. Coal "blossom"

6. Fire clay, not seen 8

7. Ore,kidney 4-6

For this section, see Map III, No. 31.

On the land of A. Brown, Sec. 10, Lick township, the blue or Putnam
Hill limestone was found, and the " Anthony " coal 125 ft. below it. The
coal varies in thickness irom 2 ft. 10 in. to 3 ft. 2 in. The coal shows a
little sulphnret of iron, but has a good reputation in the neighborhood.
For this section, see Map III, No. 24.

On the land of Mr. Lively, on the same Sec. 10, on the eastern part of

it, we obtained the following section :

Feet. Inches.

1. Block ore 5

2. Notseen 44 Q Q

3. Ore 5

4. Blue limestone 21

5. Notseen II 8 6 #T

6. Fire clay, used for pottery 3, 0,„.

•Trot edl
For this section, see Map HI, No. 23. . _ *

i'iviopa iwaoa
10

146

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

At the mines of the Petrea Coal Company, owned chiefly by W. T.
McClintock, Esq., near the north-west corner of Lot. 27, Lick township,
the " Anthony seam " is very extensively mined. The mines are connected
with the Portsmouth Branch of the M. & 0. Eailroad by a branch less
than a mile in length. On the hill south of the mines the blue limestone
was seen at a height of about 125 feet above the coal. Over the coal are
10 feet of dark clay shale. The seam of coal measures from 2 ft. 10 in.
to 3 ft. 2 in. in thickness. Below the coal is a dark blue sand-rock pon-
taining coal plants. For this section, see Map III, No. 25.

The following table gives the results of analyses of three samples, repre-
senting the bottom, middle and top of the Petrea coal seam :

No. 1.
Bottom.

No. 2.
Middle.

No. 3.
Top.

1.285

1.295

1.319

6.60

2.40

29.60

61.40

6.80

3.50

30.80

58.90

8.40

Ash

8.00

25.60

58.00

Total

100.00

0.70
3.16

100.00

0.96
3.32

100.00

0.82

2.83

The ash in No. 3 is larger than we usually find it in this seam, but the
coal, as a whole, is of excellent quality.

On Lot 3, Lick township, a short distance north from the former site of
the " Toung America" furnace, a section was made which reveals some of
the strata between the blue limestone and the " Anthony " seam of coal.
The section is as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore, reported 6

2. Blue limestone, "Putnam Hill" 2

3. Notsee^i 33

4. Shaly sandstone 15

5. Coal 1 4

6. Shale 4

7. Hard sandstone 3

8. Shale, with scattered nodules of blue siderite ore— black slate (thin) 20

9. Coal , 10

Bed of stream.

This section is seen on Map III, No. 28.

The lower coal at this place is, in its stratigraphical position, the sup-
posed equivalent of the " hill coal," but it has become very thin.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

147

The upper seam is in the horizon of what, to the west, is the cannel
seam.

On the land of Mr. McKittrick, Lot 44, Lick township, we find a seam
of coal which is evidently the same as the lowest seen at the " Pine-tree
hill" on Charles Walden's laud, not far from Buffalo-skull creek. It rests
upon a coarse white sand-rock, with well-marked conglomerate at the
top. This rock constitutes the ledge seen a half mile north from Orange
Furnace. This ledge is 40 feet in height. So far as we could learn, no
seam of coal has ever been found below the white sand-rock. Mr. Mc-
Kittrick once opened a bank and mined a little of his coal, which he
reports to be 1 foot 4 inches in thickness of seam. About two hundred
yards from the opening spoken of, and in a north-west direction, we
found another old coal-entry, the elevation of which showed that the dip
of the coal seam in that short distance is 10 feet. IsTo samples of the
McKittrick coal could be obtained for examination, but I have no doubt
that it is the geological equivalent of the " Shaft seam." The rapid dip
seen between the two points on Mr. McKittrick's land would take the
seam below the surface of the valley at the town of Jackson. (See Pig. 8.)
For a section at McKittrick's, see Map III, No. 32. By examining an
exposure of the strata along the bank of Salt creek, between the bridge
on the (Jhillicothe road and the "old mill" in the town, it is found that
the shales, including a very thin seam of coal, all dip uniformly in a
southern direction. If the data given us respecting the depth of the
shaft coal near the bridge, obtained by boring, and at the "old mill," in
the shaft, are to be relied upon, the coal has dipped about 15 feet toward
the latter point. The reports give the increase of thickness of the coal
seam from 1 foot 8 inches at the bridge to 3 feet 4 inches at the mill.

Fig. 8.

In order to reach the "Shaft coal" at Jackson, one slope and three
shafts have been sunk, besides the shaft at the old mill, which was sunk
many years since. The existence of the " Shaft coal" was first revealed
by boring for brine, at the time salt was made at Jackson.

148

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

The slope was excavated by Messrs. Kyle, Brown & Co. It reveals the
following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Soil and not seen 7

2. Sand rook 15

3. Blue sandy shale 8

4. Coal 2 11

The coal is probably thicker in other places in the mine.
See Map III, No. 34.

Orange Furnace shaft :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sand-rock 6

2. Coal 3

3. Conglomerate 1

4. Coal 6

5. Sand-rock 2

6. Compact blue shale 25

7. Coarse sand-rock 10

8. Blue sandy shale, with eoal plants 10

9. Coal 4 1

See Map III, No. 33.

The coal seam in this mine is very uneven. In one place the coal is
said to dip 30 feet in a very short distance.

Star Furnace shaft (See Map III, No. 36) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Clay shale 15

2. Blue sandy shale, compact and containing coal plants 20

3. Black slate 4

4. Coal, probable average 3 to 4

In this mine the coal seam is reported to be very undulating.

Fulton Furnace Shaft. (See Map III, No. 38) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Clay shale - 1 6

2. Coarse sand-rock 15

3. Sandstone, hard and laminated 48

4. Soft sandy shale, rich in coal plants 10

5. Coal 2 5

6. Fire-clay and black slate 6

The coal was measured by Mr. Gilbert at the bottom of the shaft, but
at no other place. It is probably thicker elsewhere. The seam is prob-
ably from 25 feet to 30 feet lower in the Fulton shaft than in the Star shaft.

Many borings have been made in the Salt creek valley, in the neigh-
borhood of Jackson, to find the " shaft coal;" but we obtained no authen-
tic statements of results. The rumored results are very conflicting.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 149

Quality of the " Shaft Coal."

Two samples of the coal have been analyzed by Prof. Wormley. No. 1
was taken from the Fulton shaft, and No. 2 from the Star shaft.

No. 1. No. 2.
Specific gravity 1.282 1.267

Combined water 7.75 7.50

Ash 2.03 4.10

Volatile matter .' 31.27 30.90

Fixed carbon 58.95 57.50

Total 100.00 100.00

Sulphur 0.53 0.74

Cubic feet permanent gas per pound 2.51

Sulphur remaining in coke 0.22

Percentage of sulphur in eoko 0.34

Percentage of iron in coal 0.102

No. 1 was not tested for the last mentioned items.

On lot 17, Lick township, on the land of Mr. Haldeman, a coal seam
has been opened and worked to a considerable extent. Mr. Gilbert visited
the location and found the coal from 6 to 8 feet above a coarse white sand-
rock containing conglomerate pebbles at the top. Fifteen feet of this
sand-rock were seen. The coal seam is 3 feet 8 inches thick at the place
measured, but 4 feet are claimed as the maximum. The coal is a little
slaty at the top, but as a whole, has a very good reputation. From the
appearance of the underlying white conglomerate sand-rock, it was in-
ferred that the seam is the equivalent of the shaft coal, but this point
was not definitely settled. It is thus provisionally given in Map III,
No. 30.

From all the facts and sections which have been presented, showing the
stratigraphical position of the coal-seams in the region of Jackson, it
will appear that there are three distinct and workable seams of very su-
perior coal. Two of them have been known and worked, viz., the "hill
coal " and the " shaft coal." The "Anthony seam " has also been worked,
but it has generally been confounded with the " hill seam." By investi-
gations all the seams in their relations to the Blue limestone, and their
relations to each other, have been ascertained. These will readily be
seen in Map III of grouped sections.

The " hill coal " has been extensively mined for the supply of the local
demands of Jackson and vicinity. It is a dry burning coal of great
purity and excellence. Two samples of this coal were analyzed by Prof.
Wormley. No. 1 was labeled " Hill coal, from the Stephenson bank."
No. 2 was furnished by Mr. John M. Jones, of the Star Furnace, and

150

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

labeled " Hill coal, from the Stephenson bank." No special examination
was made of this particular bank, for the coal banks about Jackson are
very numerous, but we suppose that Mr. Jones, who is intelligent in such
matters, has not confounded, in this case, the "hill seam" with the "An-
thony seam." Mr. Jones believes the "hill coal" from several other
banks equally good with that from the Stephenson bank. The " hill coal';
has been used in the Fulton Furnace for a mixture with the "shaft coal."

Analysis of " hill coal," Jackson, by Prof. Wormley :

No. 1. No. 2.
Specific gravity 1.336 1.281

Combined water •. 7.60 8.70

Ash 3.79 1.50

Volatile matter 30.96 28.30

Fixed carbon 57.65 61.60

Total 100.00 100.00

Sulphur 0.49 0.57

Cubic feet permanent gas per lb 2.67

Sulphur remaining in coke 0.43

Percentage of sulphur in coke 0.68

Iron in coal 0.102

In Ho. 1 the latter items were not determined.

Analyses of ores from the vicinity of Jackson, furnished by John M.
Jones, of the Star Furnace :

No. 1, "Limestone ore." Ho. 2, "Kidney ore." Ho. 3, "Block ore."
Ho. 4, " Blue ore." Ho. 5, " ore 2 miles southwest of Jackson."

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

3.268

3.551

2.774

3.169

2.529

10.50

5.90

79.70

1.24
7.54
9.66
73.38
0.24
2.00
2.50
2.04

11.30

9.16

74.63

1.20
1.15
0.52
0.76

11.47

13.98

64.09

trace.

0.65

3.31

5.50

10.10

12.44

64.59

0.04
1.15
0.97
0.52

2.60

5.90

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of magnesia

1.00

2.95

0.383
trace.

99.163

0.207
0.36

0.83
trace.

0.10
0.57

0.0

Total

99.167

99.55

99.69

99.58

55.79

42.29

52.24

40,68

45.20

Phosphoric acid in No. 5, 1.88.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 151

Mr. Jones, who is the founder and assistant manager of Star Furnace,
and who takes unusual interest in the applications of science to iron-
making, has made some interesting trials in the Star Furnace of some of
the ores referred to in the above table.

The " Block ore," No. 3, of the table r was tried alone in the furnace and
found to yield, in metallic iron, 46 per cent, of the ore. The loss of weight
of ore from the wagon to the tunnel head was 16 per cent. This loss con-
sists of the moisture of the ore as dug from the ground, the dirt adhering
to the ore, the small particles of pulverized ore rejected in screening and
the diminution of weight in roasting. Many of these elements of loss are
not present when the ore is analyzed by the chemist, as the samples are
always clean and dry.

In roasting the ore the combined water of the hydrated sesquioxide is
driven off, and this water, according to Prof. Wormley's analysis of a
single sample, gave 11.30 per cent. '

If we may suppose the dirt, loss by screening and uncombined water of
the raw ore to amount to 5 per cent., we should expect to obtain, as a
theoretical result, 49.63 per cent, of iron. Mr. Jones reports the actual
percentage obtained in the furnace to be 46 per cent. This discrepancy
may be explained in various ways. The ore sent to Prof. Wormley may
have been better than the average used in the furnace, which was proba-
bly true. Also a small part of the iron may have escaped in the cinder.

A similar trial was made in the Star Furnace of the " Limestone ore,"
No. 1, and of the " Kidney ore," No. 2, in proportion of two-thirds of the
former to one-third of the latter. The loss in weight of ores from the
wagon to the tunnel head is estimated by Mr. Jones at 25 per cent. The
loss from dirt and screening is greater than in the case of the block ore,
previously given. In the reduction of the carbonate of iron, which in the
" Kidney ore " is 73.38 per cent, of the ore, there is also a loss. The pro-
portion of pig-iron obtained by the trial was 53 per cent, of the roasted
ores.

The limestone used for flux at a large part of the furnaces of southern
Ohio, is obtained from the seam well known in Vinton, Jackson, Scioto
and Lawrence counties, as the limestone carrying the "limestone ore,"
and sometimes Called the Gray limestone to distinguish it from the Blue
or "Putnam Hill" limestone. I have called it in my report the "Fer-
riferous limestone," not because it contains a note-worthy quantity of
iron, but because an ore always rests upon it. Two samples of this Fer-
riferous limestone were furnished for analysis by Mr. John M. Jones, of
the Star Furnace, and also a sample of the Blue limestone.

152

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Prof. Wormley gives the following as the results of his analyses :
No. 1, Gray or Ferriferous limestone, lower part.
No. 2, Gray or Ferriferous limestone, upper part.
No. 3, Blue limestone.

No.l.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Silicic acid

1.00
6.80
88.80
1.20
1.80

1.00
1.00
94.20
0.76
2.90

5.40

2.00

88.00

1.51

2.90

Total

99.60

99.96

99.81

By these analyses, it appears the upper part of the Ferriferous lime-
stone contains the larger percentage of carbonate of lime. The Blue
limestone, when of equal purity with the sample analyzed, would, doubt-
less, answer a good purpose in the furnace.

Analyses of Cinders from the Star Furnace.

No. 1 was produced when the furnace was making No. 1 gray iron from
native ore ; No 2 when making No. 2 iron from native ore ; No. 3 when
making mottled iron from § native ore and J foreign.

No.l.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Silica

34.80
0.06

23.00
1.15

38.19
1.37
0.32
1.01

39.12
0.55

22.40
1.10

34.78

1.66

0.25

Trace.

44.68

0.55

22.40

1.30

,. "U.u b »ui.™

29.23

1.08

0.24

0.05

Total

99.90

99.86

99.53

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 153

Statistics of Star Furnace.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 40

Diameter at tunnel head - 5

Diameter at top of boshes 11

Batter of boshes, per foot 3i

Height of hearth _■ 6

Diameter of hearth at top 5

Diameter of hearth at bottom 4

3 twyers, entering hearth above bottom 2 11

Diameter of twyers 4

Force of blast, 5 lbs. per square inch.
Quantity of air per minute, 3600 cubic feet.
Temperature of blast, 700°.

Statistics of Orange Furnace, erected 1864.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 40

Diameter at top of boshes 10 4

Batter of boshes per foot 2i

Height of hearth 5

Diameter of hearth at top 5

Diameter of hearth at bottom.* 4

3 twyers, 4 inches diameter, entering hearth above the bottom 2 11

Pressure of blast 4 to 5 lbs.

Temperature of blast 750° to 800°

Charges in 24 hours 44

( Coal ("shaftcoal") 1500 lbs.

Proportions of charge < Roasted native ore 1050 "

(Limestone 400 "

Amount of ore to ton of iron 2| tons.

Average daily production 10^ "

Mr. Van Dyke, manager, reports the following classification of the iron
produced :

No. 1 foundry Two-thirds.

No. 2 foundry One-sixth.

Mill One-sixth.

No statistics from Bulton Furnace were obtained.

Jackson township. — On the laDd of Wm, L. Faulkner, a coal mine is
opened on the south-west quarter of section 36, Jackson township. The
seam measures 3 feet 6 inches. There is a tendency to sulphuret of iron
in the middle of the seam, but this is separated in mining. With this
exception the coal is of very line quality, and is prized by blacksmiths.

154 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The upper two inches of the seam are a pure cannel coal. A sand rock,
which is probably the top of the Conglomerate, i s seen about 40 feet
below the coal. Fragments of a conglomerate ore were seen a few feet
above the sand-rock. It is possible that Mr. Faulkner's coal is the geolog-
ical equivalent of the Anthony seam. Near Mr. Faulkner's house very
heavy ledges of Conglomerate are seen bordering the valley of Salt
creek. One of these gave a measurement of 130 feet. The upper Wa-
verly sandstone is seen below. At this point the Conglomerate is in
evenly bedded strata and nearly horizontal, and little false bedding was
seen. The pebbles are exclusively quartz, generally white. A few are
rose colored, and a very few of dark color.

Liberty township. — A very few knobs, and these the highest, on the west
side of Salt creek, in Liberty township, take the coal.

Scioto township. — Little coal was seen in this township. On the land
of Henry Spahn, section 31 or 32, a seam of coal is found, reported to be
1 foot 8 inches thick. Its place, by report, is just above the Conglomerate"
The Conglomerate is well developed in all this region. It is often very
coarse, and the pebbles are, so far as seen, exclusively white quartz.

Franklin township. — No special investigations were made in Franklin
township. The usual ores are abundant, and a thin seam of coal is re-
ported, but no measurements were taken.

Bloomfield township. — In the north-western portion of this township the
surface is comparatively level, and but little ore has been dug.

On the lands of Keystone Furnace Co., section 12, Bloom field township,
a section was obtained, which embraces a perpendicular range of 232 feet.
(See Map III, No. 35.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore — not measured ,

2. Notseen 78

3. Clay and shales 4

4. Coal — upper 8 inches slaty 3 6

5. Under clay

6. Notseen 36

7. Sandstone 8

8. Coal 3 4

9. Underclay

10. Notseen 20

11. Ore 10

12. Ferriferous limestone 5

13. Shales and Mack slate 2

14. Coal — reported 4

15. Underclay

16. Not seen 8

17. White sandstone — used for hearthstones 29

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 155

Feet. Inches.

18. Coal 2tol4

19. Notseen 29

20. Shales and black slate, with, nodules of ore 6

21. Cannel coal 1 8

22. Under clay and shales

4 WW? Clay Shall

8' Vi^T $cvnct>roc'k,

3 '+''flllS| c° M -

l<)' \ JfotSee-n.

4' jsjgjgj^ C.vi'.

tM/0M"'VsruiLeT' Clay.

8' \ Hot Seen.
^JIwrijL white

r-.fay'h eaT'fh-ctbTieB.

):-, %-i Co curse Scundefop* .

A^pF &&:«&,.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 9 shows a section on Keystone Furnace lands.
The cannel coal seam at Keystone is often found changed into the ordi-
nary bituminous coal.

Statistics of Keystone Furnace.
The Furnace is owned by E. B. Green & Oo. It was built in 1849.

156 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Feet. Inches.
Height of stack 34

Diameter at top of boshes 11

Batter of boshes, per feet 10

Diameter of hearth — top 3 10

" " bottom 3 4

Height of hearth 5 8

One twyer — diameter of do 4

Uses Davis' hot blast.

Production — 14 tons iron per diem.

Classification of production — J No. 1 foundry and i No. 1 mill iron.

Proportions of half-charge — Ore, 820 lbs. ; limestone, 30 lbs ; charcoal, 23 bushels.

80 half-charges in 24 hours.

Limestone ore used exclusively; all obtained from Furnace lands.

2i tons of raw, or 2 tons of burnt ore, make 1 ton of iron.

Temperature of blast, 900°.

Pressure of blast, 3£ lbs.

Average duration of blast, 8 months per annum.

Furnace stops on Sundays.

Hamilton Township. — In the northwestern part of this township are
heavy ledges of Conglomerate made up of very coarse pebbles.

In the southwestern part, the Upper Waverly is seen in the beds of
the streams.

On the land of Jackson Gilliland, Sec. 26, the Upper Waverly is seen
along the banks of the stream, and 45 feet above it is found a seam of
coal. A section of the coal and associated strata is as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Bluish shale, compact and impervious 4

2. Slaty cannel coal 2J

3. Block coal, semi-cannel 3^

4. Fine block coal 2 3

5. Under clay, not measured

6. Notseen 45

7. Upper Waverly or Logan sandstone 15

Bed of stream.

This section is seen on Map IV, No. 4.

The coal is very properly called a block coal, as it is mined in very
large blocks, and has all the physical properties of the typical block
coals.

No analysis was made of it from this location, as other analyses were
made of the same coal in the neighborhood. I think I cannot be mis-
taken in pronouncing the block coal to be very superior in quality, and
peculiarly adapted to the making of iron. A sample of the cannel from the
top of the seam was analyzed by Prof. Wormley with the following re-
sult:

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 157

Specific gravity 1.276

Combined water 4.30

Ash 6.25

Volatile matter 37.70

Fixed carbon 51.75

Total 100.00

Sulphur 1.25

Cub. ft. permanent gas per lb 3.05

Ash, yellow.

On the land of Enoch Canter, Sec. 24, Hamilton township, was obtain-
ed the following section (see Map IV, No. 3) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Blue shale 6

2. Coal, block 2 4

3. Notexposed 12

4. Sandy shale 5

5. Sand-rock 5

6. Fire-clay and clay shale 4

7. Ore, and black flint under it 1 6

8. Limestone, Maxville 8

9. Fire-clay and shale, reported 12

10. Logan or Upper Waverly sandstone

This section is given in Fig. 3 on page 65.

This section is of great interest as showing the Maxville limestone, of
the Lower Carboniferous, resting almost directly upon the Upper Wa-
verly. It also shows that there is no Conglomerate at that point, although
it exists in heavy development a few miles to the west, in the same town-
ship.

This is another proof that the Conglomerate lies in a ridge parallel
with the western line of the Coal fields, just as along existing coasts
long lines of sand-bars or ridges are accumulated, parallel with the shore.

A sample of the block coal of Mr. Canter was analyzed by Prof. Worm-
ley with the following result :

Specific gravity 1.298

Combined water 8.55

Ash— white 5.20

Volatile matter 25.25

Fixed carbon 61.00

Total 100.00

Sulphur 0.58

158 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

This cannot fail to prove itself a very superior furnace coal.

The ore on the Maxville limestone near Enoch Canter's has been quite

extensively dug, and used with satisfaction at the Jackson Furnace.

At Jackson Furnace, Sec. 34, Hamilton township, the following section

was made. (See Map IV., No. 7) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Blossom of coal .

2. "Big red block" ore 6tol0

3. Notexposed 20

4. "Sand block "ore 5 to 9

5. Coarse sand-rock 15

6. Coal stain

7. Shale 18

8. " Little red block " ore 5 to' 7

9. Clay shale 1

10. Coarse sand-rock 20

11. Sandy shales and laminated sandstone 105

12. Coal— block 2 6

13. Under-clay 2 6

14. Clay shale 2 6

15. Compact bluish-white sand-rock, used for hearth-stones 10

16. Sandyshale 10

17. Coal... 2to 6

18. Gray shale, blue sandy shale, sandstone wave-marked and

sun-cracked 20

19. Logan or Upper Waverly, with the usual Spirophyton eauda-

galli and vermicular marking 12

The block coal is sometimes thinner than above, but this was the
thickness where mined. Prof. Wormley gives the following analyses
of it:

Specific gravity 1.296

Combined water 5.30

Ash 3.10

Volatile matter 32.60

Fixed carbon , 59.00

Total 100.00

Sulphur 0.78

Ash, yellow.

This coal is also very superior in quality.

The Jackson Furnace is owned by the Jackson Furnace Co. The
furnace lands are too far west to take much of the regular " limestone
ore." This ore, used as a mixture with the ores on the estate, is brought
by railroad from farther east. No statistics of the structure of the
furnace were obtained, but it closely resembles the other charcoal furnaces

Note. — A suite of the ores at Jackson Furnace was obtained. They have not yet been
analyzed. Some of these ores are excellent.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 159

of southern OMo. The block coal, found upon the furnace land, will
greatly enhance the future value of this property. The coal was success-
fully tried in the furnace. The quality of iron obtained was entirely sat-
isfactory. On account of the slope of the boshes, a part of the coal was
coked to prevent the coal from hanging. With a furnace constructed* on
purpose for bituminous coal, it is believed there will be no difficulty in
using the coal in the raw state.

The block coal, in the township of Hamilton, is one of the most inter-
esting and valuable coal deposits in the State. The seam is thin, but the
quality of the coal makes it extremely valuable for iron-making.

Mr. Jackson Gilliland reports the coal as found in usual thickness for
three miles north of his house, on Sec. 26. He also reports that G-eorge
Gilliland and Harvey Canter have banks opened a mile and a half west of
the Jackson Furnace, which is on Sec. 34. I had not time to investigate
the whole extent of this very promising coal field. It was estimated, by
Mr. Gilliland, to cover an area of from 6,000 to 8,000 acres.

On the land of Mr. McCoy, Sec. 11, Hamilton township, a seam of
block coal of excellent quality, 14 in. thick, was seen.

The whole section at this place was as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal, sulphurous — not measured

2. Shaly sandstone 4

3. Not seen 55

4. Sandstone 4

5. Laminated semi-cannel coal 4

6. Blockcoal 1 2

This coal is only mined by stripping, for neighborhood use and black-
smithing, and is highly prized. The underlying strata were not exposed,
but Mr. Gilbert has no doubt that it is the equivalent of the Canter coal.

Jefferson Township. — A section was made at Monroe Furnace, giving

the following strata : (See Map IV, No. 1.) i

Feet. Inches.
Soil : .'

1. Brown clay, with a layer of kidney ore 8

2. Limonite ore 8

3. Ferriferous limestone 5

4. Dark clay shale 1

5. Coal (reported) 3

6. Not exposed 53

7. Sand-stone containing iron ore, and Spiriferae and Producti 6

8. Clay shale 4

9. Coal, with two thin slate partings 3 6

10. Not seen 60

11. Blockore 7

12. Clay shale 4

13. Coal (reported) I 6

160 GEOLOGICAL SURNEY OP OHIO.

Statistics of Monroe Furnace.
This Furnace was built in 1854, and is owned by the Union Iron

Company.

Feet. Inches.
Height of stack 40

Piameterat top of boshes .-... 11 6

Batter " " 8to9

Diameter of tunnel head 2 8

Height of hearth 6 9

Diameter of top of hearth 5

" "bottom " 4 2

Three twyers of 3 inches diameter.

Twyers enter hearth 27 inches above bottom.

Uses 2 sets Davis' hot blast.

Pressure of blast, 3£ lbs.

Proportions of " half charge : "

Ore, roasted, 1,250 lbs.

Limestone, 75 "

Charcoal, 35 bushels.
Uses 75 to 80 half charges in 24 hours.
Uses 2 3-5 tons raw ore for 1 ton of iron.

Or 2i " roasted " " « "

Average production per day, 18 tons.
Uses two-thirds limestone ore and one-third block ore, all from the Company's lands.

Jefferson Furnace, Section 14, Jefferson Township.

The following section was taken at this Furnace :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore 4

2. Not exposed 25 6

3. Sand-rock 3

4. Clay shale 6

5. Coal (reported) 3

6. Not exposed 19

7. Limonite ore 10

8. Ferriferous limestone 3

9. Clay shale and black slate 1

10. Coal (reported) 3

11. Underclay 2 (?) -

12. Notexposed 104

13. Coarse sand-rock 20

14. Clayshale 2

15. Coal 8

This section is seen on Map IV, No. 2.

Here the usual limestone and limestone ore are found serving as the
foundation of iron manufacture. The Jefferson Furnace uses charcoal,
and makes a cold-blast iron which has generally been held in high repute.
The details of the structure and working of the Furnace were not ob.
tained.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 161

Madison Township. — A section was made at Madison Furnace, Sec. 5,
which presents the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. "Tophill"ore 5

2. Notexposed 17

3. Coarse sandstone 10

4. Coal 2 9

5. Under-clay 1

6. Notexposed 4

7. Buff shaly sandstone „ 15

8. Ore, limonite 10

9. Ferriferous limestone 3

10. Shale and slate 2

11. Coal, reported 3

12. TJnder-clay and clay shale 8

13. Compact bluish-white sand-rock used for hearth-stones 8

For this section see Map III, No. 39.

From the above section it will be seen that the regular •" limestone
ore," with the underlying limestone, is found in good development. The
coal seam under the limestone is reported to be 3 feet thick, and the seam,
20 feet above, measured nearly as much. No statistics of the furnace
have been received. It is a charcoal furnace.

General Discussion of Jackson County.

Jackson county is rich in coal of the finest quality, and in superior iron
ores. There are two well-defined areas in which the better class of coals
is now known to exist, viz. : one in the vicinity of Jackson, extending
north for several miles, and the other in Hamilton township, in the
vicinity of Jackson Furnace. The former area is quite large, extending
north through Lick and through a considerable part of Washington,
and west into Jackson township. There are three distinct seams of ex-
cellent coal. If a railroad should be built from Jackson up Horse creek
valley and down Pigeon creek, a remarkably fine body of coal would be
rendered accessible. These two streams head in a low field, and there is
no apparent difficulty in the construction of a railway. It is a natural
route for a road. There is in the adjacent hills considerable block or
kidney ore, which would serve a valuable purpose as a mixture with the
richer ores of Lake Superior or Missouri. If a branch railroad could be
built up the Buffalo* Skull branch of Salt creek, there would be rendered
accessible a fine body of the Anthony and the other coals. Should there
be secured these and other necessary railroad facilities, it is safe to pre-
dict that ere long Jackson and vicinity will be the center of a very large
stone-coal iron production.
11

162 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The details of the coal-field in Hamilton township have already been
given. Here there is much excellent native ore to be obtained. How
this coal-field can best be reached by railroad, I am unable to state, as no
investigations of this point were made.

Jackson county everywhere possesses the Ferriferous limestone, and the
limestone ore in the more central and eastern townships.

All that is needed in Jackson county to develop an immense iron pro-
duction is the means of the proper distribution of the coals and ores.
There is ore enough, of a very superior quality, to last for a long period
of time, and there is an almost indefinite quantity of very superior coal.
The original forests are rapidly fading away before the axe of the furnace-
men, and it will very soon become absolutely necessary to abandon iron-
making entirely, or resort to the buried treasures of stone-coal for fuel.
Fortunately, the bituminous coals are remarkably adapted to furnace use.

The soil of Jackson county is generally better adapted to grass and stock-
raising than to the growth of cereals. On many of the streams there are
broad and beautiful valleys, and in many parts of the county the hills
exhibit very gentle slopes. In some of the lowlands the soil is composed
too largely of a tenacious clay and greatly needs thorough draining. The
Conglomerate hills in the western part of the county are often very steep
and rough, and the soil is poor, there being no decomposing limestone to
aid in its fertilization. The area covered by the Blue and Ferriferous
limestones is, doubtless, benefitted in fertility by them, but these lime-
stones are not as soluble under atmospheric agencies as many others, and
hence do not exert as beneficial an influence as one might at first infer.
Generally, the term "limestone land" implies fertility, but this, I find,
is to be taken with limitations. I have found in some districts very thin
seams of limestone, often not more than a foot thick, which have more
value to the farmer from their solubility, and consequent fertilizing power,
than other seams more than ten times that thickness.

A very careful scientific investigation of this and similar questions
would be very interesting and profitable, but as this duty is assigned to
another member of the Geological Corps, I have not deemed it proper to
enter upon it.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 163

OHAPTEE Y.

SOIOTO COUNTY.

Investigations were made only in the eastern part of this comity, my
design being to confine my labors in 1870 to the lower Coal measures?
and whatever might be found resting upon the Upper Waverly.

Madison township. — Few investigations were made in this township.
The township is too far west to allow of finding true Coal-measures
strata, except on the very highest hills. This is peculiarly true of the
western part.

On section 31, in the south-east part of the township, a very thin seam
of coal, 6 inches thick was seen, and 42 feet below was found the Upper
Waverly sandstone. This is, doubtless, the equivalent of the Canter
coal found in Hamilton township, Jackson county.

Iron ore is found at several points. Large quantities have been dug
and taken to Harrison Furnace from the " Eamsey farm," perhaps a mile
and a half north-west of Harrisonville. From an examination of the
locality made many years since, I am led to suppose that this is the equiva-
lent of the ore found on the Canter limestone (Maxville or lower Car-
boniferous), in Hamilton township, Jackson county. The lower part of
the ore sometimes passes into limestone.

Harrison township. — On the lands of the Harrison Furnace Company,
section 7, the following geological section was made: (See Map IV,
No. 19.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone, not measured -

2. Fireclay 3

3. Kotseen 22

4. Iron ore ("guinea fowl") 1 6

5. Notseen 36

6. Iron ore 1

7. Limestone (" Maxville,") not measured

8. Notseen 25

9. Iron ore, not measured

10. Logan or Upper Waverly

164 GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF OHIO.

Harrison Furnace has not been in blast for two or three years. It was
built in 1853.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack ".. 34

Diameter at top of boshes 10 6

Batter of boshes per foot 9£

2 twyers, diameter of each 3|

Diameter of hearth, top 4

Diameter of hearth, bottom 3 8

Height of hearth 6

Uses Davis' hot blast.

Pressure of blast per square inch, 3-J pounds.

Former average production, 8 tons per diem, of which 80 per cent, was foundry-
iron, and 20 per cent, mill iron.
Two-thirds of the iron ore from the furnace lands, and one- third "limestone

ore" brought from the neighborhood of Oak Hill, Jackson county.
Limestone used came in part from the furnace lands, and part from the Ferrifer-
ous limestone seam near Oak Hill,
The average length of blast was seven months in the year.

It was on the lands of the Harrison Furnace Company that the valua-
ble fire clay, now so largely used at Sciotoville, was first discovered. This
clay will be noticed hereafter.

At Stevens' Cut, on the Marietta & Cincinnati E. E., Portsmouth Branch,
in section 36, Harrison township, the following section was made. (See
Map IV, No. 15.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Blue sandy shale, with nodules of ore 10

2. Blackslate 5

3. Coal 1 4

4. Under-clay, not measured

5. Sandy shale with quartz pebbles and nodules of ore 6

6. Conglomerate and sandy shale 12

7. Logan or Upper Waverly sandstone -

Bed of stream

The following is an analysis of the coal taken from Stevens' cut, by
Prof. Wormley :

Specific gravity 1.319

Combined water -. 4.40

Ash , 5.75

Volatile matter 34.20

Fixed carbon 55.65

Total 100.00

Sulphur 0.63

Ash, white.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 165

Although the seam is thin, the coal appeared to be of so good a quality
that a sample of it was analyzed in the hope that the authentication of
the excellent quality of coal might serve to stimulate the people' of the
region to search for a thicker development of the seam.

Between Stevens' cut and Gephart's Station, on the railroad, the fine-
grained Logan or Upper Waverly is seen in the bed of Plumb fork of
Little Scioto river, on the lands of Wesley Hawkins.

A sample of iron ore was obtained from a layer seen in the bed of the
stream near the Station. The ore often shows fine quartz pebbles, prov-
ing its conglomeratic origin.

The following are the results of Prof. Wormley's analysis of the ore :

Specific gravity *.. 3.321

Silicious matter 14.60

Sesquioxide of iron , 10.50

Carbonate of protoxide of iron 43.58

Alumina 1.50

Manganese trace.

Phosphate of lime 13.40

Carbonate of lime 10.04

Carbonate of magnesia 2.73

Water and loss 4.65 '

Total 100.00

Phosphoric acid.l 6.14

Metallic iron 26.69

It will be seen that the per centum of metallic iron is small, and that
of phosphorus large.

Bloom Township. — On the land of Henry Schump, Sec. 6, Bloom town-
ship, the Little Scioto river exposes the fine-grained Waverly, or Logan
sandstone, along its banks. A section made here shows the following
strata. (See Map IV., No. 8) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone, containing iron ore , 3

2. Coal 1 6

3. Fire-clay — not'measured ,

4. Not seen 45

5. Coarse sandstone , 22

6. Conglomerate with large pebbles ..,.., 4

7. Shaly sandstone 24

8. Logan or Upper Waverly sandstone ,„,,..,

166 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

On Conrad BTennings' land Sec. 18, Bloom township, the following
section was measured :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal " blossom "

2. Not seen 76

3. Sandstone with ore 5 o

4. Coal 4

5. Compact fire-clay 3

This fire-clay is of good quality. It has been extensively dug, and
used at Webster in the manufacture of fire-bricks. From its character
and position, this clay is probably the same with the Sciotoville fireclay,
which lies immediately above the Logan or Upper Waverly sandstone.

On Sec. 9, Bloom township, on the land of Joseph Spitzmagal, the same
stratum of fire-clay has been found, and the section there shows the same
grouping of strata, viz :

Feet. Inches.

1. Shales and clay 3

2. Fire-clay , 2

3. Sandstone with iron ore 6

4. Coal 4

5. Compact fire clay 3

The same compact fire-clay is reported at several points, and there is
no doubt that vast quantities can be obtained in Bloom township. The
Webster Fire-Brick Co., in charge of B. T. Gollis, for the manufacture
of fire-brick, etc., obtains all its clay from this township. The seam of
clay is just above the conglomerate, when there is any conglomerate, and
as, in Porter township, when there is no intervening conglomerate the
clay is just above the top of the Upper Waverly.

At Scioto Furnace, Sec. 28, Bloom township, a section was obtained,
ranging from the Blue limestone down to the Logan or Upper Waverly
sandstone. It is as follows. (See Map IV., 2Sb. 14) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore, " little red block " — not measured

2. Blue limestone, "Putnam Hill''

3. Notseen 83

4. Ore — not measured

5. Bluish limestone, with calc. spar 2

6. Notseen 78

7. Ore, (" Guinea fowl") 1 2

8. Notseen --- 30

10. Logan or upper Waverly sandstone

9. Conglomerate with coarse pebbles 6

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF OHIO. 167

The lower limestone in the above section contains a large quantity of
calc spar in crevices. It is reported to be a good flux, and has been used
for that purpose at Scioto Furnace.

At another point on the furnace lands the following strata were seen :
(See Map IV, No. 11) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Clay shales 4

2. Cannel coal, slaty 1 11

3. Slate and clay 8

4. Cannel coal, good 10

5. Heavy sand-rock and not seen 92

6. Ore, ("guinea fowl") 1 2

7. Sandy shales 1

8. Fire-clay, compact and hard 4

9. Clayshales 7

10. Coal, not measured

11. Under-clay

12. Coarse sandstone 19

13. Conglomerate

Scioto Furnace is owned by L. 0. Eobinson & Co. It was built in
1829 and rebuilt in 1844.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 32

Diameter of tunnel-head 2 10

Diameter at top of boshes 10 8

Batter of boshes, per foot 10J

Diameter of hearth, top 3 6

" " bottom 2 10

Height of hearth 6

One twyer, diameter 4

Uses Davis' hot blast.

Temperature and pressure of blast not known.

The average production of the furnace is 12 tons per diem. Of this, 95 per cent.

is reported foundry iron, and the remainder mill iron.
Proportions of " half charge " are :

charcoal, 30 bushels.

ore, 1,100 pounds.

limestone, 100 pounds.
Two and three-fourths tons of raw ore, or 2J tons burnt, are allowed for one

ton of iron.
Uses | limestone ore and i block ore.

The limestone ore is brought from Oak Hill, Jackson county.
The furnace is in blast ten months per annum.

At Bloom Furnace, Section 10, Bloom township, the hills are high
enough to take the Ferriferous limestone. A section at this place gives
the following :

168 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore, not measured

2. Limestone, not measured :

3. Notseen 105

4. Ore, " big red block," not measured

5. Sand-rock 24

6. Ore, " little red block," not measured

7. Sandstone 48

8. Ore, " sand block," not measured

9. Hard sandstone . .

See Map IV, No. 10.

The Pioneer Furnace, in this township, has not been in blast for several
years. It is owned by Judge Chas. Fox, of Cincinnati. The usual
Ferriferous limestone and limestone ore, with their associated coals, are
found on the furnace property. No furnace statistics were obtained.

Porter Township. — The leading item in the geological formation in this
township, is the fire-clay, now largely used in the fire-brick manufacturing
establishments at Sciotoville. The clay seam is found more or less devel-
oped in all the high hills in this township. The same seam is found in
Bloom township, and it is also found on the highest knobs in Clay town-
ship to the west. The great mass of the hills of Porter township is made
up of Upper Waverly strata, and the fire-clay, which belongs to the Coal
measures, must necessarily therefore, be very high.

A section was made by Mr. Gilbert in section 6, Porter township,
giving the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1 Laminated sandstone 5

2. Coal 1

3. Laminated sandstone - 8

4. Fire-clay, upper part best 6

5. Not exposed 6

6. Upper Waverly sandstone 280

Bed of Ohio river.

See Map IV, No 22.

The clay is not everywhere as thick as at the point measured. The
clay is generally hard and of a light ash color. The bricks made
from it are in high repute, and command a ready sale throughout the
whole West.

The following are four analyses of fire-clays from the lands of Messrs.
McOonnell and Towne, near Sciotoville :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

No. 1. Upper part of seam 3J feet thick.

No. 2. Six inches from top of seam If feet thick.

No. 3. From seam where 3 to 6 feet thick.

No. 4. Upper part seam 2£ feet thick.

169

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

61.90

22.80

0.05

0.70

12.90

0.90

57.90

26.60

0.25

0.60

13.00

1.15

54.15
23.30

1.25
trace.
10.30

0.90

59.30

24.10

0.80

1.15

13.25

Potash and soda

0.95

Total

99.25

99.50

99.90

99.55

Although I have not visited all the localities whence these samples were
obtained, I have little doubt that they all "came from the same geological
horizon.

For the purpose of comparison, and also to bring the facts within the
reach of all interested in the manufacture of our clays, I append tables
on pages 170 and 171, showing the composition of many of the leading
fire-clays of Great Britain and of the Continent of Europe.

The three fire-brick establishments at Sciotoville, belong, respectively,
to the following firms :

McOonnell, Porter & Co.

Taylor, Connell & Co.

Farney, Murray & Co. The manufactures of these firms meet with large
sale, and the business has become a large and prosperous one.

The concretions of impure iron ore found in the Waverly, at the mouth
of the Little Scioto river, just above the water level are very rich in
fossils. Prof. Winchell has indentified and described many of them as
given in the last Eeport, and others are now in the hands of Prof. Meek
tor study.

Composition of Fire- Clays from the Continent of Europe.

Berthier.

Salvetat.

Berthier.

Salvetat.

Berthier.

Salvetat.

Berthier.

Salvetat.

10.

11.

12.

46.50

34.90

3.00

47.50

34.37

1.24

52.00

27.00

2.00

45.79

28.10

6.55

73.00
27.00

73.30
24.00

70.90
24.80

63.57
27.45

60.60
26.39

55.40
26.40

58.76
25.10

50.20

34.13

Sesquioxide iron.

2.70

3.80

0.15

0.55

trace.

2.50
0.84

4.20

2.50

trace.

2.51

0.87

0.50
1.00

2.00

0.30

trace.

0.18

0.39

Soda

Water, hygromet'c

0.43
14.00

0.50
16.50

1.27

8.64

1.45
11.05

15.2

19.00

9.20

12.00

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Clay Gros Almerode.

u u u

" Beaufois, Ardennes.

" Shiendorf.

" Forges des Eaux.

" St. Amand.

9.
10.
11.
12.

Hessian Crucibles.
Clay Belen, Ardennes.

" Dourdan, Seine et Oise.

" Labouchade, near Montlucon.

" Savanas, Ardeehe.

" Coblentz — used for glass-house pots,

O
It 1
O

S
a.

o
o

Composition of British Fire- Clays.

Richardson.

A. W.

1 . - v.u..^. .

Wills.

M
o
o
H

O
H

a
is

H
«

1-5

■e

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

16.

2.51

2.54

2.49

2.48

2.519

Alumina

64.10

23.15

1.85

70.50

25.46

2.04

73.82

15.88
2.95

68.82

17.88

3.63

67.34

21.01

2.03

61.33

26.22

1.06

60.27

23.89

1.74

71.41

21.17

0.91

68.44
27.01

'2.47

0.73
0.19

1.33

69.91
17.44

""2.89
3.08
4.47

2.21

65.10

22.22

1.92

0.14
0.18

0.18

55.50
27.75

""2.01

0.67

0.75

(2.19

\ 0.44

67.12
21.18

""l'.85
0.32

0.84

2.02

66.16

22.54

5.31

63.07

20.70

4.00

45.25

28.77
7.77

Lime

trace,
trace.

0.90

trace.

1.19

trace.

0.41
0.19

0.68

trace.

0.72
0.66

0.95

0.04
trace.

0.82

trace.

1.42

0.47

Magnesia

0.95

1.05

1.38

Alkalies

Sulphuric acid

0.06

trace.

trace,
trace.

10.11

11.21

trace,
trace.
\3.49
}2.57

Organic matter

0.58
<7.10
i 2.18

trace.
10.53

0.90
4.82
1.39

10.00

6.45

8.48

8.24

3.14

10.30

17.34

o
t- 1
o

1. Stourbridge tire-clay.

2. Stourbridge fire-clay.

3. Best glass-house pot-clay, Tintam Abbey, Stourbridge.

4. Best seconds clay, Tintam Abbey, Stourbridge.

5. Homers' best glass-house pot-clay , Stourbridge.

6. Best clay from Amblecote.

7. Best clay from Delph Works , Stourbridge.

8. Best clay from Tamworth.

9. Potsherd made from Stourbridge clay.

10. Fragments of faulty pot, useless.

11. Best clay used by Messrs. Chance (Percy's Metallurgy.)

13. Clay from Dowlais (Percy's Metallurgy.)

12. Clay from New Castle on Tyne, used for brick (Percy's Metal-

lurgy.

14. Glasgow, well adapted for saggers, glass-house pots, cruci-

bles and bricks, (Percy's Metallurgy.)
15 and 16. Brierly Hill, near Stourbridge.

172 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF OHIO.

I think one will rise from the study and careful comparison of these
analyses with a conviction that the Scioto county fire-clays will compare
favorably with the very best foreign clays.

The ideal standard or type of a fire-clay is a pure silicate of alumina.
Such a silicate is almost infusible. The impurities injurious to fire-clays
are oxides of iron, magnesia, lime and the alkalies. The presence of a
small amount of organic matter is no serious detriment, as this is burnt
off in the burning of the clay. Such organic matter is chiefly carbona-
ceous. All the Ohio fire-clays show traces of Stigmaria rootlets.

In many clays there is an excess of silica beyond what is needed in
combination as a silicate of alumina. This excess varies greatly, as has
been shown by Dr. Percy. The per cent, of silica in the Sciotoville fire-
clay compares favorably with the silica in the foreign clays. It is less
than in some, but much greater than in others. The per cent, of the im-
purities, oxides of iron, magnesia, lime and the alkalies is relatively
small. Watts, in his Dictionary of Chemistry, remarks that " it is found
in practice that 4, or at the most 5 per cent, is the maximum of oxides of
iron, lime, magnesia and alkalies which can be present without rendering
the mineral useless for its finer applications, while the samples most
sought after contain not more than from 2 to 3 or 3J per cent, of these
bases." In the Sciotoville clays we find the aggregate of impurities above
named only 0.95, 2.00, 2.15 and 2.90 per cent, respectively, while in the
foreign clays the aggregates are generally much larger. It is more than
probable that the fine results obtained abroad in the manufacture of clays
into bricks, crucibles, etc., is largely due to greater experience and more
careful methods of treatment. If I may venture an opinion, I should
say that, theoretically, the Sciotoville clay No. 1 is the best of the samples
from that locality yet analyzed.

Clay Township. — A section was taken on the lands of the Harrison
Furnace Company, Section* 24 of this township, which gave the following
strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Heavy sandstone 10

2. Clay and shale 3

3. Limestone with flint and ore 2

4. "White limestone (Maxville) 5

5. Sandy iron ore and limestone 2

6. Not exposed 35

7. Upper Waverly

See Map IV, No. 18.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 173

In many cases the ore above the limestone is flinty and mixed with
limestone, but in other places the ore is good, and the limestone is thin
or wanting altogether. The ore has been largely used in the Harrison
Furnace. The deposit of the white or Maxville limestone is quite local.
The Maxville limestone is generally found in very limited development.

No Conglomerate was seen above the limestone. It is believed that
the Conglomerate does not extend so far west as this point.

On the farm of the late Mr. Taylor, about 3 miles east of Portsmouth,
the Sciotoville fire-clay is found in the high hill 366 feet above the bridge
on the main road, in the Ohio valley. Ten feet below the fire-clay the
Upper Waverly is seen exposed. The clay is 1 foot 7 inches thick.

Vernon township. — On the lands of Howard Furnace Company, Section
12, Vernon township, several ores are dug, among which is the limestone
ore. This ore, in the immediate vicinity of the furnace, is either thinly
deposited or is so mingled with flint as to render it unfit for use. Some
of the other ores are of good quality. A combined section obtained near
the furnace reveals the following strata (See Map IV, No. 16) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone 12

2. Coal, reported 3

3. Not seen 10

4. Clay shales 7

5. Ore 6

6. Ferriferous limestone 5

7. Slate 6

8. Coal 3

9. Under-clay -.

10. Not exposed '. 58

11. Shaly sandstone 8

12. Coal 1 8

13. Under-olay

14. Notseen 38

15. Ore, "red block" 1

16. Notseen 10

17. Ore, " sand block," not measured

18. Shaly sandstone 50

19. Ore, "little block" 4

20. Notseen 55

21. Ore,"flag" 6

This lowest, or flag ore, is apparently somewhat bituminous. At one
place on the furnace lands a heavy ledge of sandstone takes the place of
the coal above the Ferriferous limestone, as seen in Sec. 17, Map IV.

174 GEOLOGICAL StTEYEY OF OHIO.

Statistics of Howard Furnace.
Howard Furnace is owned by the Charcoal Iron Company. If, was
built in 1853.

Feet. Inches.
Height of stack 32 o

Diameter at top of boshes 10 6

Diameter of hearth — top •. 4 o

Diameter of hearth — bottom 3 4

Batter of boshes per foot 9

Height of hearth 6 6

One twyer, diameter of do 4

Diameter of tunnel-head plate 3

Uses " Allen's improved perpendicular pipes."

Pressure of blast, usually, 2 lbs.

Eeported average production, 16 tons of iron per diem — chiefly foundry iron.

Proportions of half-charge :

Charcoal 25 bushels ;

Ore, 1000 to 1050 pounds;

Limestone, 60 pounds.
3 tons of raw ore, or 2J tons of burnt, produce 1 ton of iron.
Average temperature, 800°.
Uses f limestone ore.
All the ores are from the furnace lands.
The furnace is in blast ten months in the year.

On the Clinton Furnace lands, Sec. 25, Vernon township, the following
strata were seen. (See Map IV., ISo. 24) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone 3

2. Coal, with two one-inch slate partings 2 2

3. Under-clay

4. Notseen 8

5. Clayshale 10

6. Ore — not measured

7. Ferriferous limestone 3

8. Notseen 25

9. Ore "Top hill" — not measured

10. Notseen 70

11. Shaly sandstone 20

12. "Block ore" — not measured

Here the Ferriferous limestone is often flinty, and the limestone ore

somewhat thin.
The proprietors of Clinton Furnace are Crawford & Bell. It was built

in 1832 :

Feet Inches.

Height of stack 31

Diameter at top of boshes 10 6

Diameter of hearth — top 3 4

Diameter of hearth — bottom - 3 1

Height of hearth 6

Batter of boshes, per foot 10

One twyer, diameter of do 4

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 175

Uses the old-fashioned " ringed hot blast."

Average production of iron, 9 tons. Of this f is foundry iron and i mill iron.

Proportions of half charge :

Charcoal, 24 hushels ;

Ore, 850 pounds ;

Limestone, 80 pounds.
The ores used are from the furnace lands — one-half of which is " limestone ore."
3 tons of raw ore, or 24 of burnt, are used in the production of 1 ton of iron.
Average temperature and pressure of blast not known.
The furnace is only five months in blast, owing to scarcity of charcoal.

On the lands of Umpire Furnace the Ferriferous limestone is found on

the summits of the highest hills. A combined section taken there, gives

the following :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore — not measured

2. Limestone — not measured

3. White sandstone 15

4. Ore, "Top hill" 8

5. Sandstone and not seen 54

6. Sand-rock 6

7. Clay shales 3

8. Coal 1 10

9. Slate 4

10. Coal 5

11. Under-clay

12. Notseen 17

13. Ore — not measured

14. Notseen 27

15. Ore — not measured

16. Notseen 31

17. Ore 5

18. Notseen 26

19. Ore*. 5

The above section combines two, viz., Nos. 20 and 23, Map IV.
At a different place on the same lands, a section was made, as follows :
(See Map IV, No. 21.)

Feet. Inches.

1. " Kidney ore " (not measured)

2. Blue limestone (not measured)

3. Notseen 46

4. Clayshale 1

5. Black slate 4

6. Coal (not measured) •

This lower coal is said to be of good quality. The Blue or Putnam
Hill limestone was seen at only one other place in Scioto county. South
and east of this point it disappears altogether.

The Empire Furnace is owned by James Forsyth & Co. It was built
in 1847.

176 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 35 o

Diameter at top of boshes 10 6

Diameter of hearth, top 3 8

" " bottom 3 4

Height of hearth 6 2

Batter of boshes, per foot 10|

One twyer — diameter of do 4

Average temperature and pressure of blast — not known.

Average production, 11 tons per diem.

Of this, three-fourths reported as No. 2 foundry iron, and the remainder mill iron

Proportions of " half charge " are :

Charcoal, 20 bushels.

Ore, 900 pounds.

Limestone, 80 pounds.
Uses ores from the Furnace lands.
Kequires 3J tons raw ore per ton of iron.
Furnace is 8 months In blast.

Green Township. — South of Porter and Vernon townships lies Green
township, along the Ohio river. In this township, on lot 21, of the French
Grant, the following strata were found : (See Map V, No. 3.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore "Block" (not measured)

2. Notexposed 100

3. Sand-stone 8

4. Coal of good quality (not measured)

5. Notseen 20

6. Ore (not measured)

7. Notseen 118

8. Ore (not measured)

9. Upper Waverly or Logan sandstone 60

The old FranMin Furnace, now abandoned, was situated on the same lot.
At Ohio Furnace, Green township, the following section was measured :
(See Map V, No. 1.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Clay shales

2. Coal 3

3. Notseen 15

4. Ore (not measured)

5. Ferriferous limestone (hot measured)

6. Coal blossom

7. Sand-stone and not seen 64

8. Coal (reported) 2

9. Underclay

10. Soft sand-stone 45

11. Block ore (not measured)

12. Soft sand-stone 27

13. Hard sandstone 20

14. Coal 1 3

15. Underclay

GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY OP OHIO. 177

The Ferriferous limestone in this vicinity is sometimes quite flinty.
The goal below it is reported as entirely wanting, though a stain of it is
seen.

Ohio Furnace was built in 1834, and is owned by Messrs. Means, Kyle

&Co.

Feet. laches.

Height of stack 32

Diameter at top of boshes 11

Diameter of hearth at top 2 8

" " " "bottom 2 6

Height of hearth 6

Height of boshes 5

Uses one twyer. Diameter of do 4

Uses Davis' hot blast.

Pressure and temperature of blast not known.

The average production of iron is 16 tons per diem.

Of this 90 per cent, is reported as No. 1 foundry iron, and the remainder No. 2

foundry and mill iron.
The proportions of a " half charge" are :

Charcoal, 33 bushels.

Ore, 1,100 pounds.

Limestone, 100 ponnfrs.
The ores used are one-half limestone ore and one- half block ore, all obtained from

the Furnace lands.

178 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

CHAPTEE VI.

GALLIA AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES.

GALLIA COUNTY.

The only part of Gallia county examined in 1870 was the western, lying
either within the " limestone ore" belt, or near it. Sections were taken
in Greenfield, Huntington and Walnut townships.

Greenfield Township. — This township, in Gallia county, extends west-
ward into the great iron-ore belt, and here is located Gallia Furnace.
The following combined section was made in Sec. 16, on the lands of the
Gallia Furnace Company :

Feet. IncheE.

1. Ironore 4

2. Not exposed 34 o

3. Coarse sandstone, soft and impregnated with copperas 25

4. Blackslate 8

5. Coal 1 f 8

Slate parting } Sheridan coal ■{ 6

Coal J L 2 4

6. Under-clay ) 42 Q

Not exposed )

7. Coarse sand-rock with two or three streaks of coal 25

8. Ore 10

9. Ferriferous limestone 7

10. Coal 1 3

11. Slate parting 7

12. Coal 1 3

13. Under-clay

For the above section see Map IV, No. 5.

The Gallia Furnace is owned by Norton, Campbell & Co., and was

built in. 1847.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 36

Diameter of hoshes 10 2

Batter of hoshes per foot 8

Diameter of hearth — top 3 6

" " bottom 2 8

Height of hearth 5 10

One twyer, diameter of do 4

Uses Davis' hot blast.

Pressure and temperature of blast not known.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 179

Daily average production of iron, 1L} tons. This is reported to be made up of
60 per cent. No. 1 foundry iron, 25 per cent. No. 2 foundry, and 15 per cent.
mill iron.
Proportions of half charge :

Charcoal, 30 bushels.

Ore, 1,000 pounds.

Limestone, 70 pounds.
Two and seven-twelfths tons of raw ore make a ton of iron.
Limestone ore, obtained on the furnace lands, is used exclusively.
Eight months in blast each. year.

On Dry Bidge, a few miles south-east of Gallia Furnace, a section was
taken in order to get the proximate stratigraphical position of an iron
ore. The section is as follows : (See Map IV, No. 6.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandy limestone, fossilferous 1 3

2. Not exposed 86

3. Iron ore - 1 3

4. Not exposed 90

5. Sand-rock 24

6. Sheridan coal, no opening

The ore in the above section has been used with acceptance in the
Gallia Furnace, but it is too far away to make its use profitable. The
ore is a dark-red limonite, but has a decided tendency to crumble, and
hence can best be used as a mixture with other and harder ores.

Should a railroad be. built in the valley of Symmes' creek, this ore
could doubtless be profitably used with the Missouri ores, to be smelted
with the rich coal of Walnut township.

In section 7, Huntington township, about 1J miles east of Keystone
Furnace, the following strata were seen :

Feet. Inches.

1. Blue clay shale, rich in coal plants 6

2. Coal — upper 8" slaty — comparatively little pyrites 4

3. Not exposed 50

4. Ore 1

5. Ferriferous limestone 4 .0

For this section see No. 37, Map III.

The coal in the above section is doubtless the Sheridan seam, but it is
nearer the limestone than usual. This coal is worthy of careful investi-
gation. At some points the coal of this seam is of great purity and
excellence. ,

Walnut township, section 19. The coal mines of Jacob Webster were
visited. The following is a section obtained there :

180 GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF OHIO.

Feet. Inches.

1. Fossiliferous limestone 11

2. Not seen 67 G

3. Coal 3 6

4. Notseen 20

5. Sandstone and clay shales 29

6. Coal 9

7. Slate 3

8. Coal 9

9. Slate 3

10. Coal 4 3

11. Under clay — not measured

12. Notseen 6

13. Reported place of block ore — reported 7

For this section see Map IV, No. 9.

feng Clem Shale .

■ m Pool .

3"^BSB Piste.

9" Ggimil coat.

4'3'

Coal .
VJnilcvClct-V.

Jie-po-rted iran Ore.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 10 shows the the structure of the Webster coal seam.

The lower coal in the above section has been mined and used for smith-
ing purposes. It has been analyzed by Prof. Wormley, and from its large
percentage of fixed carbon and freedom from sulphur, it bids fair to figure
largely in the future iron making enterprises of Lawrence and Gallia
counties. The specimens analyzed were taken as follows:

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

No. 1. From the upper 9 inch seam.

No. 2. From the middle 9 inch seam.

No. 3. From the lower or 4 feet 3 inch seam.

181

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

1.3C7

1.295

1 309

Water . . .

4.05

■ 7.60

34.35

54.00

6.00

4.65

31.20

58.15

5 15

Ash

4 60

29.65

Fixed carbon

60.60

Total

100.00
1.15

100.00
0.86

100.00

Sulphur

0.82

0.07

Percentage of sulphur in coke

0.11

Gas per pound, or cubic feet

3.48

3.07

3.24

The fact that nearly all the sulphur in this coal passes off in coking,
renders the coke almost as pure as charcoal and fits it for the manufacture
of the finest qualities of iron.

LAWRENCE COUNTY.

The geology of Lawrence county is not materially different from that
of Jackson county. The belt of Ferriferous limestone with its ore, ex-
tends through to the Ohio river, constituting its chief source of wealth.
In the eastern part of Lawrence county, the Ferriferous limestone disap-
pears beneath the surface, and instead of having two well defined lime-
stone guides as in the counties to the north, we find a. number of lime-
stone seams higher in the series.

The great Nelsonville coal seam, the place of which is, we think, directly
under the Ferriferous limestone, is found at only a few points in Lawrence
county.

The seam of coal most extensively mined in the vicinity of Ironton, is
the ore about 20 feet above the limestone. The " Sheridan coal," mined
near the Ohio river, six or eight miles above Ironton, is 66 feet above the
same limestone.

There are thirteen blast furnaces in the county, which, with the excep-
tion of the Belfont (stone-coal) Furnace, use native ores exclusively.

Note. — Comparatively little chemical work has yet been done in behalf of Lawrence
county, on account of the very large accumulation of material previously placed in the
hands of the State Chemist. It is hoped that hereafter much will be done for this im-
portant region by this department; of the survey.

182 GEOLOGICAL STJKVEY OF OHIO.

Washington township. — In this township is located Washington Furnace
in section 2.

The furnace is nearly in the middle, from west to east, of the " limestone
ore" belt, and consequently is very largely supplied with the limestone
ore. " Top hill" ore is found on some of the higher points to the east,
but no exact measurements were made. It was estimated by Dr. McGov-
erny, the Superintendent of the Furnace, to be about 30 feet above the
New Castle seam of coal.

The following is a section of the strata on the furnace lands :

Feet. Inches.

1. Top Mil ore — not measured

2. Not seen, with sand-rock at bottom (reported) 30

3. New Castle coal — reported thickness 1 10

4. Notseen 10

5. Buff clay shale, with nodules of limonite ore 10

6 Ore, limonite often siderite 9

7. Ferriferous limestone 6

8. Slate 3

9. Coal, with slate parting, 2" thick J from bottom 2} to 3

10. Notseen 8

11. Laminated sandstone 5

12. Heavy sand-rock 15

13. Notseen - 15

14. Sand-rock, white, used for hearthstone 20

15. Bed of stream

Samples of the siderite or blue portions of the limestone ore were
taken for analysis. The ore is covered with a heavy bed of clay shale,
and in the " heads of hollows " and all wet places the ore has not been
modified by atmospheric action, but remains in its original condition of
a blue carbonate of iron or siderite. This ore is not always suitably pre-
pared for the furnace by the ordinary methods of roasting in open heaps,
and more complete methods must be adopted at many of our furnaces in
order to utilize the blue ores.

Analyses of ores from Washington Furnace lands.

No. 1. Blue limestone ore (siderite) from Neiner Hollow.
No. 2. Brown " " " Sponsel's Bank.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 183

No. 1. No. 2.
Specific gravity 3.585 3.125

Silicious matter 15.42 0.62

Iron carbonate 63.27 58.39

Iron sesquioxide 7.72 22.79

Alumina 0.75 3.03

Manganese 1.55 3.10

Lime phosphate 0.87 1.24

Lime carbonate 5.40 6.00

Magnesia , 3.44 3.12

Sulphur 0.12 0.95

Water combined 1.10

99.70 99.24

Metallic iron 38.91 44.14

Phosphoric acid . 0.38 0.57

The following is an analysis of a cinder made in making mill iron (in a
11 hot furnace " ), from Washington Furnace :

Silicic acid 51.75

Iron protoxide 1.87

Alumina 19.97

Manganese 1.70

Lime phosphate 0.96

Lime 19.28

Magnesia 1.95

Sulphur trace.

Soda and potash 2.42

Total 999.0

There is in this cinder a loss of 1.45 per cent, metallic iron.

Statistics of Washington Furnace.

This furnace is owned by the Union Iron Company, and was built in
1853.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 38

Diameter at top of boshes 11

Batter of boshes, per foot 8 to 9

Height of hearth 6

Diameter of top of hearth 2 8

" bottom '• 2 4

" tunnel-head plate 2 6

Uses 2 twyers, each 4 inches in diameter.
IVyers enter hearth, 2 feet 3 inches from bottom.

184 GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OF OHIO.

Pressure of blast, per square inch, 3J lbs.
Temperature of blast, estimated at 800°.
Uses Davis' liot blast.
Proportions of " half-charge " :

Ore (roasted), 1,200 lbs.

Limestone, 50 lbs.

Charcoal, 40 bushels.
Uses 70 half-charges in 24 hours.

1 ton of iron requires 2i tons of raw and 2 tons of burnt ore.
Production — 15J tons per day. Total production in 1870, 2,965 tons.
Uses exclusively limestone ore (mostly limonite) from Furnace lands.

No special investigation has been made of the bituminous coals in this
region, except at one or two points where coal has been dug for house-
hold use.

Cambria Furnace. — The strata are here similar to those at Washington
Furnace. The furnaces are not far apart, and are in the very heart
of the " limestone ore " belt, and both furnaces use the limestone ore ex-
clusively. In places on the Cambria lands the ore is a blue or siderite
ore. A very superior sand-rock for hearthstones is found on the Cambria
lands. It is, I think, stratigraphically and lithologically, the same as
that found on the Washington Furnace lands.

Statistics of Cambria Furnace.

This furnace is owned by D. Lewis & Co., and was built in 1854."

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 38

Diameter at top of boshes . / 10 . 6

Batter of boshes 9

Diameter of tunnel-head plate 2 6

Height of hearth 6

Diameter of top of hearth 3 8

" bottom " 2 8

One twyer, 41 inches diameter ; enters hearth 2 feet 4 inches from bottom.
Uses " Hoop's improved hot blast."
Pressure of blast, 4 lbs. per square inch.
Proportions of half charge :

Ore (roasted), 1,100 lbs.

Limestone, 80 lbs.

Charcoal, 33 bushels.

56 half charges in 24 hours.
1 ton iron requires 2.4 tons of raw ore.
Makes f foundry and $ mill iron.
Daily production, 12J tons. Total in 1870, 2,300 tons.

The following is an analysis of a sample of " blue limestone ore," from
the Cambria Furnace lands :

GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY OF OHIO. 185

Specific gravity 3.583

Silicious matter 7.52

Iron carbonate 68.44

Iron sesquioxide 13.51

Alumina ' 0.59

Manganese 0.13

Lime phosphate , . 0.76

Lime carbonate (5.12

Magnesia 2.11

Sulphur 0.15

Water combined .,

Total 99.33

Metallic iron 41.89

Phosphoric acid 0.35

On the Olive Furnace lands, sections 34 and 35, Washington township,
the following section was obtained, (set 1 Map IV, No. 12) :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore, not measured

2. Sandy limestone

3. Not seen 90

4. Shaly sandstone 2

5. " Peterson ore " 2 6

0. Slate and clay 1

7. Coal 1 6

8. Not seen 37

9. Sandy limestone, not measured

10. Notseen 19

11. Ore, not measured

12. Not seen 35

13. Sandstone 10

14. Coal , 1 11

15. Slate 7

16. Coal 2 3

17. Underclay

18. Clay shales 10

19. Phaly sandstone : 13

20. Ore 1

21. Ferrifero us limestone 7

22. Slate

23. Coal 2 3

24. Notseen 60

25. Coal, not measured

26. Not seen 32

27. Block ore, not measured

The Peterson ore, iu the above section, is a dark brown, finely stratified

limouite ore, containing small " kidneys" intermingled. It is a good ore

186 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

and easily dug, but owing to its pulverized condition after roasting, it
chokes the furnace and prevents the escape of the gases. Several serious
accidents have resulted from attempting to use this ore, and of late all
effort to utilize it has been abandoned. An ore similar to the Peterson is
found a few miles to the northeast, in the edge of Gallia county. The
excellent quality of these ores may, at sometime, justify the construction
of a furnace with a special view to their reduction.

The stratum of "limestone ore" at Olive furnace is unusually thick.
At one place it measures 2 ft. 6 in. (For section see Map IV, No. 13.)
All the ores in this region are now obtained by drifting, it having been
found a more desirable method than the old one of " stripping."

Statistics of Olive Furnace.

The furnace was built in 1846 and is owned by Campbell, McGugin

&Co.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 38

Diameter of top of boshes 10 6

Batter of boshes per foot 9

Height of hearth 6

Diameter of hearth, top 4 4

Diameter of hearth, bottom 3 6

2 twyers — diameter of each - 3-J

" Davis' Hot Blast," with 50 pipes.
Pressure of blast per square inch, 3i lbs.
Temperature of blast, 800°.
Proportions of " half charge :"

Ore, 850 lbs.

Limestone, 10 lbs.

Charcoal, 27 bushels.
Average daily production Hi tons, of which 90 per cent., No. 1, foundry iron, and 10

per cent., No. 2, foundry iron.
2.54 tons raw ore, and 150 bush, of charcoal to 1 ton of iron. Ore used chiefly " lime-
stone ore." All ores from furnace lands.
In blast seven months per annum.

Decatur Township. — At Buckhorn Furnace, section 9, the following sec-
tion was taken :

Feet. Inches.

1. Black flint, (fossiliferous) not measured

2. Interval, not seen 126

3. "Slater" ore, not measured

4. Not seen 8

5. Ore, not measured

6. Notseen 22

7. Ore, not measured

GEOLOGICAL STJKVEY OF OHIO. 187

Feet. Inches.

8. Sandy limestone

9 Notseen 10

10. Ore, not measured

11. Not seen 6

12. Yellow kidney ore, not measured

13. Not seen 36

14. Coarse sandstone 25

15. Notseen 20

16. Ore 1

17. Ferriferous limestone, not measured

18. Sandstone, and not seen 68

19. Blackshales 4

20. Coal, not measured

For the above section see Map IV, IsTo. 25.

la the above section all of the ores have been dug, but none have been
used to any considerable extent in the furnace, excepting the limestone ore.
All the old excavations are filled up and measurements were impossible.

Statistics of BuckJwm Furnace.

Buckhorn Furnace was built in 1834, and is owned by the Charcoal

Iron Company.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 34 6

Diameter at top of boshes 10

Batter of boshes per foot 9

Diameter of hearth, top 3 9

Diameter of hearth, bottom 3 3

Height of hearth 6

One twyer — diameter of do 4

Uses " Dayis' Hot Blast."
Average daily production, 12-J tons.

Quality of iron — two-thirds No. 1 foundry iron; one-third No. 2 foundry and mill
iron.

Proportions of " half-charge : "

Ore, 850 pounds.

Limestone, 50 pounds.

Charcoal, 25 bushels.
Two and a half tons ra~v ore, or two tons burnt ore, produce one ton of iron.
Five-sixths of ore used, "limestone ore," and all ores from the furnace lands.
Average length of blast, 9 months a year.

At Mount Vernon Furnace, section 22, Decatur township, the following
section was made : (See No. 26, Map IV.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Buff limestone 1

2. Notseen 133

3. Irregularly bedded limestone 1

188 OKEOLO&ICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Feet. Inches.

4. Not seen 17

5. Limestone — earthy 5to 7

6. Notseen 58

7. Shaly sandstone 37

8. Ore — not measured

9. Sandstone 4

10. Coal— "blossom"

11. Clay shales 20

12. Ore 11

13. Ferriferous limestone 6

14. Slate 2

15. Coal 1 1

16. Slate 6

17. Coal 1 6

18. Under-clay — not measured

The limestone marked "earthy" was analyzed "by Prof. Wormley to
ascertain the percentage of iron. His results were as follows :

Percentage of iron 3.45

" " carbonate of lime 65.75

" " phosphoric acid trace.

" " sulphur none.

Remainder undetermined.

Statistics of Mount Vernon Furnace.

Built in 1830. Owned by H. Campbell & Co.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 35

Diameter at top of boshes 10 6

Batter of boshes per foot 9i

Height of hearth 6

Diameter of hearth, top 4

" " bottom 2 4

One twyer — diameter 4

Uses Davis' " hot blast."
Pressure of blast, 2f pounds.
Temperature of blast, not known.
Proportions of " half-charge : "

Ore, 1,000 pounds.

Limestone, 80 pounds.

Charcoal, 30 bushels.
Average daily production, 14 tons ; of which 95 per cent, is No. 1 foundry, and 5

per cent, mill iron.
Two and one-third tons of raw ore, or two tons burnt ore, make one ton of iron.
" Limestone ore " exclusively used.
In blast 10 months a year.

GEOLOGICAL SUKVET OF OHIO.

189

At Venter Furnace, section 31, Decatur township, a section was made,
revealing the following strata : (See Map IV, No. 27.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore — not measured

2. Limestone irregularly bedded 10

3. Not seen 35 o

4. Sandstone 12

5. Coal — not measured

6. Not seen 8

7. Clay shales 12

8. Ore 1 o

9. Ferriferous limestone 3

10. Not seen 66

11. Coal— "blossom"

12. Shales and black slate 19

13. Coal 1

14. Slate 6

15. Coal 1 4

16. Notseen 15

17. Block ore — not measured

Center Furnace is owned by W. D. Kelly & Sons.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 40

Diameter at top of boshes 11

Diameter of hearth, top 3 9

" " bottom 2 11

Batter of boshes, per foot 10

Height of hearth 5 10

One twyer — diameter of do 4|

Uses "Davis' hot blast."

Pressure and temperature of blast not known.

Average daily production, 11-J tons.

Quality of iron— 90 per ct. No. 1 foundry, and 10 per ct. No. 2 foundry and mill iron.

Proportions of "half-charge: "

Ore, 1,000 pounds.

Limestone, 50 pounds.

Charcoal, 30 bushels.
Uses "limestone ore" exclusively, all obtained from furnace lands.
Two and a half tons raw, or two tons burnt ore, make one ton of iron.
In blast 9 months a year.

Symmes Township. — East of Decatur lies Symmes township. In this
township the mineral resources have not been developed. A few coal
seams have been opened to supply a local demand.

The upper limestones are found, and a heavy conglomerate sand rock
appears, 253 feet above the Ferriferous limestone. This conglomerate or
its equivalent, appears with some variation of elevation over the entire
eastern portion of Lawrence county.

190

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Elisabeth Township. — Keturning to the western part of Lawrence

county, we find at Lawrence Furnace, section 16, Elizabeth township, the

following geological section :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore , 9

2. Ferriferous limestone, not measured

3. Not seen 22

4. Sandy block ore, not measured

5. Not seen 72

6. Coal " blossom "

7. Not seen 11

8. Block ore, not measured

For this section see Map IV, No. 28.

Statistics of Lawrence Furnace.
Built in 1834 ; owned by the Lawrence Furnace Company.

Feet.

Height of stack 34

Diameter at top of boshes 11

Batter of boshes per foot

Height of hearth 6

Diameter of hearth — top 4

" " bottom 3

One twyer, diameter

" Allen's hot blast," with 48 perpendicular pipes.

Pressure of blast on square inch, 2J pounds.

Temperature of blast not known.

Average daily production of iron, 12 tons.

Quality of iron — i No. 1 foundry, and i No. 2 foundry and mill iron.

Proportions of " half charge " :

Ore, 1,000 pounds.

Limestone, 65 pounds.

Charcoal, 28 bushels.
Two and one-half tons of raw ore, or 2 tons burnt ore, make 1 ton of iron.
" Limestone ore " used chiefly.
All ores obtained from furnace lands.

Inches.

8*
1
2
4
4

At Pine Grove Furnace, in the same township, the following section

was obtained :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone 18

2. Slaty coal 8

3. Coal '. 2 2

4. Slate 2

5. Coal 10

6. Under-clay 3

7. Sandstone 14 6

8. Ore 1

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 191

Feet. Inches.

9. Ferriferous limestone 4

10. Notseen 54

11. Coal blossom

12. Soft sandstone and sandy shales 28

13. Coal 1 2

14. Notseen 26

15. Block ore, not measured

For this section see Map V, Kb. 8.

Pine Grove Furnace is owned by Messrs. Means, Kyle & Co. It was
built in 1829,

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 36 o

Diameter at top of boshes 11 q

Batter of boshes per foot 10^

Diameter of hearth — top 3 8

" " bottom 3 6

Height of hearth 6

Uses one twyer, diameter 4

Uses " Davis' hot blast."

Average production is 15 4-5 tons of iron per diem. Of this, 80 per cent, is No. 1

foundry iron, and the remainder No. 2 foundry and mill iron.
Proportions of " half charge " are :

Charcoal, 30 bushels.

Ore, 1,150 pounds.

Limestone, 50 pounds.
Two and one-half tons of raw ore produce one ton of iron.
Uses limestone ore mostly.
All ore is from the furnace lands.
The furnace is in blast eight months per annum.

The Pine Grove Furnace is not only remarkable for its great success in
a business point of view, but it has the honorable pre-eminence of being
the first furnace in the West to demonstrate the entire feasibility of stop-
ping the working of a blast-furnace on Sunday. From the example first
set by Eobert Hamilton and the associate owners of Pine Grove, the
custom has quite extensively prevailed for many years in southern Ohio
to omit working furnaces on Sunday. Many of the wiser furnace men,
aside from any religious consideration, regard the custom as in the end
pecuniarily profitable, as it enables them to secure a class of furnace
attendants more respectable and conscientious, and more devoted to the
interests of their employers. This custom has extended to some of the
largest of the stone-coal furnaces.

On the lands of Etna Furnace, sections 16 and 21, Elizabeth township,
are found the following strata : (See Map IV, No. 29.)

192 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore 5

2. Not seen 19

3. Ore — not measured 5 to 7

4. Limestone — not measured 5 to 10

5. Notseen 56

6. Sandstone 8

7. Coal 3 2

8. Slate parting 1

9. Coal 11

10. Under-clay — estimated 1 6

11. Notseen 16 6

12. Ore „ 10

13. Ferriferous limestone 7

14. Notseen 39

15. Ore— sandy block 6

16. Notseen 3

17. Blossom of coal

18. Shale 9

19. Black slate 10

20. Coal - 1 5

21. Fire-clay - 3

22. Sandstone, quarried for hearth-stones 8

23. Notseen 24

24. Block ore — not measured

Mtna Furnace is owned by Ellison, Dempsey & Ellison. It was built

in 1832.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 37

Diameter at top of boshes 10 6

Batter of boshes per foot 10

Diameter of hearth—top 4 1

" " bottom 3 5

Height of hearth 6 2

Uses one twyer, diameter 4

" Uses Davis' Hot Blast, with pressure of 4fr pounds per square inch.

Average temperature not known.

Average production of iron, 14 tons per diem.

Of this, 80 per cent, is No. 1 foundry Iron, and the remainder mill iron.

Proportions of half charge are —

Charcoal, 32 bushels.

Ore, 1,100 to 1,200 pounds.

Limestone, 30 pounds.
Two and a half tons of raw iron ore are used in making one ton of iron.
Uses mostly " limestone ore," obtained from the furnace lands.
The f oinace is in blast nin» months in the year.

At Vesuvius Furnace, Section 26 3 Elizabeth township, a geological sec,

tion was carefully measured, which gives the following strata (see Map
V, No. 13) :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 198

Feet. Inches*

1. Ore,"TopHill" 4

2. Not seen 41

3. Sandstone 25

4. Slatycoal 8

5. Slate 6

6. Coal 1 11

7. Slate 5

8. Coal 10

9. Fire-clay 2

10. Clay shales - 18

11. Ore 10

12. Ferriferous limestone 2 6

13. Notseen 20

14. Slateore 4

15. Notseen 15

16. Shaly sandstone 10

17. Coarse sandstone 6 ©

18. Blueshales 3

19. Coal y. 3

20. Compact bine shales 5

21. Soft blue shales 10

22. Coal 2

23. Black slate with fossil Lingulae, etc 2

The sandstone above the Ferriferous limestone in this region, is often
thirty feet thick. It juts out on the hill-sides in bold, weather-beaten,
honeycombed cliffs, and gives the whole country a mural appearance.

Two specimens of ore from Vesuvius Furnace were analyzed by Prof.
Wormley with the following results :

No. 1. Limestone ore. Seam 2 feet 6 inches thick.

Ho. 2. Gray limestone ore.

No. 1. N». 2.

Specific gravity, dried at 212 c 3.066 3.439

Water combined 5.60

Silicious matter : 2.00 26.32

Iron, sesquioxide 77.70 24.37

Iron, carbonate ' 40.91

Manganese 1.90 1.05

Alumina 0.60

Carbonate of lime 9.09 4.20

Lime 3.67

Magnesia trace. 2.65

Phosphoric acid trace.

Sulphur trace. trace.

Total 99.96 100.10

Percentage of metallic iron 54.39 36.81

184 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

From this it appears that the "gray limestone ore," which works so
easily in the furnace, and is held in high esteem, yields a comparatively
small percentage of iron. This has also been observed at other localities.

Vesuvius JFurnaee is owned by Gray, Amos & Co., and was built in
1633.

Feet. Inches.
Height of stack 33

Diameter of boshes 10

Batter of boshes per foot 10£

Diameter of hearth — top 4 2

." " bottom 3 10

Height of hearth 6

Uses one twyer — diameter 4

Uses " Allen's Gooseneck" Warm Blast.

Pressure of blast and average temperature not known.

The average amount of iron produced is 11 tons per diem, all sold as " car- wheel

iron."
Proportion of half charge are —

Charcoal, 20 bushels.

Ore, 1,000 pounds.

Limestone, 30 pounds.
Uses limestone ores, and obtains them from the furnace lands.
2 16-17ths tons of raw ore produce one ton of iron.
The furnace is in blast nine months in the year.

Aid Township. — Bast of Elizabeth towDship lies Aid township. The
Ferriferous limestone disappears beneath the surface in the middle of
this township, near Oak Eidge, Section 22. A combined geological sec-
tion presents the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. White limestone

2. Notseen 48

3. Conglomerate and coarse sandstone 25

4. Notseen 42

5. Limestone with fossils — not measured

6. Notseen .' 120

7. Sand-rock 3

8. Clay shales : 7

9. Coal 2 3

10. Slate 6

11. Coal 2 2

12. Under-clay — notseen 12

13. Sandy ore — not measured

For this section, see Map V, No. 7.

Three specimens of the coal in the above section were analyzed by
Prof. Wormley.
No. 1. Lower part of lower layer.
No. 2. Upper " "

No. 3. Upper layer, above slate parting.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

195

Specific gravity

Water

Ash

Volatile matter

Fixed carbon

Total

Sulphur

Permanent gas per pound — in cubic feet

Color of ash

Coke

No. 1.

1.333

5.65

6.75

35.15

52.45

100.00

1.35

2.97

■white

compact

No. 2.

1.347

5.15

9.90

36.85

48.10

100.00

2.28

3.32

■white

compact

No. 3.

1.384

5.35
15.90
32.05

48.80

100.00

2.22

3.40

■white

compact

On section 32 of the same township, a section was obtained reaching
as high as the white limestone. It is as follows:

Feet. Inches.

1. White limestone — not measured

2. Notseen 117

3. Lime&tone with fossils, Crinoids, Aihyris, etc 1

4. Clay 2

5. " Blossom " of coal ..

6. Sandy shales 25

7. Limestone with fossils 1

8. Clay shales, and not seen 67

9. " Blossom " of coal

For this section, see Map V, !No. 5.

At Marion, section 36, Aid township, the following strata were seen :
(See Map V, No. 10.)

Feet. Inches.

1. White crumbling limestone

• 2. Sand-rock 12

3. Notseen 40

4. Limestone with fossils 1

5. Shaly sandstone 3

6. Coal 2

7. Notseen 43

8. Sandstone 20

9. " Blossom "of coal

10. Notseen 50

11. Shaly sandstone 5

12. Fire-clay 8

13. Coal 2 11

14. Slate 1

15. Coal 2

16. Under clay

196 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Mason toimship. — Proceeding eastward from Aid township we find, at
section 19, Mason township, the following strata : (See Map V, No. 9.)

Feet. Inches.

1. White limestone

2. Not seen 50

3. Conglomerate and sandstone 20

4. Not seen 50

5. Fossiliferous limestone — not measured

6. Notseen 120

7. Oak Ridge eoal

Still further to the east and north we find, on section 10, at Greasy
Eidge, that a coal seam of considerable thickness comes in above the
white limestone. A section made there gives the following :

Feet. Inches.

1. Shaly sandstone 1

2. Coal — no partings 4

3. Under clay, and not seen 5

4. White limestone — not measured

5. Notseen '38

6. Crumbling sandy limestone — not measured

For this section, see Map V, No. 24.

The coal seam above the white limestone, seen first at this point, ex
tends to the south-east through this and Borne township.

On the land of Wm. Haskins, section 24, Mason township, the follow-
ing section was measured : (See Map V, No. 25.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Crumbling limestone

2. Notseen , 32

3. Sandstone 12

4. Slate 1 6

5. Coal 3 11

6. Notseen 17

7. Conglomerate and sandstone 25

8. Not exposed 15

9. Reported place of limestone

The coal in the above section is the same with the Greasy Eidge coal.
It was analyzed by Prof. Wormley, with a result as follows :

Specific gravity 1.345

Water 3 45

Ash 6.40

Volatile matter 36.75

Fixed carbon 53.40

Total 100.00

Sulphur 2-55

Permanent gas per pound in cubic feet 3.16

GEOLOGICAL STJRYEY OP OHIO. 197

Hamilton Township. — Beturning to the western limit of the county, we
find at the New Castle Coal Mines, in Hamilton township, the following
section : (See Map V, No. 11.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore — not measured

2. Sandy limestone ..

3. Notseen 68

4. Sand-rock 12

5. Coal— -upper 6 inches slaty 2 4

6. Slate 1

7. Coal 11

8. Slate 2

9. Coal 8

10. Under-clay and sand-stone , 13

11. Ore— estimated 11

12. Ferriferous limestone 2

13. Coal blossom and clav

Sandstone 5 25 °

14. Sandy ore — not measured

15. Sandstone 24

16. Ore 5

17. Sandstone

Tipper Township. — East of Hamilton township, in Upper township, one-
half mile north-east of Ironton, the following section was measured in

the tunnel :

Feet. Inches.

1. Sand-rock 12

2. Gray ore, with slate and limestone 2

3. S bale, slate and iron ore 3

4. Slate 2

5. Coal 10

6. Fire-clay 1 2

7. Sand-rock 10

The stratigraphical position of the tunnel is seen on Map V.

A mile further to the east, on section 16, Upper township, the following

strata were found: (See Map V, No. 6.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Sand-rock 6

2. Coal 6

3. Sandstone 6

4. Slate 1

5. Coal 2 4

6. Slate 7

7. Coal 1 3

8. Fire-clay 3

9. Clay shales 15

10. Ore — not measured

11. Ferriferous limestone

198

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

At Heela Furnace, section 14, Upper township, a combined section, was

measured, whicb presents the following strata :

Feet. Inche s

1. Ore— "tophill" 6

2. Irregular limestone

3. Notseen 104

4. Shaly sandstone 12

5. Coal 1 6

6. Fire-clay 3

7. Notseen 17

8. Sandstone 20

9. Slate 1

10. Coal 2 4

11. Slate 10

12. Coal 1

13. Fire-clay 3

14. Notseen 2

15. Sandy limestone 15

16. Ore (limonite) 11

17. Ferriferous limestone

pPbp trill Off . .

i 3TofrSee4t<

104-

W pEIsp Sandstone .
flTtre Clay.

JssSi:-. 3<*n^Toc?T.

~Evre Clay.

J^vtnoWfte Org.

ferriferous
Tntnesttnte .

Pig. 11.

This section is seen in Fig. 11.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 199

Hecla Furnace is owned by the Hecla Iron and Mining Company. It
was built in 1833.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 34

Diameter of t>oshes 11

Batter of boshes per foot 10J

Diameter of hearth — top '. 4 2

" " bottom 3 4

Height of hearth 6

One twyer ; diameter of do 3

Average pressure of blast not known.
Furnace cold blast.

Daily production, 8 tons of "car- wheel iron" of the highest reputation. During
the war the whole product of the furnace was used by the U. S. Government
for heavy ordnance. It is believed that the famous " Swamp Angel " was
made from Hecla iron.
Proportions of half charge :
Charcoal, 20 bushels.
Ore, 650 pounds
Limestone, 40 pounds.
Sixty-eight half charges in 24 hours.
Two and one-half tons of raw ore to one ton of iron.

Uses " limestone ore " (limonite) chiefly, with some mixture of " top hill " ore.
All ore obtained from the furnace lands.
Average duration of blast, 10 months each year.

A mile and a half north of Hecla Furnace, at the place of Mr. Howejl,
the coal above the Ferriferous limestone was found in the following con-
dition : (See Map V, No. 16.)

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone

2. Blackslate with iron? 1 6

3. Coal 2

4. Slate 1

5. Coal 8

6. Notseen 10

7. Coal 4

8. Under-clay

9. Sandstone 1

10. Shale 5

11. Blackslate 1

12. Clayshale 5

13. Coal 3

14. Clayshale 1

15. Coal 5

16. Under-clay 1

17. Not seen 4 6

18. Ore 10

19. Ferriferous limestone ..

GEOLOGICAL STTEVEY OP OHIO.

Belfont Furnace is owned by Belfont Iron Works Co. This furnace

was built in 1868.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 50

Diameter at top of boshes 13

Uses Player's " hot blast."

Production, 20 to 25 tons per diem, No. 1 mill iron.

Ores used, mixture Missouri with native and mill cinders.

Iron all used in the Rolling-Mill and Nail- Works belonging to the company.

When visited, this furnace had been in continuous blast for nearly two
and a half years. It is proposed, when this blast is ended, to eolarge the
ibrnace to a height of 70 feet, and width across the boshes of 16 feet.

This furnace uses the Kentucky Ooalton coal, brought by rail from
(Uoalton (12 miles) to Ashland, and thence by the Ohio river to Ironton.
I/imestone from the Silurian formation near Manchester, Ohio, is chiefly
used for flux.

Grant Furnace is owned by W. D. Kelly & Sons. This is a charcoal
hot blast furnace; uses native ores, chiefly "limestone ore." No statis-
tics of this f.rnace have been received.

The following are Prof. Wormley's analyses of two varieties of mill
cinders furnished by J. E. Williams, of the Ironton Rolling Mill:

¥o. 1 labeled » Fix Cinder."

Uo. 2 " " Flue Cinder."

No. 1. No. 2.

Silicious matter 30.00 29.60

Protoxide of iron 65.04 64.67

Sesquioxide of alumina 1.20 2.40

Metallic iron 2.35

Manganese 1.60 trace.

Lime 0.20 0.44

Magnesia trace. trace.

Phosphoric acid 1.247 0.54

Sulphur trace, trace.

Total 99.287 100.00

Total metallic iron 50.59 52.65

The " fix cinder" has been generally preferred for smelting in the blast
fftaruace, but according to these analyses, the "flue cinder" contains a
larger percentage of iron, and decidedly less phosphoric acid. Neither
eentaius more than a trace of sulphur.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 201

Lawrence Township. — Iu section 3, of Lawrence township, the following
section was made on the land of Elias Clark: (See Map V, No. 4.)

Feet. Inches.

1. White limestone * ,

2. Not seen 14

3. Buff limestone, with fossils 1 6

4. Notseen 100

5. Bluish limestone, with fossils 10

6. Shale 1

7. Compact heavy black clay 8

8. Coal — not measured

9. Notseen.... 84

10. Buff limestone 1 2

In section 9 of the same township the following section was obtained:

Feet. Inches.

1. Sandstone 8

2. Shale 2

3. Coal 8

4. Slaty coal 4

5. Coal 2

6. Under-clay .. . ) vi ft

7. Sandy shales - 5

8. Buff limestone 1 2

9. Notseen 38

10. Clayshales 12

11. Coal — not measured

For this section, see Map V, No. 2.

Windsor township. — Through all this region the mass of the hills is
composed of yellow shales, with layers of iuterstratinVd sandstone. It
was almost impossible to find good exposures, and, although very rarely,
nodules of limestone were fonnd in the surface soil, they could not be
traced to the stratum from which they were originally derived.

On the land of Edmund Bramer, at Willow Wood, section 7, Windsor
township, a proximate section was made, as follows:

Feet. Inches.

1. Limestone, reported elsewhere thicker 1

2. Drabshale 4

3. Slaty cannel coal, reported 2 4

4. Bituminous coal, reported 10

5. Under clay

6. Notseen 30 (?)

7. Sand-rock — used for building purposes

On the high hills a seam of coal is reported, but it was not opened, and
no measurement was attempted. The sand-rock used for building appears
to be of superior quality.

202 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

At Whitehouse, section 17, Windsor township, no accurately measured
section was made, but some facts were gathered which show the following
grouping of strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Limestone, probable place 2 6

2. Black slate 5

3. Coal 10

4. Notseen 20

5. Coarse sand-rock 15 to 20

6. Coal, very irregular, reported 1 3

Bed of stream.

On the land of E. W. Wakefield, section 26, Windsor township, and in
that vicinity, a proximate section was made, as follows :

Feet. Incb.es.

1. Sandstones laminated and used for flagstones and foundations of

buildings

2. Limestone, clay and iron — concretions 6

3. Yellow shales 30 (?)

4. Limestone and nodules - 6

5. Whiteclay 4 (?)

6. Soft, laminated sandstone — seen 10

Bed of Indian Guyandotte creek.

The hills in all this region are made up chiefly of yellow shales, with
some interstratified sandstones. A seam of coal is reported well up in
the hill on Wolf creek, on the land of Lewis Jones.

The ridge north-east from Unionville. Union township, which divides
the waters of Indian Guyandotte and Symmes creeks, was found, by
barometer, to be 340 feet high above the latter stream. This ridge ap-
pears very well adapted to fruit-raising, and the very extensive orchards
— apple and peach — of Mr. Cox looked very promising. From the ap-
pearance of the soil and vegetation there is probably a seam of fertilizing
limestone near the summit of the hills, although it was not seen in place.
There may also be more or less carbonate of lime in some of the upper
shales.

Borne township. — Bast of Windsor township lies Rome township. As
before stated, the coal seam discovered at Greasy Ridge, in Mason town-
ship, extends through Rome.

In section 22, on the estate of Captain Gillet, the following strata were
found :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 203

Feet. Inolies.

1. Nodular crumbling limestone

2. Notexposed 21

3. Sand-rook 15

4. Clay shales 4

5. Coal 5

6. Slate 1

7. Coal 3 2

8. Notseen 7

9. White limestone — not measured

For this section, see Map V, No. 31.

The coal has been mined to a considerable extent, and is held in good
repute.
The upper part of this township has not yet been examined.

Perry Township lies to the south of Lawrence township, and along the
banks of the Ohio River. Here the Ferriferous limestone is found. The
space above it, instead of being occupied by clay shales, as in the town-
ships to the Dorth-east, is mostly filled by heavy ledges of sand-rock.
The principal coal of the township is the one lying 66 feet above the
Ferriferous limestone. It is extensively mined at the Sheridan Coal-
Works, and the name given it in this report is the " Sheridan coal." On
section 2, Perry township, opposite Ashland, Ky., the following strata
were measured :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coal, not exposed

2. Under-clay 3

3. Sand-rock..... 37

4. Clay shale, with coal plants 1

5. Coal blossom and clay 1

6. Sand-rock 15

7. Sandy shale 5

8. Sand-rock 7

9. Hard fire-clay 1

10. Fire-clay mixed with iron ore 4

11. Shale 3

12. Ore 10

13. Ferriferous limestone 3

For this section see Map V., No. 18.

Half a mile farther up the river, on the same section, the following
section was obtained : (See Map V, No. 20.)

204 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

Feet. Inches.

1. Buff sandy limestone, with fossils 11

2. Not exposed 6

3. Sand-rook, Fucoids, Spirophyton cauda-galli, etc 15

4. Supposed place of coal

5. Not exposed 18

6. Sandy shale, with nodules of siderite ore 15

7. Not exposed 68

8. Sand-rock 40

9. Fire-clay — place of Sheridan coal

10. Not exposed 10

11. Saud-rock 30

12. Notexposed 25

13. Ore 10

14. Ferriferous limestone 4

At this point it was difficult to make measurements of strata in place,
as the bill-sides were exceedingly steep. At an elevation of 66 feet above
the buff sandy limestone several mounds were found, which were, no
doubt, the work of the Mound-builders.

On section 1, Perry township, on the estate of Mrs. Israel, the following
strata were seen :

Feet. Inches.

1. Ore digging

2. Notexposed 31

3. Ore digging

4. Notexposed 34

5. Coal, reported 2

6. Under-clay 2

7. Saud-rock... 44

8. Clay shale with coal blossom .2

9. Notexposed 14

10. Fire-clay 4

11. Ore 8

12. Ferriferous limestone, not measured

For this section see Map V, No. 19.

On Winter's Hill, section 8, Perry township, the following section was
obtained :

Feet. Inches.

1. White crumbling limestone

2. Notexposed 7

3. Shaly sandstone 37

4. Shale 1 6

5. Clay with coal blossom 1 "

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 205

Feet. Inches.

6. Not exposed 6

7. Compact white limestone, with few fossils 1 2

8. Not exposed 64

9. Ore, Hmonite 7

10. Notexposed 72

11. Coal, exposed 1 2

For this section see Map V, No. 23 and No. 26.

On the land of Mr. Bruce, at the foot of Winter's Hill on the west, the
following section was made :

Feet. Inches.

1. Limestone, with Crinoids, etc 1

2. Clay shale 3

3. Coal, reported 1 4

4. Notexposed 23

5. Sandy limestone, ferruginous 10

6. Shales, with nodules of siderite ore 20

7. Coal, in bed of stream, not measured

This lower coal is the same as the lowest in the section of "Winter's
Hill. For this section see Map V, No. 22.

On the land of Roswell Chatfield, section 18, Perry township, the follow-
ing section was made :

Feet. Inches.

1. Light-colored limestone, with SpirorMs 1 2

2. Notexposed 59

3. Coarse sand-rock 79

4. Notexposed 6

5. Siderite ore, mixed with sandy limestone 8

6. Conglomerate, passing down into coarse sand-rock 25

7. Notexposed 110

8. Sandstone 1

9. Laminated sandstone 5

10. Fire-clay 1 6

11. Coal -| r 11

12. Slate parting > Sheridan Coal. <! ° 1

13. Coal J ( 2 2

14. Under-clay . J 2 r

15. Not exposed 5

16. Dark blue clay in bed of stream, used in glazing pottery— not

measured

For this section see Map V, No. 15.

The hills here are very high, and the sand-rocks stand out in bold cliffs.
The Conglomerate is coarse, and made up of white quartz peboles.

206 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

On the land of Stephen Chatfield, about a mile north-east of Eoswell
Ohatfield's, the following section was taken :

Feet. Inches.

1. Limestone, fragments oti top of hill

2. Not exposed 8

3. Soft sand-rook 80

4. Laminated sandstone 15

5. Iron ore (limonite) - 7

6. Laminated sandstone 10

7. Conglomerate, passing down into coarse sand-rock 60

8. Laminated sandstone 10

9. Clay shale and slate 2

10. Clay 2

11. Coal — Hatcher's seam 1 4

12. Not seen — Sheridan coal 46 feet below

For this section see Map V, No. 17.

Tbe seam called the ''Hatcher seam" was first seen at Mr. Hatcher's,
on Lick run, but no complete section could be made at that point. The
coal is thicker at Mr. Hatchers, but no mine has been opeued. About 15
feet below the coal at the latter place, large nodules of siderite ore were
seen in the hard sandy shales in the bed of Lick run.

On section 18, Perry township, are the mines of the Sheridan Coal
Company. This company does an extensive coal business. A section
taken at the mines gives the following strata:

Feet. Inches.

1. Upper part of hill not explored

2. Buff limestone r lto2

3. Not exposed 30

4. Sand-rock 36

5. Shale and fire-clay — estimated 6

6. Coal 1 3

7. Slate parting 1

8. Coal 2 7

9. Under-clay — reported 8

For this section, see Map V., No. 21.

In sinking a well at the mines, the coal above the Ferriferous limestone
was seen at its proper distance below the Sheridan coal. The place of
the Sheridan coal is 66 feet above the Ferriferous limestone. It has been
traced in its appropriate horizon to the north as far as Vinton county.
It is worked at Gallia Furnace, Jacob Webster's, in Walnut township,
Gallia county, where the quality is very superior, Oak Bidge, Keystone
Furnace, and at various points through Wilkesville township, Vinton
county.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO. 207

Analyses of the coal from the Sheridan mines :
No. 1, sample from near the bottom.
No. 2, one-third of distance from top.

No. 1. No. 2.

Specific gravity 1.275 1.301

Water combined 5.05 5.65

Ash 1.80 4.20

Volatile matter 33.35 32.65

Fixed carbon 59.80 57.50

Total 100.00 100.00

Permanent gas per pound in cubic feet 3.48 3.48

Sulphur 1.00 1.89

Ash, color white. -white.

Coke compact.

These analyses indicate a coal of good quality. The average ash is
small, while the large percentage of fixed carbon shows good heating
power. For all purposes except iron and gas making, the coal must be
valuable. The seam is remarkably even-bedded. I saw no " horsebacks "
or similar inequalities anywhere in the mine. The roof and floor appear
everywhere to constitute two perfectly parallel planes.

At Boclc Gamp, section 28, Perry township, the Sheridan coal is mined
for local use. A section obtained there presents the following strata :
(See Map V, No. 12.)

Feet. Inches.

1. White crumbling limestone

2. Not exposed 56

3. Limestone, with fossils 1

4. Notexposed 12

5. Coal " blossom "

6. Not exposed 56

7. Clay shale and black slate 4

8. Coal 1

9. Notexposed 19

10. Sand-rock 25

11. Clay and black slate 2

12. Hard white clay 10

13. Coal 1 8

14. Underolay, and not seen 8

15. Siderite ore 6

208 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Fayette Township. — East of Perry township lies Payette township. On

the farm of Mr. John Ferguson, section 4, of this township, the strata

were found to be as follows :

Feet. Inches.

1. Limestone, upper 6 inches pure, remainder clayey. 3

2. Not exposed 32

3. Shaly sandstone 15

4. Not exposed 13

5. Black slate with " coal blossom "

6. Heavy sand-rock \

7. Yellow sandy shale > 74

8. Heavy sand-rock 5

9. Conglomerate., 3

10. Blue clay used for pottery 3 6

11. Not exposed 10

12. Ore (limonite) 8

13. Yellowshale 2 6

14. Oi e (limonite) lft. linchto 1 7

15. Sandyshale 11

16. Clayshale 7

17. Coal, " Sheridan seam " 3

18. Fire-clay 4

19. Shale with kidneys of ore

For this section see Map V, No. 30.

The coal in the above section was at one time mined to a considerable
extent and shipped to markets on the Ohio river.

The heavy deposit of ore is probably a local one. Although not very
rich in iron it might serve a good purpose as a mixture with the richer
ores of Missouri or Lake Superior. The coal exhibits considerable sul-
phur. The sudden transition from the fine blue clay (No. 10 of section)
to a coarse conglomerate is something remarkable.

Union Township. — The hills in this township are very high and rugged.
Shales and standstones constitute the mass of the hills, and little coal was
seen. The township is too far east to take in the iron-ore belt.

A section was made at Mr. Keeny's, on Leatherwood creek, section 6,

Union township, which gave the following strata :

Feet. Inches.

1. Coarse sand-rock 70

2. Conglomerate passing down into coarse sand-rock 25

3. Not exposed 110

4. Sandy limestone, estimated 1 3

5. Notexposed 25

6. Sandyshale 24

7. Blue clay shale 5 °

8. Coal 1 6

9. Underclay 4

For this section see Map V, No. 29.

GEOLOGICAL STJKYEY OP OHIO. 209

The conglomerate in the above section is well characterized by white
quartz pebbles. This is the highest conglomerate thus far seen in the
county, being 380 ft. above the Ferriferous limestone and 720 ft. above
the top of the Waverly.

At Unionville, section 6, Union township, on Symtnes' creek, the follow-
ing section was made :

Feet. laches.

1. Black slate, rich in fossil mollusca 5

2. Coal 1 6

3. Under-day, not measured > , , „

4. Sandy shales >

This section is seen on Map V, Eo. 28.

This coal is mined for neighborhood use. The shale above is rich in a
group of bivalve forms, Schizodus, &c, which I have not found else-
where. It also contains Productus, Bellerophon, &c, &c.

On the land of Esquire Keeny, about three quarters of a mile below
Unionville, the Unionville coal is seen with a limestone above and below
it. The section is as follows :

• Feet. Inches.

1. Limestone, fossiliferous 8

2. Shale and hi ack slate 5

3. Coal, not exposed

4. Not exposed

5. Limestone, containing fossils, Productus, $c 1 3

This section is seen on Map V, No. 27.

On a hill in this neighborhood a little iron ore was seen in a corn-
field, but its stratigraphical position could not well be obtained. The ore
may be worthy of investigation should any use be found for it. It is a
limonite ore. The thickness of the stratum could not be seen.

General Remarks relative to Lawrence County.

Lawrence county is rough and hilly. In a geological, point of view, its
most interesting feature is the large supply of some of the finest ores of
the world. The "limestone ore" belt sweeps through the county from
north to south, averaging in width about ten miles. This ore is almost
always thick enough for profitable mining, and is often thick enough to
warrant mining by drifting. The ore is generally a very pure limonite or
hydrated sesquioxide of iron. The "block ores " are generally of good
quality, and are used more or less for a mixture with the "limestone
ore/' and when well selected, make a good iron alone. The limestone
seam, called in the Eeport the " Ferriferous limestone," furnishes an am-
ple supply of flux of the best quality for the furnaces.
14

210 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The bituminous coals are abundant, but have not, as yet, been found to
be of the best quality for iron-making. But it must be admitted that the
seams of coal have been less opened and worked in this county than in
most counties within the limits of our Coal formation. This arises from
the fact that the furnace estates are very large, (ranging from 5,000 to
15,000 acres) and charcoal being the fuel used in the furnaces, there has
been far less search for coal than if the lands were owned in small tracts
and were occupied by the owners. As the case now is, the population in
the furnace district is small, and all, with few exceptions, are connected
directly or indirectly with the furnaces. Hence there has been relatively
little exploration for coal. It is hoped that the strati graphical maps pre-
sented in this Eeport will show the positions of the different seams of
coal so distinctly and accurately that the future Avork of exploration will
be greatly lightened. It is possible, and even probable, that seams of
coal, of which we saw only the surface stain or "blossom," and which
the State furnished no funds for opening, will, on being explored, be
found to be of great metallurgic value, and of sufficient thickness for
profitable wofking. The present reputation of the pig iron made in
Lawrence county is very high. To keep up this reputation when the
wood tor charcoal is exhausted, (as it must be in time, except on those
vast furnace estates, where the annual growth of forest equals the de-
struction), and the fine and abundant ores of the county are smelted with
bituminous coal, will require a very superior coal, and such a coal must be
carefully searched for. Should the State Geological Survey be continued,
this search will be made; but if not continued, the future prosperity of
this important portion of the celebrated "Hanging Eock Iron District"
requires that it be done through some other agency.

Besides the Kentucky coal now brought from Coalton, there is no coal
of desirable iron-making quality rendered accessible by any railroad.
There are good iron-making coals in Jackson, Vinton, Hocking, Athens
and Perry counties, but no railroads bow exist by which these coals can
be distributed to the furnaces of Lawrence county.

The coal in Walnut township, Gallia county, is very pure, aDd has
the important quality of making a coke almost free from sulphur. If
this should be found to be sufficiently dry burning for use in the furnace
in a raw state, it will be another coal added to the number of those of
special value found in the lower productive Coal Measures in the 2nd
Geological District. It is possible that the well known seams of coal in
Lawrence county may furnish coal of such quality tliat when the impur-
ities are removed by the modern process of washing, the residuum may
make a coke of such character as will warrant its use in the blast fur-

GEOLOGICAL STJKVEY OF OHIO. 211

nace. It is well known that coke is used in the blast furnaces at Pitts-
burgh, Pa., and in the " Cleveland," and some of the other iron-districts
in England.

While in the southern part of Lawrence county, it appeared very de-
sirable to ascertain the stratigraphical position of the Ooalton or Ashland
Coal, used so successfully for iron-making at Ashland, Boyd county, Ky.,
and in the Belfont Furnace, at Ironton. This coal is mined about 12
miles back of Ashland, in Carter county, Ky. The mines are on the
Lexington and Big Sandy Eailroad, which is completed from Ashland
to the coal. The coal is the same as the Kilgore coal, of the Ken-
tucky Geological Beports. In our examinations we were accompanied by
M. T. Hilton, Esq., Civil Engineer and Superintendent of the L. & B. S.
B. B., and by Hon. John Campbell, ot Ironton ; Mr. Bussell, of the Belle-
fonte, Ky., Furnace ; Mr. Jones, and other citizens, who were familiar with
the localities.

In tracing the coal toward the Ohio river, our guide for several miles was
a persistent stratum of dark flinty, compact, fossiliferous sandstone, prob-
ably containing some lime. The Coalton or Kilgore coal seam is 81 feet
above this stratum, which was called, for convenience of designation, the
"Hilton base," after our friend, the Civil Engineer, who was able to point it
out at several places on the line of his railroad. A stratum of h ard fire-clay
was seen above the "Hilton base," at several points, and served as an
additional guide. Under the " Hilton base " is a seam of coal, generally
thin, but in the railroad cut, between Coalton and Kilgore's, the total coal
of the several layers is 3 feet 10 inches.

At Eastham's, near the tunnel between Coalton and the Summit, the
Eastham coal was found, by measurement, to be 82 feet above the " Hil-
ton base." This coal seam is 3 feet 4 inches thick, and appeared to be of
good quality. This is, doubtless, the equivalent of the Coalton coal.

Further toward the Summit Station a seam of coal was seen, 46 feet
above the railroad. The seam was supposed to be the Eastham coal.
This seam is 21 feet below the railroad track at the Summit. Here we
lost all our former guiding strata. Beginning anew at the Bellefonte
Furnaee, near the Ohio river, where the great Ohio Ferriferous limestone
is well developed, and tracing this limestone to the south, we came to the
end of it about three-quarters of a mile north of the Summit Station.
To fill up the gap no good guides could be found, as no strata were ex-
posed. By taking a barometric level over a ridge it was judged that the
true place of the Ferriferous limestone, if continued, would be a
little above the coal seam at the Summit. This would make the
Coalton or Kilgore seam the equivalent of the seam first below the Fer-

212 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

riferous limestone, a seam which we have traced in its various modifica-
tions of quantity and quality from Licking and Muskingum counties on
the north, through the Straitsville and Nelsonville region, and through
Hocking, Athens, Yinton, Jackson, Gallia, Scioto and Lawrence counties
to the Ohio river. In southern Perry county, it is the thickest seam of
coal in Ohio, and is of a quality sr.ited to the blastfurnace. In Kentucky
it regains its good quality, and is a most successful furnace coal. It is
not impossible that at places between these two widely separated points,
the coal may, by careful examination, be found equally good. The seam
is always near the limestone ore, the ore being above and the coal just
below the Ferriferous limestone. Very little attention has been paid,
generally on the large furnace estates, to the coals, and over quite large
areas this seam has never been opened at all. In some places it is known
to be very thin, but, as a general rule, very little attention has been paid
to it. In some places, where opened, it is too sulphurous for iron making,
in others a part of the seam is probably fit for this use. The problem is
to find enough of it fit for the furnace. The owners of the land must
first expose the coal for examination.

While at Ashland, Col. Douglas Putnam, Jr., the very successful man-
ager and agent of the Ashland Furnace, furnished me the following
statistics relative to the furnace. As this furnace may be regarded as
almost an Ohio enterprise, and as it is one of the most successful in the
Ohio valley, I have thought best to publish them :

Feet. Inches.

Total height of stack 65

Diameter of tunnel-head 6

Diameter at top of boshes 15

Distance from top of boshes to top of hearth 13 9

Diameter of top of hearth 6

Diameter of bottom of hearth 6

Six four-inch twy ers enter hearth from bottom 3 6

Pressure of blast per square inch, 3-J-4 pounds.

Temperature of blast at twyers, by Guantlett's English pyrometer, 750° to 800°.

Average daily production, 33-35 tons iron.

Ten thousand tons produced in 304i running days, including the first heating up.

The furnace stops Sundays ; this is the rule.

Ores used —

One third Iron Mountain, Missouri.

One-fourth Pilot Knob, Missouri.

One-third native, chiefly limonite ore, from Kentucky.

One- twelfth mill cinder.
Coal used —

" Ashland coal," from Coalton, Ky., used raw.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 213

Limestone used —

Chiefly Silurian limestone, from the neighborhood of Manchester, Adams
county, Ohio.
Of ores mixed as above, 1.91 tons make a ton (2268 pounds) of iron.
Of coal, 2.66 tons (of 2000 pounds) to a ton of iron.
Quality of iron, No. 1 gray mill iron.
Time of casting, once in 10 hours, with original hearth ; once in 12 hours, with

hearth enlarged by use.
This furnace is directly on the bank of the Ohio River.
The principal officers of the company are, John Means, Esq., President ; Wm. F.

Gay lord, Secretary ; Col. D. Putnam, Manager and Agent.

214 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

CHAPTER VII.

GENERAL DISCUSSION OP THE LOWER COAL MEASURES IN THE
SECOND GEOLOGICAL DISTRICT J

With Tables of Analyses by Prof. T. G. Wormley.

The ores of the Ohio Coal-measures in the 2nd Geological District are
classified as limonites, or hydrated sesquioxides of iron, and siderites or
blue carbonates of iron.

In a few samples the sesquioxides exhibit very little combined water,
and many of the siderite ores show that a portion of tbe ore is changed
into the sesquioxide. These ores have only been in part analyzed by
Prof. Wormley, but I hare selected samples to represent some of the
more important varieties.

Only tbe ores of the lower Coal-measures, with a few exceptions, have
as yet been studied. It is found that everywhere in the 2nd Geological
District seams of iron ore exist, intertitratified with the strata of the
lower productive Coal-measures.

There is every reason to believe that these ores were all originally car-
bonates of the protoxide of iron, but that many have become gradually
changed into limonites or sesquioxides. In some seams this change is
very slight, and ore of the limonite character is the rare exception. In
other seams, like the famous " limestone ore," and most of the block ores,
the Jimonite character is the rule and the carbonate form is the exception.
On the same furnace estate we sometimes find the "limestone ore" re-
taining over considerable areas its original carbonate character. Where
the " limestone ore " has a sandstone cover, or where the overlying shales
are exposed on comparatively dry hill sides or hill-tops, and have been
penetrated by the air, we almost always find the ore changed into a red
or dark red limonite. But where these clay shales are very heavy and
compact, and especially where they are soaked with water, as in swampy
places or in the wet heads of hollows, the ore is always a blue carbonate.

The change from the carbonate to the hydrated sesquioxide has a most
remarkable effect upon the general quality of the ore. The ore loses
greatly in specific gravity, and becomes more soft and porous. For ex-
ample, a sample of blue carbonate of iron from the "limestone ore " seam
on the Buckeye furnace lands, has a specific gravity of 4.872, while three
samples of the limonite ore from the same seam and on the same estate,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 215

showed a specific gravity of 2.980, 2.868 and 2.983 respectively. But, on
the other hand, while the change from siderite to limonite diminishes the
specific gravity, it increases the per ceutage of metallic iron. For exam-
ple, from the sample of siderite above given, with a specific gravity of
4.872, we obtain only 25.91 per cent, metallic iron ; while the three limonite
ores referred to give, respectively, 55.58, 50.83 and 61.51 per cent, of me-
tallic iron. The ore yielding 61.51 per ceut. is a very dark red ore, and
had been so thoroughly changed by the removal, by atmospheric agen-
cies, of foreign matter, that besides the 87.89 per cent, of sesquioxide of
iron and the 7.40 per cent, of combined water, wm'ch together constitute
the pure limonite, we find only 3.44 percent, silicious matter, 0.10 per cent,
manganese, 0.62 per cent, magnesia, and 0.414 per cent, of phosphoric acid.
Many similar illustrations of the good effects of the change from the sider-
ite to the limonite might be adduced.

For the sake of comparison, I have taken the average percentage of
meta'lic iron in a large number of the more important limonite ores of
the famous " limestone ore " seam, and the percentage of iron in the blue
carbonates or siderites of the same ore seam, and also the percentage of a
class of favorite ores (siderites) from the same seam, called " gray lime-
stone ores." The results are as follows:

Average metallic iron, limonite ore of "limestone ore" seam 51.6R6

" " " blue siderite ore, " " " 38.050

" " " gray siderite '• " " " 35.526

From these figures the very great superiority of the limonite portion of
the "limestone ore " seam is very apparent. The ore least rich in iron is
the "gray" limestone ore. This ore is generally composed of small
globules of siderite imbedded in a light-colored matrix. This matrix is
made up largely of very finely comminuted silica, and when the ore has
been exposed for a time the mass softens, and often becomes like a plastic
clay. On roasting the ore, the fiue particles of the siderite become thor-
oughly oxidized and fitted for the furnace, and in this state it is easily
smelted. Hence the general popularity of the "gray limestoue ore."
But it is not generally suspected how lean the ore is in metallic iron, al-
though I believe an examination of the metallic product of those f iraaces
which use it most will show that they obtain less iron in proportion to
ore used than those furnaces which use little or none of it.

On some of the furnace estates nearly all the " limestone ore" is of the
limonite class. This is not only true of the ore found around the outcrop
of the stratum, but where drifts have been made, the ore under the hills
continues to be limonite. This shows that the cover of the ore in the
hills has not been sufficiently impervious to atmospheric ageucies, exerted,

21G GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

as it must have been, through an immense period of time, to prevent the
change from the blue siderite to the red limonite. Hence, in my opinion,
there are areas in the " limestone ore " belt greatly to be preferred to
others.

By an examination of Prof. Worniley's tables for the limonite ores, we
find that the ores of this class from the " limestone ore" seam contain
scarcely any sulphur, generally only a mere trace. The same ore con-
tains more phosphorus, but not generally in an injurious quantity.
Probably the cold-short tendency of the phosphorus in the ore is often
neutralized by mixture with the blue or siderite ores, which generally
contain more or less sulphur. But this cannot always be the case, be-
cause the blue ores also contain their own phosphorus.

Besides the limonite ore of the "limestone ore" seam, we find other
limonite ores occurring, chiefly in the form of u block ores." These latter
ores are rich in metallic iron, and are but little inferior to the former.
The average per cent, of metallic iron of a large number of the leading
'< block ores " from the southern iron district is 47.99. Many of these ores
are very pure and of great excellence. They generally contain very little
sulphur, but show more phosphorus.

The Craig ore (the upper 10 in. of the 15 in. seam), found between
Hamden and McArthur Station, is a very rich limonite. It appears to
have been completely changed from its original state of carbonate or
siderite, and, like the very best red ores of the '• limestone ore" seam, is
very dark red, very light ia specific gravity (viz., 2.814), very soft and
chalk-like, and contains 58.62 per cent, of metallic iron. The lower 5
inches of the layer still retains its original condition as a blue carbonate,
and as usual has a high specific gravity (viz., 3.516), and contains only
42 per cent, of metallic iron.

Besides the ores already spoken of, there are many blue or siderite ores
not belonging to the " limestone ore " seam. I find that the more impor-
tant of these give an average of 26.99 per cent, of metallic iron. The
so-called " kidney ores " generally belong to this class, although we some-
times find them changed, under atmospheric agencies, into limonites.

Few of the ores of the lower Coal measures, north of the Hocking
river, have yet been analyzed. Many of these ores are excellent and are
profitably used. They supply the Logan Furnace, in whole or in part, also
the furnaces at Columbus and Zanesville, for a mixture with the richer
Lake Superior ores. These ores range through Hocking and Perry coun-
ties. Considerable ore is brought from Gore, on the Straitsville branch
of the C. & H. V. R. E., to the furnace at Columbus. Much ore is also
obtained along the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley R. B. in the western
part of Perry county, and taken to Zanesville. Considerable ore is found

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO. 217

along the railroad now building from Newark to Straitsville. These ores
are generally limonites.

From these general remarks, it will be seen that there is, in the lower
Ooal measures of the 2nd District, a large development of very fine iron
ore. The ores, as a whole, are much richer and purer than the Coal-
measures ores in other parts of the country, and give this District an
enviable pre-eininence. The "Hanging Eock" iron, (for this name is
generally given to all the iron made south of the Hocking river,) is every-
where celebrated for its superior quality.

The first furnace in the Hanging Eock District was built in 1826, by
Messrs. Sparks, Means & Fair. It was called the Union Furnace, and
was situated about four miles back from the present village of Hanging
Eock. It is reported that it went iuto blast in 1827, and that the first
fire in it was kindled by Thos. W. Means, Esq., now the senior partner of
the firm of Means, Kyle & Co. That fire was kindled to some purpose, for
Mr. Means has lived to see nearly 50 furnaces in the Hanging Eock Iron
District.

It may not be without interest to know something of the details of the
working of one of the earlier furnaces. In the old Geological Eeport of
Ohio. Dr. Caleb Briggs, one of the assistant geologists, gives the follow-
ing statement, furnished him by Mr. McCollum, of the production and
materials used at the Clinton Furnace in a blast of 204 days, in 1836 :

"Charcoal 307,876 bushels.

Stone ooal 30,277 "

Limestone 260 tons.

Iron ore 2,54(5 "

Pigsmade 896 "

Average quantity per day 4t., 7 cwt., 3 qrs., 10 lbs.

Average stock used per day :

Charcoal 1,509 bushels.

Bituminous coal 148 "

Iron ore 12 1., 9 cwt.. 2 qrs., 12 lbs.

Limestone 1 1., 7 cwt., 1 qr., 22 lbs.

Average stock to make each ton of iron :

Charcoal 343f bushels.

Ore 2 1., 16 cwt., 3 qrs., 9 lbs.

Bituminous coal 33f bushels.

Limestone 6 cwt., 1 qr., 25 lbs.

Ore used in the blast 28,511,040 lbs.

Iron made 10,161,280 lbs.

Which is equal to a yield of 35.64 per cent."

218 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

Now the same old furnace makes 9 tons a day, and instead of using
313f bushels of charcoal, besides 38| bushels of bituminous coal, it uses
only 158 bushels of charcoal, without any bituminous coal. Many fur
naces make twice as much iron daily, and with even less coal per ton.
It is believed that our furnaces have not yefc reached the maximum limit
of production.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

219

IRON ORES. — TABLE I.

HYDEATBD SESQUIOXIDES.

Analyses by Prof. T. 6f. Wormley.

Specific gravity

2529

2.653

2.685

4.554

3.260

3.018

2.714

10 10
12.44
64.59
2.60
5 90
2.95
0.0
1.00
0.0
0.0

13.42
24.40
60.75

0.0
trace,
trace.

0.89

0.0
trace.

0.38

8.40

38.06

49.34

0.90

1.40

0.75

0.0

0.75

0.11

trace.

1.20
10.60
78.90
7.70
00
0.0
0.0
00
0.0
0.25

7.80
0.37

66.87

trace.
2.92
7 81

12.62
0.0
1.47

trace.

10.60
1.55

78,75
2.64
0.80
2.88
0.0
0.98
0.63
0.12

8.90

25.60

Sesquioxide of iron

59.03
*2.15

Oxide of manganese

Phosphate of lime

2.40
1.10
0.0

Phosphate of magnesia

Carbonate of magnesia

0.70
0.0
trace.

Total

Metallic iron

99.58
45.20

1.88

99.84
42.53
trace.

99.71
34.54

0.76

98.65

55.23

0.0

99.61

46.81

3.58

98.95
55.12

1.85

99.81

41.31

1.21

* Alumina, 1.56, and Phosphate of Alumina, 0.59.

No.

1. Ore, 2 m. S. W. of Jackson C. H.

2. Ore, Union Fur., Hocking Co. — " supposed to contain an excess of phosphorus.' '

3. Ore, G. M. Parsons, Jackson Co.

4. Ore from Jas. Dutton'a farm, Maxburg, Washington Co.

5. Ore frqm lands of Vinton Pur. Co. — rejected for phosphorus.

a it u it a a it

7, " Sour apple" ore, Great Vein Min. Co., Sunday Creek.

IRON ORES — TABLE II.

HYDRATED SESQUIOXIDES.

Analyses l>y Prof. T. £f. Wormley.

William Craig's upper layer, Vinton county

R. Tiinrna, Mc Arthur, Vinton county

Star Furnace, limestone ore, No. 1

Star Furnace, block ore, No. 3

Buckeye Furnace, "best limestone ore"

Buckeye Furnace, 'good limestone ore"

Buckeye Furnace, "dark red limestone ore"

Buckeye Furnace, "shaly limestone ore'

Patrick McAllister, Vinton Station, limestone ore, bottom

Patiiok McAllister, Vinton Station, limestone ore, middle

Patrick McAllister, Vinton Station, limestone ore, top

Patrick McAllister, Vinton Station, fine block ore

Patrick McAllister, Vinton Station, little fine block ore .*... ..

Patrick McAllister, Vinton Station, red block ore

Vesuvius Furnace, Lawrence county, limestone ore

Anthony's ore on Blue limestone

814
182
,268
774
,980
,868
,983
704
,709
30?
333
018
.287
,682
066

is
a

o
o

7.50
10.20
10.50
11.3d
10.4(
11.90

7.4(1
11.16

12.6;

8.9<

7.50

7.7E

11.61

8.7J

5.60

12.20

6.49

21.70

5.9(1

9.16

5.84

1.62

3.44

23.64

17.26

22.16

6.64

10.04

13.08

43.46

2.00

7.64

o
'a

83.74
65.00
79.70
74.63
79.40
72.61
87 .89
62.69
65.65
60.86
79.3?
78.74
72.43
45.95
77.70
72.20

0.70

0.20

0.04

1.20

0.40

0.0

O.Of

0.0

0.30

0.0

3.20

3
1

a
o
■a

trace.
0.95
1.15
1.15
1.90
1.05
0.10
0.07
1.40
3.95
1.75
1.7!
1.10
0.50
1.90
2.15

0.12
0.39
0.9?
0.52
0.40
9.75

trace.

trace.
0.55
0.12
2.95
0.0
0.55
0.2P
12.76
1.30

0.30
0.76
0.52
0.76
0.68
1.59
0.62
0.75
1.28
0.83
0.56
0.64
0.83
0.50
trace.
0.72

Oi
m
a
■a

0.95

0.0

0.38

0.83

064

0.46

0.41

0.7?

0.21

2.52

0.91

0.22

0.25

0.9:

0.0

0.83

"a
m

0.06
trace,
trace,
i race.

0.12

0.14
trace,
trace,

0.10
trace.

0.0

0.0
trace,
trace,
trace.

0.21

o
H

99.86
99.29
99.16
99.55
99.88
99.52
99 86
99.00
99.15
99.34
99.68
99.44
99.84

100.33
99 96

100.45

58.62
45.50
55.79
52.24
55.58
50.83
61.52
43.88
45.95
42.60
55.06
55.12
50.70
32.17
54.39
50.54

Q
02

o
a

IRON ORES — TABLE III.

CARBONATES OF IEON.
Analyses by Prof. T. G. Wormley.

a
o
.a

d
o

0>
CD

1
bo

B
Sao

-8

£n

■a

■s

•+^

TJl

Gephart's Station, ore in conglomerate shale

3.321

14.60

42.5?

10.50

1.50

trace.

13.40

10.04

2.73

0.0

4.65

100.00

26.69

6.14

Vinton Co., Hope Furnace lauds gray limestone ore

3.31?

18.17

64.70

9.18

0.60

0.40

0.24

4.60

1.97

0.10

0.0

:9.96

37.1f-

0.11

Lawrence Co., Vesuvius Furnace, gray limestone ore

3.439

26.32

40.91

24.3?

0.60

1.0E

trace.

4.20

2.6F

trace.

0.0

100.10

36.81

trace.

3.583
3.585
3.125

7.52

15.42

0.62

68.44
63 2?
58.39

13.51

7.72
22.79

0.59
0.75
3.03

0.14
1.55
3.10

0.76
0.87
1.24

6.12

5.40
6.00

2.11
3.44
3.12

0.15
0.12
0.95

0.0
1.10

99.3:
99.70
99.24

41.89
38.91
44.14

0.35

0.38

0.57

o
Q

a
F

3
o

to
to
Hi

to
to

IRON ORES. — TABLE IV.

CARBONATES OF IRON.

Analyses by Prof. T. O. Wormley.

d
o

a
■o

a!
to
<c

t*
®

a
o

o
o

=8
CI

o
si

'fi
&

a
1

i— i

B
o

-a

a
o

o
o
&

CD
O

o -

•■-1

Wm. Craig's ore, lower 5 in. of 15 in. seam, Vinton Co...

3.516

3.93

70.10

11. If

0.0

trace.

4.10

6.17

0.42

0.03

1.77

98.18

42.00

Gephart's Station, just above Conglomerate ore

3.000

57.58

10.2C

26.6f

trace.

0.70

trace.

0.48

0.07

0.0

4.10

99.87

23.62

3.169

11.47

64.0H

13^

trace

0.65

3.31

5.50

0.10

0.59

0.0

99.69

40.68

7.54

73.31:

9.6(

0.24

2 00

2.50

2.04

0.21

0.36

1.24

99.17

42.29

4.872

31.56

34.01

13.5f

2.60

0.45

, 9.25

10.40

0.89

0.12

3.2f

97.08

25.91

" Earthy blue Carbonate

3.375

8.84

55.99

13.91

0.30

0.55

4.70

2.38

0.53

8.33

3.33

98.86

36.77

3.245

23.36

48.44

13.1f

0.80

0.25

4.90

0.81

0.06

0.16

3.20

95.14

32.59

8.56

25.68

46.6E

1.00

1.45

3.57

5.60

0.38

2.53

4.38

99.80

45.09

o
t- 1
o

a
d

IKON ORES.— TABLE V.

CARBONATES OF IKON.

Analyses by Prof. T. G. Wormley.

o
t- 1
o
Q

m
SI

f5
o
u

a
o
u

-■d

<*H

O
4)

u
be
o

o
o

_o
'u

<3
O

■8
o

«3

P<
CD
O

<v
a

o
O

o
H

1. Henry Hazelton's, top layer

3.540

39.62

15.07

7.07

0.38

6 95

24.21

0.48

0.18

3.70

1.74

100.00

41.37

2. " " 2dlayer

3.833

40.67

8.54

0.54

1.06

1.33

21.72

20.80

0.75

0.40

4.14

100.00

37.59

3. " " 3d layer

4. Snow Fort— Jas. Hawkins, 9 feet

2.675

19.48

4.01

62.60

7.15

1.55

17.99

below Nelson ville coal

3.20C

37.22

3.64

1.20

0.60

2.40

2.16

18.82

27.00

4.40

2.56

loo.oo

31.50

5. Perry Co. — Ed. Damson's, top of

Maxville limestone

3.600
3.118

37.36

15.50

4.30

2.90

2.77

5.32

28.10

trace.

5.70

0.25

100.00

38.87

6. Perry Co. — Henry Welch, 2d layer

27.04

224 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Goals of the Lower Coal Measures.

The examinations made in 1870 have greatly added to our knowledge
of the coals of the Lower Coal Measures in the 2nd Geological District.

There are tour distinct fields in which we find coals of great purity
and excellence — viz. : on Elk Fork, in Vinton county ; in the vicinity of
Jackson, Jackson county; in Hamilton township, in same county; and
in Walnut township, Gallia county. Samples of coals from these locali-
ties were obtained, and subjected t© careful analysis by Prof. Wormley,

These analyses will be found in the accompanying table.

These coals are all rich in carbon, with, generally, very light ash,
and little sulphur. So far as determinations have been made these coals
ose in coking a large part of their sulphur. The " shaft coal" at Jack-
son, and the coal in Hamilton township, in Jackson county, are probably
the geological equivalents of the Briar Hill coal of Mahoning county.
The exact relation of the Elk Fork coal, Vinton county, to the underlying
Waverly could not be determined with certainty. In physical characters
it greatly resembles the Jackson shaft coal. The Anthony and Hill
seams, at Jackson, are above the horizon of the shaft seam. The Web-
ster coal, in Walnut township, Gallia county, is the equivalent of the
Sheridan coal, the place of which is 66 feet above the Ferriferous lime-
stone.

These seams of coal, with the Nelsonville or Straitsville seam, now
fully authenticated as well fitted for iron making and for gas of high
illuminating power, are destined to play a very important part in the
future history of Central and Southern Ohio. The coals of Vinton and
Jackson counties are in rich iron-ore districts, and the time is not far
distant when they will be largely used in the manufacture of iron. INo
one knows better than an intelligent geologist how very rare is a first-
class bituminous coal, one adapted to the higher purposes of iron and gas
making. The discovery of such a coal is no small addition to the wealth
of a State. Much credit is due to Prof. Wormley for the exceedingly
thorough and scientific chemical analysis of our coals. The fact which
he has entirely demonstrated, that the sulphur in many of our best coals
is not chiefly combined with iron but with the volatile portion of the coal,
and consequently passes off in coking, is one of the highest importance,
and may be regarded as one of the most valuable contributions ever made
by chemistry to economical geology. The bearings of this fact upon the
metallurgy of iron are apparent.

Since the Eeport of 1869 was prepared, some new investigations have
been made in the New Straitsville region, called for by the building of a

GEOLOGICAL STJKYEY OF OHIO. 225

branch railroad from Logan to that district, and the opening of several
extensive mines -where the seam of coal is from 10 to 11 feet thick. The
coal from this new mining district has been considerably used in the blast
furnace and in gas works. It was proper, therefore, that the coal from
this locality should be re-examined. Prof. Wormley and myself visited
the mines, and together selected samples of coal to represent different
portions of the seam from roof to floor. The results of the analysis of
these samples are given in Nos. 40, 41, 42 and 43 in the appended Table
of Analyses, page 231.

Some additional investigation was also made by Prof. Wormley of the
coal of the same seam, taken from the mines of W. B. Brooks, at Nelson-
ville. His more extended analyses are given in Nos. 44, 45 and 46 of the
same table. To these is added, in No. 47, a very full analysis of a sample
of the well-known Youghiogheny coal of Pennsylvania.

The coal from New Straitsville was found to contain, as the average of
four samples representing the whole seam, 0.79 per cent, of sulphur.
When reduced to coke, it was found that 0.657 per cent, had passed away
in the gasses, leaving only 0.134 per cent, in the coke. The percentage of
the coke represented by the residual sulphur is 0.173.

In the analysis of the two lower layers of the Nelsonville coal at Mr.
Brooks' mines (no determination was made of the upper layer of coal),
the loss of sulphur in coking is even more remarkable. Here the average
per cent, of sulphur in the coal is 0.69. Of this 0.649 per cent, passes off
in coking, leaving in the coke only an average oi 0.041 per cent. The
sulphur constitutes only 0.065 per cent, of the coke, considered as coke.
These are remarkably pure cokes, and present a marked contrast with
the cokes of many of the most celebrated coals of this country and of
Europe.

By reference to the analysis of the Youghiogheny coal, in No. 47 in the
table, it will be seen that of the 0.98 per cent, of sulphur in the coal, 0.66
per cent, remains in the coke. Here the percentage of the coke repre-
sented by sulphur is 0.81. The fuel most used in England for furnace
purposes is the coke of the South Durham coal-field. The famous Cleve-
land Iron District uses this coke exclusively, and in the West-Coast Iron
District of Cumberland and Lancashire it is also the chief fuel, although
mixed to limited extent with a Cumberland coke. The sulphur in the
coke of the South Durham coal is given by the English authorities as
0.60 per cent., and that of the coke of the Cumberland coal, 1.50 per cent.

From these facts it will be seen that the Straitsville and Nelsonville
coals do not contain sulphur enough to injure them for use in the blast
furnace. I have no doubt that there are areas in the coal-field where
15

226 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

there will be found more sulphur, for no seam of coal is everywhere free
from visible sulphur ; but it cannot be doubted that, as a rule, the coal
seam, where it is best developed in the Hocking, Monday Creek and
Sunday Creek Valleys, will serve an admirable purpose for iron-making.
The fact that the finest of No. 1 foundry iron has been made from this
coal proves conclusively the capabilities of the coal in this respect.

The New Straitsville Coal has been introduced into the Columbus Gas
Works as a gas coal. At first thought, the fact that the sulphur in the
coal passes off with the gas, a fact which fits the coal admirably for fur-
nace use, would militate against the idea of using the coal for gas mak-
ing. It is found, however, that the gas possesses such remarkable illum-
inating power as to more than compensate for the extra expense and
trouble of purifying it. The illuminating power of the gas, according
to the photometric tests of Prof. Wormley, the State Inspector of Gas,
ranges from 17 to 19 sperm candles, with an average of 18 candles. The
power of the gas from the Youghiogheny Coal, the standard gas-coal of
the Western States, is by the same tests from 13 to 15 candles. Mr.
Doty, the Superintendent of the Columbus Gas Works, states that by his
photometer, he also finds the illuminating power of the New Straitsville
gas to be on an average 18 candles, while the average of that of the gas of
the Youghiogheny Coal is but 14 candles. The great advantage in
brilliancy added to the comparative cheapness of the coal, will more than
counterbalance the other defects of the coal as a gas-coal.

Dip of the Coal Seam near Straitsville.

Through the kindness of Mr. C. E. Jennings, C. E., I have been fur-
nished with a . number of measurements of the elevation of this seam of
coal at several points above the base line of the Straitsville Branch Bail-
road, with the distances between the points. These data have enabled
Mr. A. G. Farr, of the Columbus High School, to determine the dip of
the coal seam in two triangles, each covering a considerable area. The first
triangle extends from a coal opening on the land of the Lancaster and
Straitsville Mining Company, south of the railroad, 6,100 feet to an
opening of the coal on the land of the Straitsville Mining Company, east
of the depot at New Straitsville, thence to an opening on the land of
I. Truax, 2,700 feet ; and thence to the place of starting, 5,300 ft. The plane
of the coal in this triangle dips south 54 deg. 13 min. east, at the rate of
42 feet 6 inches per mile.

The other triangle extends from the opening on the Truax, land, 3,600
feet to an opening on the land of Hosmer, Bear & Co., about half the
distance between New and Old Straitsville, thence 4,700 feet, to the
opening on the land of the Lancaster and Straitsville Mining Company,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 22C

and thence 5,300 feet to the stalling place on the Trnax land. This
triangle adjoins the other. The direction, of the liue of the greatest dip
is south 87 deg. 28 min. east, and the amount of dip, is 36 feet 6 inches
per mile.

These calculations made by Mr. Farr, show that the dip is irregular,
both in quantity and direction. I presume it would be impossible to find
over any considerable area in our coal fields a uniform dip. As a
rule the dip of strata is in a direction a little south of east. We often
find, however, over limited areas, a reversed dip.

I append a table of Prof. Worinley's analyses of the ashes of a few of
the coals of the 2nd District, with an added one of the ash of the Yonghio-
gheny coal. The Ohio coals show very little phosphorus, while the
Youghiogheny coal-ash contains 2.23 per cent., or in terms of the coal,
0.075 per cent.

In No. 5 of the table we have the analyses of the smallest ash yet
found in the 2nd District. It is the ash of the Sells coal, in Jackson
county, and amounts to only 0.77 per cent. It is very doubtful whether
this ash contains much more earthy matter than belonged to the ash of
the original vegetation constituting the coal.

It is an interesting fact that we find in all the ashes of coal yet exam-
ined, a notable quantity of the alkalies, (potash and soda). In the table
appended it will be seen that the alkalies range from 1 per cent, to 1.82
per cent, of the ash. This quantity must certainly have a good fertilizing
effect upon soils when int 'lligently applied. The alkalies are regarded
as specially adapted to aid the growth of potatoes and other root crops.

I append, also, a transcript of the Table of Ultimate Analyses of Ohio
coals, by Prof. Wormley. Several of these analyses refer to coals from
the 1st Geological District, but as Mr. Mendenhall has, in the very valu-
able and scientific paper on the Heating Powers of our Coals, which he has
been kind enough to prepare at my request, included these more northern
coals in his discussion, they are allowed to remain for the purpose of
reference.

The coals from the 2nd District have generally more combined water
than those from the 1st. This is a loss, but it is not strictly an impurity.
Hence for furnace uses, the water in the coal being driven off by the sur-
plus heat in the top of the stack, does no mischief. On the other hand,
many coals with high heating power, possess impurities, such as sulphur,
to the extent to unfit them fpr the blast furnace. They are, however,
very valuable coals for the generation of steam and domestic uses.
Hence the table of Heating Powers prepared by Mr. Mendenhall must be
used with an intelligent understanding of all the facts before we can de-
termine from them the uses to which a coal may be best applied.

TABLE VI-ANALYSES^OF COALS IK 2nd GEOLOGICAL DISTEICT.
.By Prof. T. &. Wormley.

10.

11.

12.

1.280

1.309

1.262

1.348

1.277

1.350

1.321

1.281

1.284

1.300

1.292

1.298

Water

7.50

1.60

32.20

58.70

5.40

6.20

28.20

60.20

6.80

1.50

30.80

60.90

5.10

9.25

27.50

58.1C

3.90

3.05

35.90

57.15

5.30

4.85

36.50

53.35

4.60
10.60
29.00
55.80

4.90

6.60

30.70

57.80

9.10

1.20

31.60

58.10

8.35

1.30

23.65

66.70

8.85

0.85

29.75

60.55

8.50

Ash

2 35

32.20

56.95

Total

100.
C.63

100.
0.66

100.
1.08

100.
1.11

100.
2.00

100.
1.31

100.
1.30

100.
0.65

100.
0.8?

100.
0.77

100.
0.67

100.

0.91

0.122

Cnbic feet permanent gas per lb. coal

Color of ash

3.11

yell'w

3.11
white.

2.75

2.92

3.24

2.92

2.99

3.05
fawD.

2.90
fawn.

2.98
br'wn

3.44

No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6.

Dr. Wolfe's coal, Elk Fork, Vinton county.

ti u «

Austin Thompson, Allensville, "
J. Coil, Richland township, "

R. P. Stokeley, Jackson tp., "

Cincinnati .Furnace, See. 3, Richland tp., Vinton county.

No. 7. Vinton Furnace, shaft coal, (near bottom) Vinton county.

No. 8. "" " (near middle) "

No. 9. Frank Scott, Pigeon creek, Jackson county (bottom.)

No. 10. " " " (middle.)

No. 11. " " " (top.)

No. 12. Jacob Sells, Pigeon creek, Jackson county (lower part.)

O
O

m
3

TABLE VI— ANALYSES OP COALS IN 2nd GEOLOGICAL DISTRICT— Continued.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

1.271

1.292

1.239

1.285

1.295

1.319

1.282

1.267

1296

1.336

1.2.81

1.415

Water

8.65

0.77

28.45

62.13

6.40

5 20

38 40

50.00

5.25

1.50

29.75

63.50

6.60

2.40

29.60

61.40

6.8C

3.5C

30.80

58.90

8.40

8 00

25.60

58.00

7.75

2.03

31.27

58.95

7.50

4.10

30.90

57.50

3.70

5.0,'

28.11

63 15

7.60

3.79

30.96

57.65

8.70

150

28.30

61.60

2.25

Ash

23.00

34 75

Fixed carbon

40.00

Total ,

100.

0.6S
0.30

100.
1.27

100.

0.98
0.37
0.57

100,
0.70

100.
0.9t,

100.

0.82

100.
0.53

100.

0.74
0.22
34
0.102
2.51

100.
1.40

100.
0.49

100.

0.57
0.43
0.68
0.102
2.67

100.

0r»2
3.44

3*44

3.00

3.16

3.32

2.83

2.67

2 19

No. 13. Jacob Sells, Pigeon ereek, Jackson Co. (upper under cannel.)
No. 14. " " " (caunel on top of seam.)

No. 15. Anthony coal, Lick township, Jackson Co.

No. 16. Petrea Coal Co., " " (bottom of seam.)

No. 17. " " " (middle of seam.)

No. 18. " " " (top of seam.)

No. 19.
No. 20.
No. 21.
No. 22.
No. 23.
No. 24.

"Shaft coal," Fulton shaft, Jackson C. H.

Star " "

Lowest coal. Pine Hill, Lick township, Jackson Co.

" Hill coal," Stephenson's bank, Lick township, Jackson Co.

" « « «

Cannel coal, Lick township, Jackson Co.

TABLE VI.— ANALYSES OF COALS IN 2nd GEOLOGICAL DISTRICT— Continued.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

G2.

33.

34.

35.

36.

1.281

1,317

1.298

1.296

1.276

1.319

1.275

1.301

1.333

1.347

1.384

1.345

5.50

2.46

35.44

56.60

7.40

4.31

35.00

53.29

8.55

5.20

25.25

61.00

5.30

3.10

32.60

59.00

4.30

6.25

37.70

51.75

4.40

5.75

34.20

55.65

5.05

1.80

33.35

59.80

5.65

4.20

32.65

57.50

5.65

6.75

35.15

52.45

5.15

9.90

36.85

48.10

5.35
15.90
32.05

48.80

3.45

Ash

Volatile matter

6.40
36.75

Fixed carbon .

53.40

Total

100.
0.91

100.
2.73

100.
0.5S-

100.

0,78

100.
1.25

100.
0.63

100.
1.00

100.
1.89

100.
1.35

100.
2.28

100.
2.22

100.

Snlphnr

2.55

Cubic feet permanent gas per lb. coal

3.24

white.

yell'w

white.

3.48
white.

2.97
white.

3.32

white.

3.40
white.

3.16

Color of ash

No. 25. Austin's Shaft, Milton township, Jackson county.

(t Og i< ti u <1 1< u

" 27. Enoch Canter, Hamilton. Jackson county.

" 28. Jackson Furnace lauds, Hamilroii, Jackson county.

" 29. Cannel coal, on top of J. Gillilaud's seam, Hamilton, Jack-
son county.

'■ 30. Steven's Cut, Harrison township, .Scioto county.

No. 31. Sheridan coal, Lawrence county — (near bottom). .
" 32. " " " " (S up fioni bottom).

" 33. Oak Eidge, Lawrence county — (bottom lower seam).
" 34. " " " (upper part lower seam).

'' 35. " " " (upper bench above parting).

" 36. Haskin's coal, Greasy Ridge, Lawrence county.

2
t

tr>'
xn-

Is)

O
«

TABLE VI.— ANALYSES OF COALS IN 2nd GEOLOGICAL DISTRICT— Continued.

37..

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

1.307

1.295

1.309

1.260

1.281

1.262

.1276

1.285

1.272

1.284

1.30

4.05
7.60

6.00

4.65

31.20

58.15

5.15

4.60

29.65

60.60

7.70

2.60

30.70

59.00

7.40

2.95

29.20

60.45

7.20

5.15

30.10

57.55

5.30

7.95

31.00

55.75

6.20

2.70

31.30

59.80

6.65

1.90

33.05

58.40

5.00

9.05

32.80

53.15

0.90

Ash -

3.35

28.90

54.00

66.85

Total :

100.
1.15

100.
0.86

100.

0.82
0.07

0.11

100.

0.49
0.082

0.133

100.

0.93
O.Olf

0.02S

100.

0.57
0.26

0.41

100.

1.18
0.082

0.128

0.742
3.01

100.

0.97
0.082

0.13

100.

0.41
trace.

trace.

100.

0.94
undeter-
mined,
undeter-
mined.

100.

0.98

0.66

0.81

0.086

3.48

3.07

3.24

3.51

3.11

3.08

3.36

gray.

yellow.

gray.

o
o

a
d

No. 37. Jacob Webster, Walnut tp., Gallia Co. (top, 9 in.) No. 43.

" 38. •' " " " " (middle. 9 in.) " 44.

" 39. " " " " " (lower layer, 4 ft. 3 in.) " 45.

" 40. New Straitsville, Perry cotmty flower laver.) " 46.

" 41. " " " (middle layer.) " 47.
" 42. " " " (lower part upper layer.)

New Straitsville, Perry county (upper part upper layer.)
W. B. Brooks, Nelson ville (lower.)
" " (middle.)

" (top.)

Youghiogheny coal, Pa., Columbus Gas Works.

be
w
*9

TABLE VII.— COMPOSITION OF ASHES OF COALS IN 2nd GEOLOGICAL DISTRICT.

By Prof. T. G. Wormlej.

No.

Per cent,
ash.

Per cent,
coal.

Per ceDt.
ash.

Per cent,
coal.

Per cent,
ash.

Per ceDt.
coal.

Per cent,
ash.

Per cent.
coal.

Per cent.
ash.

Per cent.
coal.

Silicic acid

58.75
2.09

35.30
1.20
0.68
1.08
0.13
24
0.41
trace.

3.026
0.103
1.819
0.062
0.035
0.056
0.007
0.013
0.022
trace.

55.10

13.33

27.10

1.85

0.27

1.00

0.41

0.58

0.22

trace.

4.380
1.060
2.155
0.147
0.022
0.079
0.033
0.046
0.018
trace.

49.10
3.68

38.60
4.53
0.16
1.10
2.23
0.07
0.14
trace.

1.645
0.123
1.293
0.152
0.005
0.037
0.075
0.002
0.005
trace.

44.60
7.40

41.10
3.61
1.23
1.82
0.29
0.58
0.03

1.048
0.174
0.965
0.085
0.030
0.043
0.007
0.014.
0.0007

37..40
9.73

40.77
627
1.60
1.29
0.51
1.99
0.08

0.28880

0.0749

0.3139

0.0483

Magnesia

0.0123

0099

Phosphoric acid

0.0039

Sulphuric acid

0.0153

Sulphur combined

0.0006

Total

99.88

5.148

99.86

7.940

99.61

3.337

100.71

2.3667

99.64

0.7670

No. 1. New Straitsville coal, lower part of upper layer.
" 2. New Straitsville coal, upper part of upper layer.
" 3. Youghiogheny coal, Pa., Columbus Gas Works.

' No. 4. Lower part of Jacob Sells' coal, Jackson county.
" 5. Upper part of Jacob Sells' coal, Jackson county.

TABLE VIII.— ULTIMATE ANALYSES OF COALS.
By Prof. T. G. Wormley.

81.24
5.71
1.72
0.98
8.55
1.80

10.

11.

12.

Carbon

75.00
5.80
1.51
0.64

15.9(5
1.09

73.80
5.79

1.5a

0.41

16.58

1.90

71.4r
5.47

1.26

0.57

16.07

5.15

81.27
5.66
1.66
0.98
7.08
3.35

70.46
5.69
1.82
0.91

18.77
2 35

73.48
5.4)-

1.40

0.6t-

18.19

0.77

79.28
5.92
1.62
2.00
6.18
5.00

78.9!
5.9-
1..!*-
0.56

11.50
1.45

50.56
6.43
1.23
0.33

34.85
6.60

82.31
0.55
0.00
2.24
0.00

14.90

70.42

6.50

Sulphur

1.65
1.34

Oxygen

6.89

Ash

13.20

Total

100.

5.30
0.59
4.71

100.

6.65
0.74
5.91

100.

7.20
0.80
6.40

100.

0.90
0.10
0.S0

100.

8.50
0.94
7.56

100.

8.65
0.96
7.69

100.

1.40
0.15
1.25

100.

2.47
0.27
2.20

100.

1.40
0.15
1.25

100.

10.40
1.15
9.25

100.

0.00
0.00
0.00

100.

2.60

0.29

compose* of.... ? *» :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

2.31

No. 1.^ Middle layer, Hayden's coal.

" 2. ~ Middle layer, Brooks' coal.

" 3. New Straitsville, below middle of upper layer.

" 4. Youghiogheny, Pa., coal, Columbus Oas Works.

" 5. Lower part Jacob Sells' coal, Jackson county.
J' 6. Upper part Jacob Sells' coal, Jackson county.

No. 7. Jay, Root & Burnett's mine."

" 8. Briar Hill, Youngstown.

" 9. Shaft coal, Steubenville.

" 10. Peat, Summit county.

" 11. Coke, Big Vein coal, Salineville.

" 12. Judge Ban's cannel coal, Flint Eidge.

i
O

w
O

234 GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY OF OHIO.

Statistics of Iron in 2d District.
I am indebted to Col. Wm, M. Bolles, of Portsmouth, for the following :

TODB.

Charcoal pig iron from Ohio furnaces in the Hanging Rock Iron District

in 1870 73,018

Bituminous coal pig iron from same district 14,269

Total 87,287

A ton— 2268 lbs.

For list of furnaces in the 2d Geological District, see Eeport of Pro-
gress for 1869, p. 133.

To this number there has been added a stone-coal furnace, built at
Columbus, belonging to the Columbus Iron Company. This company
uses the Sfraitsville coal with entire satisfaction, and makes with it No. 1
foundry iron. I append the following statistics of the structure, etc., of
this furnace, kindly furnished by Mr. S. Baird, President of the company:

Columbus Iron Company, 8. Baird, President. Statistics of Furnace.

Feet. Inches.

Height of stack 61

Diameter at top of boshes 14 6

Diameter of hearth — top _ 6

" bottom 6

Height of hearth 6

Six twyers, diameter of do , -•- . 4

Twyers enter hearth above bottom 3 10

Capacity of furnace, 30 tons a day.

Quality of iron, No. 1 foundry and No. 1 mill.

Uses Straitsville coal — the whole seam.

Uses Lake Superior and native Ohio ores, from Frayzeesburg, (limonite,) Gore,

(limonite,) and Fort Washington, (black band).
Pressure of blast, 2^ pounds.
Temperature of blast not known.

Statistics of the production of Salt in the 2d District for 1870.

ATHENS COUNTY.

I am indebted to Hon. J. L. Kessinger, Collector of U. S. Internal
Bevenue fcr the 15th District of Ohio, for the following statistics of salt
production in Athens county for 1870 :

Barrels.

Hocking Valley Coal and Salt Co., (salt works at Chauncey) 11,863

M. M. Greene &Co., (salt works at Salina) 11,240

Joseph Herrold, (salt works in Athens township) 10,000

PrudenBros., (salt works in Canaan township,) 4,008

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 235

MOKGA.N COUNTY.

No definite statistics have been received from this county for 1870.
Probably the production was a little less in 1870 than iu some former
years. In 18G7 the exact production, as given by W. W. McCarty,
Deputy Collector U. S. Eevenue, was 25,356 barrels.

MUSKINGUM COUNTY.

No statistics Lave been received from this county. The production iu
1870 was probably a little less than 20.000 barrels.

GUERNSEY COUNTY

E. M. Scott, Centre township, manufactures " 40 barrels a day."

MEIGS COUNTY.

No statistics of the salt production have been received from Meigs
county for the year 1870. The production in 1869 was 1,866,690 bushels
from 9 salt furnaces.

The statistics of the production of coal in the 2d District for the year
1870 have not been received.

E. B. ANDREWS,

Assistant Geologist.

DISCUSSION OF THE HEATING POWERS OF SOME OHIO COALS,

BY t. c. mendenhall,

Data.

Calorific power of Hydrogen 34462

" " Carbon 8080

" " Sulphur 2221

Specific heat of Carbonic acid 2164

" " Nitrogen 244

" " Wateryvapor 4805

" " Sulphurous acid 1554

Latent heat of steam 537° C

Parts nitrogen to one of oxygen in air (by weight) 3.314

Weight of 100 cubic inches of air 31 grs.

In order to estimate correctly the heating values of various fuels, it
would be necessary to undertake and complete an extensive series of ex-
periments, involving much time and great expense. This has been done
in two instances; in 1844, on the part of the United States Government,
under the supervision of Prof. W. E. Johnson ; and iu 1848, by the Brit-
ish Government, under the care of Dr. Lyon Playfair and Sir Henry
De Le Beche. These experiments were undertaken in the main, in the
interests of the Departments of the Navy, and were conducted, princi-
pally, with a view to the selection of the most available coals for the use
of the Government steam vessels.

The reports of the results of these experiments, which were managed with
great skill and care, are, perhaps, the most complete records we have of any
experimental treatment of this subject; and, although recently our engineers
have contrived many new and greatly improved methods for the thorough
consumptions of coals, these results are highly valuable as a means of
testing our formula} expressing the relation of their heating powers to
their ultimate constitution. The State of Ohio has not, iu connection
with the Geological Survey which is now in progress, assumed an experi-
mental discussion of the products of its vast coal fields, and in the many
trials made by Prof. Johnson previous to 1844 none were of Ohio coals.
At the request of Prof. B. B. Andrews, the writer has attempted the com-
putation of the heating and thermometric powers of several specimens of

GEOLOGICAL SUEVET OP OHIO. 237

Ohio coals, basing it upon the proportion of combustible elements in each
pound of coal, as determined by the ultimate analyses of Prof. Wormley.
A method for the determination of the heating power of fuels, at one
time much in favor, is known as the lead test. This was introduced
by Berthier, and is founded on the erroneous theory of Welter, that the
quantity of heat developed by the combustion of bodies is proportional
to the amount of oxygen assimilated. The heating power of hydrogen is
expressed by the number 34462, and that of carbon by 8080 ; the lormer
consumes precisely three times as much oxygen in its combustion as the
latter, whereas, its heating power is more than four times as great. Other
exceptions to the rule might be adduced. In the preparation of the tabu-
lar results appended, the formulae made use of are generally those recom-
mended by Cooke, Muspratt, Bunsen, and other authorities upon this sub-
ject, and it is thought that the results are as approximately correct as is
at present possible. A somewhat detailed description of the plan pur-
sued may be of interest to those not familar with processes of a like na-
ture.

The elements in the composition of our coals which, in their combus-
tion, produce heat are carbon, hydrogen and sulphur, the latter appearing
only in small quantities and being ot feeble calorific power. Determina-
tions of the amount of heat evolved in the process of combustion of one
pound of each of these elements have been made by many chemists,
among whom may be named, Lavoisier, Dalton, Davy, Dulong, Despretz,
and more recently by Andrews, Founty.
" 2. Sec. on land of John Backus, Starr township, Hocking county.
' 3. Sec. on land of Matthew D. Wolf, Starr township, Hocking county.
" 4. Sec. on land of Hocking Coal, Coke and Mining Co., York township, Athens

county.
" 5. Sec. on land of J. W. Hes, Section 19, Washington township, Hocking

county.
" 6. General section on Meeker's run, York township, Athens county.
" 7. Sec. on land of Leander Emerine, Section 21, Washington township, Hock-
ing county.
" 8. Sec. on land of Robert Gordon, Section 21, Washington township, Hocking

county.
" 9. Sec. on land of Henry Trimmer, Section 30, Washington township, Hocking

county.
" 10. Sec. on land of Philip Johnson, Section 34, Washington township, Hock-
ing county.
" 11. Sec. on land of Jacob Werheim, south-west part York township, Athens

county.
" 12. Sec. on land of Jacob Bauersack, south-west part York township, Athens

county.
" 13. Sec. on land of Charles French, Waterloo township, Athens county.
" 14. Sec. on land of E. J. Brandenberg, Section 19, York township, Athens

county.
" 15. Sec. en land of Southern Ohio Coal Co., Carbondale, Section 36, Waterloo

township, Athens county.
" 16. Sec. on land of George Carter, Section 30, Waterloo township, Athens

county.
" 17. Sec. on land of J. F. Sheffield, Section 30, Waterloo township, Athens county.
" 18. Sec. at Mineral City, Waterloo township, Athens county.
" 19. Sec. near King's Switch, M. & C. R. R., Waterloo township, Athens county
" 20. Sec. at King's Switch, M. & C. R. R., Waterloo township, Athens county.
" 21. Sec. at Moonville Station, M. & C. R. R., feown township, Vinton county.
" 22. Sec. at Brewer's Cut, M. & C. R. R., Brown township, Vinton county.
" 23. General section on Hope Furnace lands, Brown township, Vinton county.
' 24. General section at Zaleski, Madison township, Vinton county.

Section 25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 245

Sec. at Henry Packard's mill, Section 35, Knox township Vinton county.
Sec. at George Brown's hill, Section 1, Richland township, Vinton county.
Sec. on land of R. P. Stokely, Section 5, Jackson township, Vinton county.
Sec. on land of Matthew Hanna, Section 9, Richland township, Vinton

county.
Sec. on land of Mr. Zeigler, Richland township, Vinton county.
Sec. on land of Doctor Andrew "Wolfe, ("Speed place,") Section 16, Elk

township, Vinton county.

246 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

MAP II.

VINTON AND JACKSON COUNTIES.

Section 1. Sec. on land of Doctor Andrew Wolfe, Section 8, Elk township, Vinton
county.

" 2. Sec. on land of Austin Thompson, Section 16, Richland township, Vinton
county.

" 3. Sec. on land of Joseph Kaler, Sec. 8, Elk township, Vinton county.

" 4. Sec. on land of E. P. Bothwell, Section 1, Richland township, Vinton county.

" 5. Sec. on land of John Coil, Section 29, Richland township, Vinton county.

" 6. Sec. on land of John S. Dillon, Section 17, Elk township, Vinton county.

" 7. Sec. on land of Thomas B. Davis, one-half mile north-west of McArthur,
Elk township, Vinton county.

" 8. Sec. on land of John Huhn, Section 30, Elk township, Vinton county.

" 9. Sec. on land of Vinton Furnace Co., Section 15, Elk township, Vinton
county.

" 10. Sec. on land of William Huggins, Section 14, Elk township, Vinton county.

" 11. Sec. on land of William Gold, Section 22, Elk township, Vinton county.

" 12. Sec. on land of Conrad Schmidt, Section 27, Elk township, Vinton county.

" 13. Sec. on land of J. Shockey, Section 27, Elk township, Vinton county.

" 14. Sec. at ore diggings, of P. McAllister, Vinton Furnace Station Elk town-
ship, Vinton county.

" 15. A combination section, Vinton Furnace lands, Madison township, Vinton
county.

" 16. Sec. near Vinton Furnace, Madison township, Vinton county.

" 17. Sec. on land of Otho L. Marfield, Section 27, Elk township, Vinton county.

" 18. Sec. on land of Richard Timms, McArthur Station, Clinton township, Vin-
ton county.

" 19. Sec. on land of Winthrop Sargeant's heirs, Vinton township, Vinton, county.

" 20. Sec. of Maxville Limestone, Reed's mill, (Hamden), Clinton township, Vin-
ton county.

" 21. Sec. at Eakin's mill, Section 4, Vinton township, Vinton county.

" 22. Sec. on land of William Craig, Section 8, Clinton township, Vinton county.

" 23. Sec. on land of Ephraim Robbins, one-half mile west of Hamden, Washing-
ton township, Jackson county.

" 24. Sec. on land of Eagle Furnace, Section 33, Vinton township, Vinton county.

'• 25. Sec. near railroad bridge, north-east of Hamden, Clinton township, Vinton
county.

" 26. Sec. near Hamden Furnace Company Section 21, Clinton township, Vinton
county.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 247

MAP III.

JACKSON COUNTY.

Section 1. Sec. on land of Lincoln Furnace Company, Section 35, Milton township,

Jackson county.
" 2. Sec. on land of H. F. Austin, Section 7, Milton township, Jackson county.
" 3. " " _ Frank Scott, Section 33, Washington township, Jackson

county.
" 4. Sec. on land of Latrobe Furnace Company, Section 21, Milton township,

Jackson county.
" 5. Sec. on- land of Capt. B. F. Stearns, Section 19, Milton township, Jackson

county.
" 6. Sec. on land of Jacob Sells, Section 22, Washington township, Jackson county.
" 7. " " Buckeye Furnace Company, Section 28, Milton township,

Jackson county.
" 3. Sec. of Conglomerate, Pigeon creek, Section 29, Washington township,

Jackson eounty.
" 9. See. on Pigeon creek, Section 29, Washington township, Jackson county.
" 10. Sec. on land of Joseph Pheteplace, Section 13, Milton township, Jackson

county.
" 11. Sec. at Hartley's Mill, Seetion 24, Wilkesville township, Vinton county.
" 12. Sec. of Conglomerate on Salt creek, Col. W. M. Bolles' land, Liberty town-
ship, Jackson county.
" 13. Sec. on land of W. H. Pearce, Section 7, Lick township, Jackson county.
" 14. " " Mr. Hawk, Section 22, Wilkesville township, Vinton county.

" 15. See. on Section 10, Wilkesville township, Vinton county.
"" 16. See. in vicinity of above, Wilkesville township, Vinton county.
" 17. Sec. on land of Samuel Anthony, Section 7, Lick township, Jackson county.
" 18. " " " Charles McKinniss, Section 6, Lick township, Jackson county.
" 19. " " George M. Parsons, " 6, " . u "

" 20. " " Samuel Anthony, " 7, " " "

" 21. See. at Bartlett's coal bank, Buffalo Skull creek, Lick township, Jackson

county.
" 22. Sec. at Downey's coal bank, B-offalo Skull creek, Lick township, Jackson

county.
" 23. Sec. on land of Mr. Lively, Seetion 10, Lick township, Jackson county.
" 24. " " A.Brown, " 10, " "

" 25. " " Petrea Coal Company, Lot 27, Lick township, Jackson

county.
■" 26. " " Charles Walden, Section 15, Lick township, Jackson county.

" 27. " " Charles Walden, " " "

" 28. Sec. near Young America Furna«e, Lot 3, Lick township, Jackson county.
" 29. Sec. on land of John Hope, Section 8, " " "

** 30. " " Mr. Haldeman, Lot 17, •" " "

" 31. " " Mj. Van Fossan, Lot 13, " " "

" 32. ■" " Mr. McKittxick, Lot 44, " " '

248 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Sec. of Orange Furnace shaft, Jackson, Lick township, Jackson county.

Sec. of slope of Kyle, Brown & Co., Jackson, " " "

Sec. of Keystone Furnace Company, Section 12, Bloomfield township, Jack-
son county.

Sec. of Star Furnace shaft, Jackson, Lick township, Jackson county.

Sec. on land of Keystone Furnace Company, Section 7, Huntington town-
ship, Gallia county.

Sec. of Fulton Furnace shaft, Jackson, Lick township, Jackson county.

Sec. on land of Madison Furnace Company, Section 5, Madison township,
Jackson county.

Section 33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38:

39.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. "249

MAP IV.

JACKSON, GALLIA, SCIOTO AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES.

Section 1. Sec. on land of Monroe Furnace Company, Jefferson township, Jackson
eounty.
" 2. Sec. on land of Jefferson Furnace Company, Sec. 14, Jefferson township,
Jackson county.

3. Sec. on land of Enoch Canter, Sec. 24, Hamilton township, Jackson county.

4. " " Jackson Gilliland, Sec. 26, Hamilton township, Jackson
county.

5. Sec. on land of Gallia Furnace Company, Sec. 16, Greenfield township, Gallia
county.

6. Sec. on Dry Ridge South-east Gallia Furnace, Greenfield township, Gallia
township.

7. Sec. on the land of Jackson Furnace .Company, Sec. 34, Hamilton township,
Jackson county.

8. Sec. on land of Henry Schump, Sec. 6, Bloom township, Scioto county.

9. " " Jacob Webster, Sec. 19, Walnut township, Gallia county.

10. " " Scioto Furnace Company, Sec. 10, Bloom township, Scioto
county.

11. Sec. on land of Scioto Furnace Company, Bloom township, Scioto county.

12. " " Olive " " Sees. 34 and 35, Washington town-
ship, Lawrence county.

13. Sec. on land of Olive Furnace Company,Secs. 34 and 35, Washington town-
ship, Lawrence county.

14. Sec on land of Scioto Furnace Company, Sec. 28, Bloom township, Scioto
connty.

15. Sec. at Steven's cut., M. & C. R. R., Sec. 36, Harrison township, Scioto
county.

16. Sec. on land of Howard Furnace Company, Sec. 12, Vernon township, Scioto
county.

17. Sec. on land of Howard Furnace Company, Vernon township, Scioto eounty.

18. Sec. on land of Harrison Furnace Company, Sec. 24, Clay township, Scioto
county.

19. Sec. on land of Harrison Furnace Company, Harrison township, Scioto
county.

20. Sec. on land of Empire Furnace Company, Vernon township, Scioto county.

qj u u a a tt u

22. on Sec. 6, Porter township, Scioto county.

23. " " of Empire Furnace Company, Vernon township, Scioto county.

24. " " Clinton Furnace Company, Sec. 25, Vernon township, Scioto
county.

25. See. on land of Buckhorn Furnace Company, Sec. 9, Decatur township, Law-
re ace county.

250 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

Section 26. Sec. on land of Mt. Vernon Furnace Company, Sec. 22, Decatur township,
Lawrence county.

" 27. Sec. on land of Centre Furnace Company, Sec. 31, Decatur township, Law-
rence county.

" 28. Sec. on land of Lawrence Furnace Company, Sec. 16, Elizabeth township,
Lawrence county.

" 29. Sec. on land of Etna Furnace Company, Sees. 21 and 16, Elizabeth township,
Lawrence county.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 251

MAP V.

SCIOTO AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES.

Section 1. Sec. on land of Ohio Furnace Company, Green township, Scioto county.

" 2. " Sec. 9, Lawrence township, Lawrence county.

" 3. " land of Franklin Furnace, Lot 21, French Grant, Green township,

Scioto county.

" 4. Sec. on land of Elias Clark, Sec. 3, Lawrence township, Lawrence county.

" 5. " Sec. 32, Aid township, Lawrence county.

" 6. " Sec. 16, Upper township, Lawrence county.

" 7. " Oak Ridge, Sec. 22, Aid township, Lawrence county.

" 8. • " land of Pine Grove Fnrnace Compauy, Elizabeth township, Law-
rence county.

" 9. Sec. on Sec. 19, Mason township, Lawrence county.

" 10. Sec. at Marion, Sec. 36, Aid township, Lawrence county.

" 11. Sec. on land of New Castle Coal mines, Hamilton township, Lawrence
county.

" 12. Sec. at Rock Camp, Sec. 28, Perry township, Lawrence county.

" 13. " " Vesuvius Furnace Company, Sec. '26, Elizabeth township,

Lawrence county.

" 14. Sec. on land of Hecla Furnace Company, Sec. 14, Upper township, Lawrence
county.

" 15. Sec. on land of Roswell Chatfield, Sec. 18, Perry township, Lawrence county.

" 16. " " Mr. Howell, 1£ miles north Hecla Furnace, Upper township ,

Lawrence county.

'' 17. Sec. on land of Stephen Chatfield, Sec. 17, Perry township, Lawrence county.

" 18. Sec. opposite Ashland, Ky., Sec. 2, " "

" 19.. Sec. on land of Mrs. Israel, Sec. 1, " "

" 20. " Ohio river hills, Sec. 2, " "

" 21. Sec. at Sheridan Coal Company's mine3, Sec. 18, Perry township, Law-
rence county.

" 22. Sec. on land of Mr. Bruce, Sec. 8, Perry township, Lawrence county.

" 23. " Winters' hill, Sec. 8, " "

" 24. Sec. at Greasy Ridge, Sec. 10, Mason township, Lawrence county.

" 25. Sec. on land of William Haskins, Sec. 24, Mason township, Lawrence county ■

" 26. " Winters' hill, Sec. 8, Perry township, Lawrence county.

" 27. " land of Esquire Keeny, f mile below Unionville, Union township

Lawrence county.

" 28. Sec. at Unionville, Union township, Lawrence county.

'■ 29. Sec. on land of Mr. Keeny, Leatherwood creek, Sec. 6, Union township, Law-
rence county.-

" 30. Sec. on land of John Ferguson, Sec. 4, Fayette township, Lawrence county.

" 31. " " Capt. Gillett, Sec. 22, Rome township, Lawrence county.

PART III.

THE GEOLOGY OF HIGHLAND COUNTY,

BY EDWAED OETOK,

ASSISTANT GEOLOGIST.

Dr. J. S. NewbeKRY, Chief Geologist :

Sie : — I beg leave to submit the following Report on the Geology of Highland County,

and on the Cliff Limestone of Highland and Adams counties, as a contribution to the

Report of Progress for 1870.

My field-work, during the past year, was principally devoted to the eastern' counties

of my district, the early part of the summer being spent in completing the outlines of

the great formations for the geological map of the State, and the remainder of the

season being spent in a detailed study of Highland and adjacent counties.

With great respect,

"Very truly yours,

EDWARD ORTON,

Assistant State Geologist,

In charge of 3d District.
February 26th, 1871,

COUNTY
OH TO .

0° /c&

a. ./.

ROSS Co.

PIKE Co.

THE GEOLOGY OF HIGHLAND COUNTY.

BY EDWABD ORTON, Assistant Geologist.

CHAPTER I.

Highland county is bounded on the north by Clinton and Fayette coun-
ties, on the east by Boss and Pike, on the south by Adams and Brown,
and on the west by Brown and Clinton. Its physical features and its agri-
cultural capacities are very closely connected with the various rock-form -
tions that underlie it. In these respects, it is in striking contrast with
the counties immediately north of it, where the rocky floor of the country
is so deeply covered with beds of drift as to be removed from any but
the most general influence on the surface.

Among the physical features of Highland county that are directly de-
pendent on its rock-formations are these : the relative elevations of its
various sections ; the nature of the surface, whether broken or level ; the
kinds of vallesy which the streams have wrought, whether broad and
shallow, or narrow and deep; the natural drainage,. whether prompt and
efficient, or dilatory and inadequate.. When, in addition to these points,
the soil itself is found dependent, in good measure, on the rocks for its
constitution, it can be readily understood that a geological examination
and report will involve a presentation of all the conspicuous geographical
and agricultural features of the county.

The geological series represented in Highland county is more extensive
than is to be found in any other county of the State. Beginning with the
upper beds of the Cincinnati group, the lowest and oldest of the rocks of
Ohio, it includes the Clinton, Niagara and Helderberg limestones, the
Huron shales, more familiarly known as the black slate, and the Wav-
erly sandstone; By a comparison of this series with the tabular view of
the rocks of the State, it will be seen that all of the great divisions of
geological time which are represented in Ohio, find a place also in High-
land county. These great divisions are, in ascending order, Lower Silur-
ian, Upper Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous. To the Carboniferous
series, the Waverly sandstone belongs, the Huron shale to the Devonian .
the Helderberg, Niagara and Clinton limestone, are ©f Upper Silurian age,

256 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

while the Cincinnati group represents the Lower Silurian. It is also
worthy of note that this whole series can be traversed at certain points
within the limits of the county in the space of four or five miles. The
south eastern corner of Highland county and the northern and eastern
portions of Adams county are the only sections of the State in which
so concise an exhibition of its great formations is afforded, and these
regions are therefore sure to become classic ground to students of the
geology of Ohio.

The maximum thickness of the above named formations within the
limits of the county is approximately as follows.

Feet.

Cincinnati group * 100

Clinton limestone 50

Niagara series ^ 275

Helderberg limestone 100

Huron shale (black slate) 250

Waverly Sandstone 100

Total section 875

The accompanying diagram — Figure'l — -is designed to represent to the
eye this series of facts, but it must be understood that the section is ideal
to this extent- — viz. : that there is no one point in the county where all
the formations attain their maximum thickness. The Helderberg lime-
stone, for instance, attains its maximum thickness at Greenfield. The
Niagara series is in greatest force at Hillsboro and at the mouth of the
Rocky Fork of Paint Creek. The maximum thickness of the Clinton
limestone, again, is attained on the south-eastern border of the county.
A number of actual sections, obtained in different portions of the county,
will be found in the succeeding pages of this report.

The strata of Highland county are nowhere horizontal, but uniformly
slope to the eastward and northward — the dip sometimes amounting to
25 feet to the mile. This fact is of fundamental importance in the geo-
logical structure of this region, and needs to be kept constantly in view
by all who would gain an intelligent comprehension of this structure. A
stratum that enters the county on the westward, would, if followed to the
eastern boundary, be found from 400 feet to 500 feet below the level at
which it was first marked. For example, the grade of the railroad in the
village of Lynchburg, on the western side of the county, is 1,001 feet
above the sea-level, and the grade at Marshall Station, on the abandoned
line of the Hillsboro & Cincinnati railroad eastward from Hillsboro, is
1,011 feet above the same level. The geological position of Lynchburg i
in the uppermost beds of the Cincinnati group, while Marshall is at, or

GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF OHIO. ,257

near the summit .of the Niagara series. Between these two points, in the
geological scale of the county, there are interposed at least 300 feet of
rocks, and yet Marshall has no greater elevation than Lynchburg. Its
higher place in the geological scale is just counterbalanced by the east-
ward dip of the strata. These facts are represented in the accompanying
diagrams—Figure 2.

In Figure 3, a general section of the formations of the county is repre-
sented — such a section as would be obtained by passing from west to
east across the county through Hillsboro. The section exhibits the suc-
cession of the formations, their proportional breadth, and — in a gen-
eral way — their dip and the varying elevations of the surface, but the
figure possesses no minute degree of accuracy. The Blue limestone, or
Cincinnati group, is represented as occurring in the western districts of
the county, but it is seldom exposed there, as this whole region is buried
under drift-beds. The subordinate divisions of the Niagara series are
also represented in the diagram. A better understanding of this part of
the illustration can be had when the detailed statement of the rocks of
the county shall be given.

An equally instructive section, involving all but one of the formations
above enumerated, is obtained by passing across the county from south
to north through Hillsboro. This section is represented in Figure 4. At
the southern boundary of the county, the section crosses the valley of
the West Fork of Brush creek — which has its bed at that point in the
uppermost courses of the Blue limestone, or in the Medina shales. In
passing northward, the Clinton limestone is left behind near the margin
of the stream, but is met with once more in the deep excavation made
by Bocky Fork — two miles south of Hillsboro. All of the high and
broken country intervening between the valley of Brush creek and Sa-
mantha — five miles north of Hillsboro — with the single exception already
noted, belongs to the great Magara series. Indeed, by far the most ex-
tensive and interesting exhibition of this formation to, be found in Ohio,
occurs in the valleys and hills of the very section now under consid-
eration.

At Samantha — in the Burying Ground Hill-^the Helderberg limestone
and the Huron shales are added to the formations already recognized —
viz. : the Cincinnati group and the Clinton and Magara limestones — and
between Samantha and Lexington an extensive, insulated mass of Hel-
derberg limestone occurs, attaining a thickness at Lexington of at least
75 feet. The islands of Huron shale' at Samantha, and that of Helder-
berg limestone at Lexington, are, in both cases, the most westerly of all
the .out-liers of the great formations to which they belong. The pitch of
17

258 GEOLOGICAL SUBYEY OP OHIO.

the rocks to the northward is to be noted, but it does not nearly equal in
amount the easterly dip previously described. The most easily marked
fact under this head is that the limestone which forms the cliffs of Lea's
creek at Lexington, is identical with the limestone on which the court-
house at Hillsboro stands, showing a depression of the series between
f certainly more than 100 feet. It is probable that this de.
pression is mainly produced in the last five miles of its extension to the
northward.

The highest land of the county is found — not in the Hillsboro hills as
is quite commonly believed — but upon the eastern border. There is a
series of insulated summits here, along the margins of Eocky Fork, Brush
creek and Sunflsh creek that show very like mountains and that are pop-
ularly known under this designation. All of these summits belong to
Brush Creek township. Barometrical measurements taken of several
of the principal ones, indicate that Stults's Mountain and Fisher's
Knob have the greatest elevation of any in the series. The barometer
gave tP the former an elevation of 1,325 feet above tide-water — to the
latter, about 20 feet less. The most trustworthy measurements obtained
however, were those of Long Lick Mountain, just east of the village of
Carmel, a recent turnpike survey made by H. L. Dickey, Esq., of the
Marshall & Oynthiann road, giving a well-settled base near the foot of
the mountain from which to work. This summit has an elevation above
tide-water of 1,254 feet. Bapids Forge Mountain, in the north-eastern
corner of the county, appears to be 100 feet lower than this — its height
being about 1,150 feet.

The falling off in the elevations of these summits as we move north-
wards is due, not to a lesser height of the hills themselves, but to the
depression of the general level of the country in that direction. A sec-
tion of Bapids Forge Mountain, from the waters of Bocky Fork, gives 125
feet of limestone, 250 feet of Huron shales, and 100 feet of Waverly
shale and sandstone. This section is almost identical with that obtained
in the ascent of Stults's Mountain from the waters of Brush creek. The
difference of 150 feet in the total elevation is to be charged to the higher
level of the bed of Brush creek above that of Bocky Fork, in the points
named in the sections.

It will thus be seen that Highland county cannot claim the highest land
in the State. According to a table of elevations of different portions of
the State, compiled and published several years since by Colonel Charles
Whittlesey, the head-waters of the Scioto and Miami rivers, in Logan
county, have an elevation of 1,344 feet above the sea. It is quite proba-
ble that the hills around Bellefontaine, in the same county, have a still

GEOLOGICAL STJRYEY OP OHIO. 259

greater elevation. In the south-east corner of Bichland county a summit
has been measured that is 1,389 feet above the sea-leveL

A few levels, obtained from railroad or turnpike surveys in Highland
county, are here appended. I am indebted to H. L. Dickey, Esq., by
whom the recently ordered turnpike surveys of the county have princi-
pally been made, for a statement of the elevations of the villages and
other conspicuous points along these lines. Low-water mark of the Ohio
river, at Cincinnati, being 432 feet above tide-water, according to Hum-
phreys and Abbott — we have the grade of the railroad atHillsboro depot,
1,054 feet above tide-water. The hill on which the court-honse stands is
65 feet higher — Lilley's Hill, east of the town, is about 100 feet, and Col-
lege Hill is 75 feet higher. This would then give the following elevations
above the sea-level :

Feet.

Hillsboro depot - ... 1,064

Court-house 1,129

Lilley's Hill 1,165

College Hill 1,140

Lynchburg (B. E grade) 1,001

Vienna " 1,117

Summit between Vienna and Lexington (E. K. grade) 1,170

Lexington (B. B. grade) 1,060

Leasburg " 1,000

Monroe " 938

Greenfield " , — 883

Samantha ,. 1,124

Burying Ground Hill (near Samantha — by barometer) ,.,, 1,214

DanviHe . .....,..,« 1,065

Pricetown . .,....., 1,001

Marshall , 1,031

Carmel 939

To this list may be appended the summits in Brush Creek township,
already given:

Feet.

Strife's Mountain (barometric) 1,325.

Fisher's Knob " 1,30ft

FortHUl— by Locke, 1838, (barometric) 1,232.

Bald Mountain or Slate Knob " 1,250

Long Liek Mountain " 1,254

Eapids Forge Mountain " 1,160

The lowest elevations of the county are to be found in the valleys of
the various branches of Brush creek, in Jackson and Brush Creek town-
ships, on their southern boundary, and in the valley of Bocky Fork, in
the north-eastern corner of the county — in Faint township.

260 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

The surface of the county is divided into five quite well marked divis-
ions which result from geological differences in the underlying rocks, but
though originating in the varying rock formations of the county, it is by
no means necessary that a person should have a knowledge of technical
geology in order to recognize them. In fact, every observing man who
is acquainted with the different sections of the county, has already learned
to recognize them.

Beginning on the western border, it will be found that Dodson, Salem,
Clay, Hamer and White Oak townships, agree in all the general features
of their surface. The townships of Union, Liberty, New Market, Wash-
ington, Concord and Jackson in its western half— constitute a second
division characterized by a like substantial agreement in general features.

The third division consists of Penn, Fairfield, Madison and thenorthern
part of Paint townships.

Marshall with the western half of Brush creek and the eastern half of
Jackson — constitutes the fourth.

The eastern boundary of the county in Brush Creek and Paint town-
ships, makes the fifth and last of these divisions.

(1). The townships first named consist of low-lying lauds, with little
variation of the surface, which holds a general level of 500 to 600 feet
above low-water mark at Cincinnati, or of 930 to 1030 ft. above the sea.
They are uniformly and quite heavily covered with clays of the Drift Series,
which are generally white in color except When they have been blackened
by swampy growths upon them at an earlier day. The main streams that
pass across these tracts have a tolerably rapid flow, but there are many
portions of the surface that hold, the water in wide but shallow basins.
The marshy character of these regions is indicated by its present re-
lations and especially by the kind of forest growth that it supports. The
most abundant trees are the swamp white oak, ( Quercus prinus var. dis-
color J, the swamp Spanish oak, (Quereus palustris), and the swamp maple,
(Acer rubrum). They constitute generally the poorer and less inviting por-
tions of the county, not from any original lack of the elements necessary
for vegetable growth, but because they demand a more skillful tillage than
in the main they have received. The one indispensable condition of their
fertility is the abundant presence of organic matter in the soil, but the
system of farming to which they have been subjected has robbed the soil
of its original supply and done nothing to renew this supply.

This division may be styled the Blue Limestone land of the county, as
all the townships above named are underlain by this formation. The prin-
cipal influence that the rock has in determining the physical geography of
this region is found in the fact that is furnishes a level floor for the de-
posits that cover it. It takes but very little part in the formation of the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 261

soil itself. The peculiarities of the soil in this district mast be referred to
some peculiar source. Such a source can be found in the Xiagara Shales
that must have been very largely removed iu the region environing that
now under consideration.

(2.) The second division named, which embraces the central regions of
the county, consists, essentially of a plateau from 600 feet to 700 feet
above low water mark at Cincinnati, or from 1,030 feet to 1,130 feet above
the sea. It consitutes the principal water shed of the county. A part of
its drainage is delivered to the Miami by the East Fork, another part by
White Oak creek to the Ohio, a third part to the Ohio, by Brush creek,
and a fourth to the Scioto, by the Rocky Pork of Paint Greek. All these
various streams have cut deep and wide valleys for themselves, which in
many cases approach each other so closely from different directions as to
leave but small portions of the plateau remaining in the insulated sum-
mits of the district. These summits are commonly known as hills. The
village of Hillsboro is located on one of these remnants of the plateau.
To reach it from any direction but the westward, it is necessary to
traverse the deep valleys, by which it is on every side surrounded. The
western boundary of the plateau is, in general, quite abrupt. It rises
precipitously from the Blue limestone plain, already described by a
range of hills at least 100 feet in height. These hills are the first out-
crop of the Cliff limestone, an entirely different formation from that
represented in the preceding division.

The agricultural characteristics of the lands embraced in this division
are varied. The wide bottom-fends of the Bocky Fork and Clear creek,
constitute as valuable farms as are found in the county, while the slopes
and summits of the hills present all gradations from strong and fertile
soils, abundantly rewarding the labors of husbandry to the barren up-
lands around Fairfax, where from 5 to 8 bushels of wheat and from 20
to 30 bushels of corn, constitute an average yield. Some of these up-
lands present ng with the first considerable examples of native soils that
are to be met with, in passing southward through Ohio. The most
northerly of these areas in which the soil is formed in situ by the decom-
position of the underlying rock, is Chapman's Hill, on the New Market
and Danville road — 6 or 7 miles south-west from Hillsboro. These soils
consist of red or chocolate colored clays, generally but 4 or 5 feet in depth
and gradually merging into the unbroken rock. An analysis made by Dr.
TVormley, Chemist of the Survey, of a sample obtained in the vicinity of
Hillsboro, gives the following results :

262 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Of OHIO.

Organic matter 9.80

Silica 47.84

Alumina 31.26

Iron, Besqnioxide 5.84

Lime, phosphate 56

Lime, carbonate 2.94

Magnesia " 1.20

Potash and soda 96

100.40

This analysis shows them to be rich in the essential elements of vege-
table growth — a conclusion abundantly sustained by the rank and varied
forest growth that originally covered them, and by the generous harvests
that they at present yield. The large proportion of phosphate of lime
and also of potash and soda, will be particularly noted. It may give sur-
prise that in a soil formed from the decomposition of limestone rock,
there should be found no more than 4 or 5 per cent, of the carbonates of
lime and magnesia ; but in explanation of this fact, it is only needful to
remember that these substances are soluble in rain-water, which is there-
fore constantly engaged in removing them to a lower level.

These Cliff limestone soils are much better adapted . to fruit growing
than the most of the drift soils of the county, as in addition to the ele-
ments of fertility already mentioned, they are naturally and efficiently
underdrained, at least, through a large part of their extent, and their sit-
uation renders them less liable to the late frosts in the spring, than the
low-lands around them.

(3.) The third division, comprising the northern portions of the county,
is made up of lands lying at a high level, a considerable part of them be-
ing higher than the Hillsboro plateau, as the table of elevations pre-
viously given, shows. This district does not differ from the second so
much in the nature of its underlying rocks as in the fact that its valleys
have been filled and its rough places made smooth by the great deposits
of the drift that have been spread over its entire surface. The cliff lime-
stones of the Magara and Helderberg groups constitute the rocky sub-
stratum of this district. The streams that traverse these limestones, have
wrought in them narrow gorges which furnish admirable sections of the
the strata involved and which are often picturesque to a high degree.
The valley of Paint creek on the eastern boundary of the county furnishes'
with its tributaries, numerous illustrations of this agency, the most
noteworthy of which is, perhaps, the gorge of Eocky Fork. This
stream is an important element in the geography of the county and it also
exhibits its geology most satisfactorily. It is bedded in rock from its
source to its mouth and in its banks and bordering cliffs it discloses every

GEOLOGICAL SUETKY OP OHIO. 263

foot of the great Niagara formation of the county. Due south of Hills-
boro, it has cut its valley down to the Clinton limestone, on which it runs
for several miles, but as the strata fall more rapidly to the eastward than
the stream descends, it has been made to intersect higher and still higher
members of the Magara series, until at its month it has reached the
very summit of the system, and the structure of these upper beds, it
reveals in a gorge whose vertical walls are 90 feet high and the width
of which is scarcely more than 200 feet Certain portions of this
limestone, weather and dissolve more easily than the rest and have been
carried away in considerable quantity, leaving overhanging cliffs and re-
ceding caves along the lines of its outcrop. The caves and gorge of
Rocky Fork are notable places of resort for the country around and with
very good reason, as the scenery is the most striking and beautiful of its
kind in south-western Ohio. Its claims upon our interest in its geological
relations are also quite as great as in any other direction. From the
bottom of the gorge near the house of James Plummer, a very concise
and satisfactory section can be obtained, extending to the summit of
Eapids Fork Mountains. The section gives in ascending order :

Feet.

Niagara limestone 120

Huron shale 230

"Waverly shale and sandstone 100

450

The limestone abounds in very interesting fossils. The great bivalve
shell, Megalomus Canadensis, is especially abundant, as are also large
univalve shells, all of which can be obtained to good advantage in the
cliffs near Ogle's distillery.

The lands of this division are the most valuable for agricultural pur-
poses in the county, the bottom lands of the main valleys alone being
excepted. Its quarries also, which are wrought in the even bedded Hel-
derberg limestone, are by far the most valuable in the county and indeed
are among the valuable quarries of the State.

(4.) The fourth district has been described as composed of Marshall
township, with the eastern half of Jackson and the western half of Brush
creek. To this area may be added also the southern portion of Paint
township. It is less definitely characterized than either of the other dis-
tricts, and, perhaps, scarcely deserves a separate place in the surface dis-
tricts of the county. Still it is hard to see with which of the areas already
named it could be properly united. Its lands lie lower than those of any
other section of the county, except the Blue Limestone division. With

264 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

this region it generally agrees in this particular ; without, however, sharing
in its monotonous uniformity of surface. It agrees in geological forma-
tions with the 2d and 3d districts, the only bedded rocks that are met
with, belonging to the Niagara series. The easterly dip of the strata of
the county, however, has brought down the upper and firmer members of
this group to a level lower by 150 feet or 200 feet than they possess in the
neighborhood of Hillsboro.

These, then, are the leading peculiarities of the fourth division, an alti-
tude of less than 1,000 feet above the sea, with a firmrncky floor; which,
combined with the low elevation, secures comparatively shallow valleys.
The drift deposits are nowhere very heavy and almost disappear to the
southward. The land varies greatly in productiveness, but may be said,
on the whole, to give good returns, when the system of agriculture here
pursued is taken into account.

(5.) The fifth district comprises the hills of Brush Creek and Bocky
Fork, which rise abruptly from the limestones last named, all along the
eastern border of the county. These hills have an altitude of 400 feet or
500 feet above the lowlands that surround them. Their bases consist of
Niagara limestone, upon which 250 feet of Huron shale Js deposited, the
summits holding 100 feet of Waverly shales and sandstone. These sum-
mits crowd hard upon the highest lands of the State, some of them being
more than 1,300 feet above the sea level, as has been previously men-
tioned.

Marked differences in forest vegetation immediately connect themselves
with these differences in geological structure, the chestnut and chestnut-
oak holding on from the eastward persistently to the very edge of the
slates, but not one passing this limit, unless by a very rare exception.

From the summit of these hills, wide and beautiful views can be had of
the central regions of the county, and the hills themselves in turn furnish
a notable feature in the scenery when viewed from the Hillsboro hills, or
from anywhere along the central line of the county.

The leading physical features of the county have now been pointed out,
but they will come into clearer light as the detailed description of the
rocks proceeds. Before entering upon this subject, however, it will be
proper to briefly characterize the Drift deposits of the county.

There are some facts which give unusual interest to the Drift of this
section of the State. Highland county evidently constitutes the southern
limit of this great formation, the boundary beyond which its glaciers, at
least, did not advance. The northern half of the county shares in "the
general features which the Drift confers upon the northern and cen-
tral portions of Ohio. It makes the beginning of the great plain which

GEOLOGICAL StTEYET OP OHIO. 265

stretches northward from this region to the lakes. Its roeky floor is
always covered and often most effectually hidden from observation.

The southern half of the county, however, takes its place with the States
south of the Ohio river. Its valleys have been invaded, to some extent,
it is true, by the gravels and bowlders of the north, but its upland soils
are in part, at least, composed of the weathered rocks which they cover,
and where the drift clays occur, they are always shallow. The table land
that originally constituted its surface has been intersected by deep val-
leys, the precipitous descent to which is over the uncovered edges of the
rocks.

The Drift formations of Highland county agree in general characters
with the formations of this series throughout southwestern Ohio. They
belong, principally, to the modified Drift, the stratification of the series
proving unmistakably its deposition in water. There is proof, however,
that the glacial sheet itself, to which as a producing cause, the most
important of the Drift phenomena are to be ascribed, advanced within the
limits of Highland county. The polishing and grooving of the rocks that
constitutes so distinct and unequivocal an indication of the former exis-
tence of glaciers over all the northern regions of the continent, are found
also in Highland county.

A- significant example of this occurs on the line of the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, a half mile east of Lexington Station. A cut at this point brings
the railroad grade down to the floor of the rock, which is found to be pol-
isned and scored. Immediately south, a conical limestone hill of the Hel-
derberg formation, rises 75 feet above the railroad track and at about the
same distance below, to the northward, the cliffs of the Niagara limestone
in Lea's Creek are found. This polished portion of the rock there occurs
half way up the northern slope of the hill. It seems fair to presume that
the whole surface of the slope has been subjected to this agency. It is
one of those cases which glacier movement only can adequately explain.
This is the most southerly example of this action noted in the county.
Other exhibitions of it are afforded on the Helderberg limestone of Paint
Creek, in the vicinity of Greenfield.

Beds of blue clay constitute the oldest of the Drift deposits in the
county. They are, however, often wanting, the face of the rock being
directly covered with white, yellow or black clays, or with gravel, but in
sections where the different formations are represented, the blue clay
always forms the base of the series. It contains more or less scratched peb-
bles and bowlders of northern origin. 25b section has yet been met with in
which more than 20 feet of the blue clays are found. Indeed, they are but
seldom struck in the wells of the county, as they generally constitute, where

266 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

they occur, the water bearing stratum, so that it is not needful to go
below their surface for water supply.

A fact of great interest in this connection, in, that the uppermost beds
of the blue clay give proof of having been a soil in their earlier history.
They are discolored by vegetable mould and mingled with their substance,
are found quantities of leaves, branches, roots and tree-trunks. In some
districts of the county, this forest soil seems everywhere present. It was
met with, in one instance, in the wells that were dug on four adjacent or
closely contiguous farms. In the village of Marshall, eleven wells out of
about twenty that have been dug there, are known to have reached this
stratum of vegetable matter. In some instances the water that is found
at this horizon is so impregnated with the decomposing products as to be
unfit for use.

The presence in this buried soil of leaves of existing species of forest
trees is vouched for by many careful and well-informed observers. These
leaves are identified as those of sycamore, hickory, beech, etc. But by
far the largest portion of the wood that comes to light is coniferous and
is commonly pronounced to be red-cedar.

The depth at which the forest soil is met with varies from 10 to 90 feet,
but in a large majority of the cases it will be found to be between 20 and 30
feet. It is much more frequently met with on the high plateaus than in
the valleys.

It thus appears that after the surface of the country had been scored
and scoured by the advancing glacier, after it had been covered with
the unstratified blue clay which was formed from the melting of the gla-
cial sheet, it became again the abode of life. The vegetation that had
been pushed southward in the 'previous stages of this history, return-
ed and established itself over the continent once more. It would certainly
seem that a long time would be necessary for the extension of this vegetation
over the stubborn clay. But by the addition of leaves and roots, the clay
is gradually converted into a soil, upon which the low-growing forests of
cedar are borne and upon this southern border, other trees are now ap-
pearing, such for example as the sycamore and beech, the names of which
have been already mentioned. The blue clay — by exposure to the air,
became weathered in its upper portions into yellow clay and when the
continent sunk once more under the water, the materials of its former sur-
face were rearranged and redistributed into the various strata, sand,
gravel, yellow or white clay that overlie the first named beds.

A stratum of sand is quite uniformly found in close proximity to the
surface of the blue clay and its contact with the impervious beds beneath
determines the water supply that has already been named as occurring
here.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 267

No definite order obtains for the deposits that follow the bine clay, bat
in general terms it may be said that the heavy beds of gravel and the
bowlders, are the most recent of the series. The gravel beds do not extend
to the southward mnch beyond the parallel of Hillsboro. A noticeable ex-
ample is met with one mile south of this place on the Belfast pike, and still
another on the same east and west line, on the Danville pike. The southern-
most noted is in the vicinity of Berry ville. The gravel of this region is
more largely composed of limestone pebbles than the gravel found further
nrrth, in Greene and Montgomery counties for instance, and a good deal
of it is made up of limestones so soft that they are but poorly adapted to
road making. It is often cemented into large masses of conglomerate
through the partial solution and reprecipitation of some of its limestone
pebbles. Bain-water is competent to effect the solution of limestone and
the exposure of the dissolved rock to the air, causes it to be thrown down
as a limestone cement once more. Bowlders are scattered through the
valleys as far as the south line of the county — but in steadily decreasing
numbers as we go southward.

On account of the lack of gravel, all turn-pikes south of Hillsboro are
mainly constructed of broken stone. In the northern portions of the
county, the supply of gravel is abundant for road making and is always
brought into requisition for this purpose.

The various rock formations of the county will next be considered.

I. No extended account will here be given of the lowest of these forma-
tions, viz: the Cincinnati or Blue Limestone group, the only Lower
Silurian formation in the county, as it is the only one in the State. Only
the uppermost fifty to one hundred feet of the Cincinnati rocks are found
in Highland county, and the whole formation can be treated to better
advantage as a unit, in the discussion of the geology of those counties
where a large exposure of it, vertical and horizontal, is met with. It
is shown only in the western and southern sides of the county, and there it
is entirely confined to the deepest valleys. It can be seen, with its char-
acteristic fossils, in the bed of Turtle creek, near Lynchburg; in the
branches of White Oak creek, in the four south-western townships of the
county ; and best of all, in the" various branches of Brush creek, on the
extreme southern border of the county.

The termination of the series is precisely the same here as in the more
northern counties, where the junction of the Lower and Upper Silurian
rocks is to be observed.

Prom ten to twenty teet of red shales, containing few or no traces of life,
but principally of sedimentary origin^ overlie the fossiliferous beds — at least
at frequent intervals — through the whole extent of this boundary from the
Indiana line to the Ohio river. A characteristic example of these red

268 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

shales can be seen in the banks of Brush creek, at Belfast, immediately
below the mill.

Where the shales are wanting, their place in the series is supplied by
sandy or shaly limestones. These are occasionally massive in their bed-
ding, but are seldom reliable for building purposes, as they cannot endure
the action of frost. The abutments of the bridge at the first crossing of
Brush creek, south of Belfast, on the turnpike, belong to this horizon.
They have been in place but a year or two, and their durability has not,
therefore, been sufficiently tested, but it may be affirmed that if they are
found reliable they will make an exception to the general character of the
strata from which they were taken.

These upper beds of the Cincinnati group have been provisionally refer-
red to the Medina sandstone, as they agree with it in stratigraphical
position, and, to some extent, in lithological characters. The crowning
test, however, of identity of fossils is still lacking.

II. The Clinton limestone follows next in ascending order. . In its most
characteristic forms, it varies in composition from eighty-four per cent, to
ninety-three per cent, of carbonate of lime. The carbonate of magnesia
never exceeds, and seldom reaches, twelve per cent. It does not every-
where retain the characteristics of the formation as described in the
Beport of the Geology of Montgomery County. It has a greater thick-
ness in Highland than in Montgomery county — its maximum to the south-
ward being fifty feet, and its average perhaps thirty-five feet. It is here
as elsewhere — for the most part an uneven bedded rock — but occasionally
valuable building stone can be obtained from it, as at the quarries of
David Wilkin, south-west from Hillsboro.

It remains, as in its more northern exposures, largely a crinoidal lime-
stone, and hand specimens can be gathered that are not to be distinguished
in any way from the Clinton rock of Montgomery, Greene or Preble coun-
ties, just as the latter cannot be distinguished from the Clinton limestone
of Western New York. It often happens, however, that there are no
fossils present to reveal the precise origin of the rock.

It is generally much richer in iron than in the counties northward, and
adds to the formation in Ohio this well-marked and constant characteris-
tic of the Clinton group in other localities. It is well known that in New
York, in Canada, in Wisconsin, in Alabama, and elsewhere, this formation
yields ores of iron, some of them being of excellent quality, as the "fossil
ore " of Central New York, the " flax-seed ore " of Wisconsin, and the
'' dye-stone ore " of Alabama. There are several points in Highland county
where the Clinton limestone passes into a light iron ore, which is some-
times oolitic in structure, or made up of small rounded grains, as the most
of the ores already named have been found to be. The bed of Eocky

GEOLOGICAL SUK.VET OF OHIO. 269

Fork, soath of Hillsboro, may be cited as furnishing an example of this
impure ore. An outcrop of the Clinton formation, however, in the vicinity
of Sinking Spring, just south of the Highland county line, discloses a
true Clinton, ore. It is found on the land of Nimrod Conaway and on
some adjoining farms, and seems to be in considerable quantity. An
analysis by Dr. Wormley, shows it to contain over 30 per cent, of metallic
iron — 48 per cent, of carbonate of lime, and the moderate proportion, for
a fossil ore, of 1.28 per cent, of phosphoric acid.

Clinton ore, quite similar to this in physical properties and chemical
constitution, is now brought into the State in large amount from Oneida
county, New York, to be used in the smelting furnaces of Northern Ohio.
Its composition, as will be observed, fits it to answer the double purpose
of ore and flux, and it is particularly valued for use in combination with
the heavy ores of Lake Superior and Iron Mountain.

It seems certain that attention will be tamed to this native supply —
the more especially as the newly-adopted line ol the Chesapeake & Ohio
Railway runs within three miles of the location here noted. Nor is it to
be doubted that other points will be found in the vicinity, containing
equally valuable supplies of ore.

The Clinton limestone constitutes in Adams county the " Flint* lime-
stone " of Dr. Locke, so named by him lecause of the presence of cherty
concretions in a certain portion of the series. This, however, is not a
universal or even a general characteristic of the rock in Ohio. The Niagara
limestone might be called, with equal propriety, in some of its beds, a
flinty limestone, and it will be remembered that the Corniferous limestone
really derived its name from the abundance of hofnstone (Latin — cornu —
a horn) in its composition. But the silicious layers of Adams county are
also found in Highland, in its southern limits. An exposure of them,
very similar to Dr. Locke's typical section on Lick Fork, is found just
south of Belfast in the banks of Brush creek.

The Clinton limestone has scarcely a more extensive development in
the county than the Cincinnati group which it covers. It is found in the
southern and western sections of the county only. A single exception —
but a very interesting and instructive one — occurs in an exposure of the
rock in Liberty township, to which allusion has already been made. It
is met with in the bed of Kocky Fork, two miles due south of Hillsboro,
where the Bipley pike crosses the stream. From this point the stream is
bedded in Clinton limestone for several miles, as far as Bisher's dam on
the Belfast pike. This exposure gives an excellent and well-settled base
from which to work in detennining the order of the extensive and com-
plicated series with which it is there involved.

A very interesting fact in the Clinton limestone of Highland county

270 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

remains to be mentioned. A bed of limestone conglomerate, several feet
in thickness, occurs near the base of the series in the southern part of the
county. But a single exposure of the conglomerate has yet been noted.
This is found one mile due west of Belfast, on the Belfast and Fairfax road,
on the land of Charles Dalyrymple. The pebbles that compose the con-
glomerate appear to have been derived from the Blue limestone or Cincin-
nati rocks. The conglomerate is also fossiliferous, well-worn forms of
ancient life being incorporated with it. The fossils can be referred either
to the Cincinnati or Clinton group, as they consist of forms that are com-
mon to both formations, viz : cyathophylloid corals of the genus Streptel-
asma and the remarkable fossil — Orthis lynx — a bivalve shell of immense
vertical range, as is shown by its occurrence in the Trenton, Hudson
(Cincinnati), Clinton and Niagara limestones of the Lower and Upper
Silurian ages, successively. It seems more probable, however, that the
fossils in question were derived from Clinton seas rather than from the
waste of rocks of a previous age.

The occurrence of this conglomerate attests the existence of lard neai
by — the shores of which were wasted by the sea, and the water- worn and
rounded fragments of which, were re-deposited on the floor of the sea.
Since the first systematic study of the geology of the Mississippi Valley,
proofs have been accumulating" that a Silurian island stretched north-
eastward from Nashville, toward and beyond Cincinnati. Highland
county furnishes its full quota of facts as to the existence, and as to cer-
tain of the boundaries of this ancient land. Other facts will be adduced
that bear upon this point in the description of the remaining formations
of the county. The 'date of the uplift of this island is approximately de-
termined by the fact already quoted — as land at the westward is found in
existence, early in the history of Clinton time. This folding of the crust,
then, that transformed a portion of the ancient sea-bottom into dry land,
probably occurred about the close of Lower Silurian time, and it seems
also safe to say that it not only marks the date, but furnishes the pro-
ducing cause .of the great change in the formation that then took place.
The Medina shales may be referred to the sediments that settled in seas,
disturbed by igneous agencies — the long-continued life of the preceding
periods being exterminated in this region by the shallowing waters, as
the low mountain chain emerges.

III. The Niagara series comes next in ascending order, by far the most
important formation of the county, both in vertical and horizontal range.
The total thickness of its beds is not less than 275 feet, or if the maxi-
mum development of its 5th member should be counted, which is found
in but a single section, the aggregate thickness of the series would reach
325 feet, and it is the surface rock for more than three-fourths of the area

GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OF OHIO. 271

of the county. To the various divisidns of the Niagara group and their
relations to each other, the most noticeable of the geographical features of
the county, to which attention has already been called, are due. It will
be remembered that in the description of these geographical features,
frequent reference was made to the different beds of Niagara rock, that
characterize the different districts. The Niagara series of Highland
county, as has before been claimed, constitute by far the most interesting
and extensive development of this great formation in Ohio. There is
but one modification of the series found in the State, which does not ap-
pear here, and for this modification, a distinct equivalent is furnished,
while the most of the divisions elsewhere recognized, are fully doubled in
the Highland county section, and one element is added as a unique con-
tribution to the Niagara scale.

By reference to Fig. 1st in which a tabular view of the series of the
county is given, it will be seen that the formation in question, consists of
the following members, in ascending order :

1. Dayton stone.

2. Niagara shale.

3. West Union or Lower Cliff.

4. Springfield stone or Bine Cliff.

5. Cedarville guelph limestone.

6. Hillsooro sandstone.

These various divisions do not all appear in any one section, except in
the immediate vicinity of Hillsboro. Here in a series of admirable ex-
posures, the whole structure of this great formation is exhibited. It is
true that these divisions do not, in scarcely any case, attain their maxi-
mum thickness at this point, as the greatest vertical measurement obtained
here does not exceed 200 feet, bnt within five miles of Hillsboro, every kind
of rock that the Cliff limestone of the county contains, is to be seen, and
what is of no small importance, is to be seen in its relations to the other
members of the group. In an article preceding this, in the present re-
port, on " The Cliff Limestones of Highland and Adams counties," one of
the sections obtained near Hillsboro, is described at considerable length,
viz. : the section from the bed of Bocky Fork, at Bisher's dam, to the
summit of Lilley's hill, a half mile east of Hillsboro. This is, on the whole,
the clearest and most nearly complete section of the Niagara series to be
found, not only in the county, but even in the State. Every one of the
members above enumerated, appears in it most distinctly. (See Fig. 6th.)

1. In treating the Clinton.limestone, it was stated that an exposure of
it near Hillsboro, furnishes a convenient and well-settled base from

272 GEOLOGICAL STJKVEY OP OHIO.

which to work in determining the order of the heavy deposits that overlie
it. This exposure, in fact, furnishes the base of the section now under con-
sideration. A few feet of the Dayton stone, the lowest member of the
Niagara group, in Montgomery county, are found directly over it, true to
the original in chemical composition, and in all its characteristics, except
that its courses are too thin to make it a valuable deposit.

2. The next division is the Niagara shale. It does not exceed 60 feet
in thickness in the vicinity of Hillsboro ; but near lielfast, sections can
be found holding 100 feet. The "Great Marie Stratum » of Dr. Locke, is
the Niagara shale. At West Union, it has a thickness according to his
measurements, of 106 feet.

It has been found that the Niagara period was almost everywhere a
shale-making period in its earlier history. The Falls of Niagara — where
this great limestone is exposed in a fine natural section — not only show
the presence of this shale, but depend upon it and its relations to the
firm beds above it, for their existence. It has a thickness at the Falls of
80 feet, but to the southward — along the Appalachian range — the enor-
mous accumulation of 1,500 feet is disclosed.

The shale of New York is crowded with the relics of the life of the
seas in which it was deposited. In Oiiio, this formation is not highly
fossiliferous, nor are their forms distinctly preserved — but enough remains
to warrant us in saying that the same varieties of living things that the
eastern seas contained were distributed through the western extension of
the Niagara sea. It is a matter of regret that the fossils of the Niagara
limestone of Ohio have not yet been systematically studied. There are
several new species, and probably some new genera, in the specimens
already collected for the State Cabinet. It is impossible to give more
than the generic names of the forms that occur, until such an examina-
tion is made.

The composition of the shale in Highland county is substantially indi-
cated in the following analysis, made by Prof. Wormley :

Silicious matter 78.00

Alumina and iron 3.20

Lime, carbonate 11.40

Magnesia, carbonate • 6.50

99.10

A specimen of the Niagara shale from Greene county gives very different
results, as shown in the following analysis :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 273

Silica 12.21

Alumina and traces of sesquioxide of iron 8.40

Lime, silicate 8.48

Lime, carbonate • 34.42

Magnesia, carbonate 30.87

Water combined - - 5.40

99.78

A shaly limestone of thin, fragile course's, valueless for all useful ap-
plications, frequently takes the place of the shale, appearing in all the
exposures of this horizon north of Hillsboro, within the limits of the
county. It is also occasionally seen to the southward, in Highland and
Adams counties.

The physical geography of the county has been greatly modified by the
presence of this element in its geological series, and modified generally
to advantage for human occupation. Where the elevation of the land is
such that the streams have cut through the strata overlying the shale, the
valleys have been made comparatively broad, and have furnished suitable
basins for receiving the latest of the drift deposits or alluvial formations.
These valleys now constitute the most fertile districts of the county. The
valleys of Rocky Fork and its main tributaries, near Hillsboro, and for
five or sis miles to the eastward, are examples of this action. When the
easterly dip of the strata brings down the firm and heavy limestones of
the upper part of the Niagara formation, so that the streams are obliged
to work out their channels in them, the valleys are contracted within
very narrow limits. Eocky Fork shrinks from a broad and fertile valley
— nearly a mile in width at some points near Hillsboro — to a narrow
gorge, across which a stone can be tossed, at its mouth — and this, too,
after its volume has been increased many fold. Ho more striking illus-
tration of the connection of Geology with Geography and Agriculture
can readily be found than the valley of Eocky Fork exhibits.

The upper surface of the shale is marked by the presence of strong
springs, as all the conditions required for such springs are manifestly
fulfilled in the relations of its impervious beds to the porous cliff above it.

The analysis already given of its chemical constitution does not indi-
cate that soils formed from it would be characterized by sterility — nor
yet does it warrant any great expectation of fertility. It seems probable
that a large part of the white Drift clays, in the south-western district of
the county, were originally derived from Niagara shale, stripped from the
region northward by glacial denudation. If this be the principal source
of these clays, they still received, in the process of deposition, accessions
of other materials, so as to give them greater variety than an undivided
origin of this sort would confer.
18

274 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

3. By referring again to the geological scale of the county, it will Le
observed that a rock styled the " Lower Cliff," or " West Union Cliff,"
conies next in ascending order.

It is a very widely-spread and important member of the Cliff limestone
— covering a considerably larger area than either of the divisions that
succeed it. It is to be seen in the numberless exposures through the
central and southern regions of the county. It can be studied to excel-
lent advantage in the typical section of Bisher's dam, where it forms the
first line of cliffs in ascending the hill. At this point, it measures 45
feet. To the southward, it is reinforced. It is- Dr. Locke's " Cliff lime-
stone " of Adams county — to which he assigns a thickness of 89 feet at
West Union.

Near Hillsboro, and indeed in most localities, it consists of a yellowish,
impure magnesian limestone. An analysis by Dr. Wormley, of a typical
specimen taken from the vicinity of Hillsboro gives the following results :

Siliaous matter 2.60

Alumina and iron ^ 3.20

Lime — carbonate 62.60

Magnesia — carbona'te 31.32

Total 99.72

The stone is rather massive than even-bedded in its appearance,
though in quarrying it can be generally raised in rough courses of 6, 8
or 10 inches. Where other building rock is wanting, it is turned to
some economical ' account, as it is quite durable and almost always easy
of access. It weathers easily, and gives rise to most of the native soils
of the county, that have been already described. It abounds in fossils,
but generally they are poorly preserved, as internal casts. The forms
most frequently met are bivalve shells of the genera Atrypa, Merista and
Spirifera. A variety of the Lower Cliff, however, is found in New Market
township, along its western outcrop, that differs from the common expos-
ures of the rock in several particulars. It is darker colored, and obviously
contains a larger proportion of carbonate of lime. It is charged also with
admirably preserved fossils. The best point at which to examine it is at
the quarries of James Sanderson, on the Danville pike. A beautiful
species of Merista is abundant here. Spirifera Niagarensis and Stropho-
mena depressas — both fossils of the Niagara at the east — also occur, and
fragments of a Niagara genus of trilobites — Dalmania.

4. The Lower Cliff is succeeded by the "Blue Cliff," or Springfield
stone, a persistent and well marked member of the series in this region.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 275

The best exposures of it near Hillsboro are along the abandoned line
of the Hillsboro and Cincinnati Bailroad. The cats at Academy Hill
and on Col. Trimble's land give sections of 20 to 30 feet, in which all the
details of stratification can be studied. The quarry of Col. Collins, the
section on Ambrose's Hill, along the recently constructed Danville pike,
the quarries just south of the Oakland Seminary, afford almost equally
favorable opportunities for its examination. It constitutes a natural
pavement for portions of several streets in Hillsboro, and is met with
abundantly throughout the central and eastern districts of the county.
Its usual thickness is 45 feet. Indeed, no marked deviation from this
thickness has been definitely noted. In the bed of Lea r s creek, near
Leasburgh, and at one or two other points in that vicinity, there are some
indications that the whole series is contracted, and this member, prob-
ably, with the rest; but repeated measarements near Hillsboro, where the
clearest sections can be obtained, substantially agree in the figures already
given.

The chemical composition of a considerable part of the rock in the
neighborhood of Hillsboro, is expressed in the following analysis by Prof.
Wormley:

Silica 13.30

Iron — sesqnioxide and alumina, chiefly former 2.00

Lime — carbonate 3557

Magnesia " 49.00

Total 99 87

At other points it quite likely has a larger proportion of lime, with a
diminution of magnesia. The quantity of silica revealed in the limestone
suggests the probability of the occurrence of hydraulic cement or water
lime in this horizon. Neither this nor the lower cliff is ever burned into
lime. Its prevailing color is blue, a shade lighter than that of the Cin-
cinnati limestone. It may well enough be designated the blue cliff; and
the division below it can, on the same principle, be known as the yellow
cliff. The blue rock frequently weathers into various shades of drab and
buff, and some portions of the series have, these colors naturally. The
details of the stratification do not always agree in the sections exam-
ined, but the existence of from 5 to 15 feet of blue shale at the bottom of
the upper cliff can be regarded as nearly constant. This shale, as might
be expected, constitutes another horizon of springs, but not of as marked
strength as those that flow out over the great shale. A dozen can be
counted in a mile of outcrop, sometimes, every one of which serves to
mark quite accurately the position of the shale. This shale is frequently
struck in digging wells at the lowest levels of the village of Hillsboro.

276 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The shale is popularly called soapstone or blue clay. Thin deposits of
the shale, interstratified with the other beds, frequently occur through
the whole extent of the division.

Immediately above the principal bed of shale, quite massive courses of
limestone are generally found. These are, for the most part, crinoidal or
coralline limestones. The first of these characteristics is, indeed, quite
distinctive of the formation. Another name by which it might appropri-
ately be designated would be the crinoidal cliff. The rock frequently
consists of encrinite stems to the exclusion of everything else, the stems
varying in size from a half-inch in diameter downwards.

The analysis already given shows the presence of a notable quantity
of silica in the limestone, but it does not express the full value of this
substance, as silica, in the form of nodules, spherical concretions, layers
of chert, and in replaced fossils, makes a conspicuous feature in the
beds o. this age. The layers of chert can bo very distinctly seen
at Ambrose's Hill, just west of Hillsboro. The spheroidal concretions,
in which silica is often a- principal constituent, occur abundantly at
the quarries of Col. Collins. These concretions are generally crystal-
line at the center, and not infrequently consist of silicified corals
of the favorite group. They are found in the greatest numbers, however,
on the eastern side of the county, as in Marshall township, where the
blue cliff forms the surface rock for a considerable area. The weathering
of this rock has left the fac of the country strewed with these concre-
tions as bowlders are scattered over a drift bed. Just south of the resi-
dence of Peter Hatcber, Esq., they can be seen in great profusion. The
name " Flinty Limestone " could be applied to the blue cliff quite as ap-
propriately as to the Clinton limestone of Adams county. Much of the
chert that is found in the gravel of this region can be readily referred to
the deposits now described. As has already been said, silica frequently
replaces lime in the fossils that this rock contains, and the forms thus
show white on blue ground.

The blue cliff gives, in its appearance, good promise as a building stone.
It is raised in massive and quite even courses. The silicious constitution
just noted, gives to the rock Very frequently an extreme degree of hard-
ness. In spite, however, of these indications of durability, a consider-
able portion of the series proves treacherous, tl e heaviest blocks melting
away in a few seasons if left exposed to the weather. A good deal of
loss has been entailed upon the' county, first and last, from this source.
There are, however, many portions of the series that prove reliable. The
buff and drab colored varieties are more generally so. The quarries in
and around Hillsboro, as those of Collins, Trimble, Bowler, Williams,

GEOLOGICAL STTRVEY OF OHIO. 277

are principally of these varieties, and supply an excellent building stone,
at once easy to shape and dress, and quite durable. The quarries of this
formation ought, however, in all cases to be carefully tested, before their
products are wrought into structures designed for permanence.

The two defective building stones of the county, to which attention has
now been called, viz., the Medina Shale in its massive forms and the blue
cliff of the Academy Hill series, have within the last twenty years cost
the county many hundreds of dollars. The information here given will,
if used, prevent such losses in time to come.

The application of the different belts of rock of the county to turnpike
construction within the last two or three years, has tested their qualities
quite thoroughly. The lower cliff has thus far furnished the best material
for this purpose, and the blue cliff, the least desirable, as the rock from
this horizon grinds into a blue clay, which, under heavy travel, leaves the
track full of ruts and holes. An example of it may be seen on the Belfast
pike, on the 4th mile from Hillsboro. The cherty layers, however, liave
no such disadvantage and constitute an excellent road-bed.

The fossils of the blue cliff have been already alluded to incidentally.
It has been remarked that large portions of the rock are altogether
crinoidal in constitution. Good exhibitions of this variety are found in
the cliffs of Lea's Creek, below Leasbnrg, and at various points along the
course of Rattlesnake Creek, in the northeastern portions of the county.
The variety that is found in the vicinity of Hillsboro contains fossils in
abundance, but it is not an encrinal limestone. Its forms are mostly coral-
line. The chain coral, Halysites, is shown in great perfection and
beauty. Quite frequently the silicified plates of the coral are set
free by the decomposition of the rock. The genus Favosites is also
well represented in the upper cliff. It is often called the honey-comb
coral. Certain forms of the bull's horn coral, of the genus Strep-
telasma, are found through the whole series. The same varieties of
fossils found at the Academy Hill section, are also met with in the bed
and cuffs of Eocky Pork, at Barrett's Mills, and from thence along the
hanks of the stream to within a half-mile of the Caves. An example of this
rock — that also shows its defective character as a building stone — can be
seen in the walls of the bridge that is thrown across Rocky Fork, on the
Hillsboro & Bainbridge pike, near Hope's store. ~No locality has yet been
found in which bivalve or chambered shells are abundant in this division.

Enough has now been given to identify the 4th member of the cliff
limestone in the county — on the whole — the most uniform element of this
very varied series.

5. It is overlain by what has been styled in the schedule of the rocks
of the county (Fig. 1st) the Guelph or Cedarville limestone. It can also

278 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OP OHIO.

receive the local designation of Pentamerus limestone — a name derived
from the occurrence of a large bivalve shell — Pentamerus oblongas —
which makes up, in many places, the very substance of the rock.

The 5th division is a massive magnesian limestone, varying in thickness
from 20 to 90 feet. Except upon the eastern border of the county, it
is not found more than two or three miles south of Hillsboro. At the
last named point and in its immediate vicinity, it caps most of the
high ground. The Court-house Hill, College Hill, Ambrose's Hill, Col-
lins' Hill, Trimble's Hill and Lilley's Hill, all hold the Pentamerus
limestone.

It is covered, however, in the last named summit by a still higher for-
mation.

In consequence of the dip of the strata, it is found at lower levels to the
north and east, and, consequently, becomes more abundant there. It-
constitutes the surface rock for a considerable area in these districts, as
has been before stated. It makes either the bed or cliffs, or both, of all
the principal streams that cross these parts of the county.

The thickness of this limestone varies, as has already been said, between
20 and 90 feet. At many of those points at which it forms the highest
rock of the scale, it does not attain to even the lesser of these measure-
ments, as its uppermost portions have been removed by denuding agen-
cies. In most of the Hillsboro hills, its thickness will be found below 20
feet. But even where the whole of the original deposit is present, as in
sections where it is found included between higher and lower formations,
it has the wide limits already given. Lilley's Hill gives one of these cases
of inclusion, and there the thickness does not much exceed the lower limit,
20 leet. At the caves of Rocky Fork, the maximum of 90 feet is reached.
At Grady's Hill, north of Hillsboro, on the Lexington pike, it has a thick-
ness — in a somewhat ambiguous section — of 50 feet. In Paint Creek and
its tributaries, a great exposure of the Pentamerus limestone is shown,
but good sections from bottom to top of the formation are rarely found.

It has been already incidentally remarked that in composition it is a
magnesian limestone. It constitutes, in fact, almost a typical dolomite,
or double carbonate of lime and magnesia. A single analysis of it, as it
is found iu .the quarries of Col. Trimble, near Hillsboro, is repeated from
last year's report :

Carbonate of lime a 54.25

Carbonate of magnesia 43.23

Silica 0.40

Alumina and iron (trace of latter).. 1.80

99.68

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 279

This specimen is typical of the rock in its best estate, and the chief
variations to be noted between this and other analyses, would be confined
to a small increase or decrease in the percentage of the carbonates of lime
and magnesia, respectively.

The limestone is frequently discolored by minute particles of bituminous
matter, distributed through its substance. This characteristic it shares
with the upper cliff, in some portions of its extent. The bitumen is un-
doubtedly of animal origin, a part of the living substance from which the
limestones themselves were built up. It is interesting to note that the
oil-bearing limestones of Chicago belong to this very horizon.

Like some portions of the lower cliff, this formation is often destitute of
distinct bed lines in its structure. It seems a solid, homogeneous mass
for six or eight feet in thickness at least, and is often spoken of as the
" unstratified shell formation." It can be raised only by blasting, and
comes up in shapeless fragments, which it is very hard to adapt to build-
ing purposes. The limestone cliffs near the mouth of Rocky Fork are 100
feet in height, but all the building stone used in the vicinity is brought,
with great labor, from the sandstone summits of the mountains near by,
or from the nearest outcrop of the blue cliff.

It is acted on quite easily by atmospheric agencies and by its unequal
weathering, the faces of the cliffs that it forms are rough and irregular.

One or two equivalents of this limestone must be alluded to, before
leaving this division of the subject. In the quarries of College Hill in
Hillsboro, a yellow, crinoidal limestone takes its place. Except in color,
this substitute resembles the crinoidal portions of the fourth division
already described. The same variety is found on the Patterson and Smith
farms, south of Hillsboro. An occasional specimen of Pentamerus is
found in these beds to identify their position in the scale.

On the eastern side of the county, and occasionally elsewhere, a second
equivalent is found, in certain soft limestones that weather very rapidly
into, not shale or clay or soil, but crumbling fragments that pass under
the name of marl in the localities where they occur. Examples can be
seen at many points near Sinking Spring and also in Lilley's hill, beneath
the Hillsboro sandstone.

The fossil contents of the Pentamerus limestone are of remarkable in-
terest. The great bivalve, Pentamerus oblongus, which gives to the for-
mation its name in Ohio, is one of the widely spread forms that charac-
terize the limestones of this general period in both the old and new
world. It is found in Russia, Prussia, Norway, Great Britain, Canada,
New York, and thence westward to Wisconsin and Iowa, and southward
as far as Tennessee at least. On the eastern border of North America,

280 GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OP OHIO.

viz. : in Canada and New York, it is characteristic of the Clinton group,
and never reaches the overlying Niagara. In Ohio, however, not a single
occurrence of it has been noted in the Clinton limestone, but it makes up
the very substance of the rocks *cf a certain horizon of the Niagara
group. As can be learned from preceding statements, the Pentamerus
belt of Highland county, comes in at 150 or 200 feet above the base of
the series. In the districts northward, it is only 40 or 50 feet above the
base. Now and then a single specimen of tbe shell is met with at some
lower point in the scale. Col. James Greer, of Dayton, has in his cabinet
a specimen obtained from the Dayton stone, the lowest member of the
Niagara series, which is probably Pentamerus oblongus, in somewhat
abnormal form. It may also be added that in the Greene county series, at
some distance below the true Pentamerus horizon, occasional specimens
of the shell are met with.

From these facts, we learn that the mollusk originated at the eastward,
extended itself slowly to the westward with the lapse of ages and main^
tained itself in unexampled force in the interior seas, long after its day
had passed upon the border. The associated fossils presently to be re-
ferred to, give reason, also, for believing that it had a longer duration in
the Niagara series of Highland county than elsewhere in Ohio.

The Pentamerus of Highland county differs considerably in form from
the specimens obtained further northwards. The shell has a greater di-
ameter or vertical distance between the valves, especially towards the
beak. The distinctions on which species are established are frequently
less marked than those now referred to, and it is quite possible that those
forms will, when carefully studied, be recognized as distinct varieties.
The Pentamerus is known in Hillsboro and vicinity, quite familiarly, as
the deer's foot shell. In using the word, shell, however, it must be observed
that the shell proper, or outer covering of the mollusk, has, in almost every
instance disappeared in the changes through which the rock has passed.
The fossils of this limestone, as of magnesian limestones generally, are in
almost all cases, internal casts, formed from the hardening of the calcare-
ous mud that filled the interior chamber of the dead shells.

The localities at which the Pentamerus beds can be seen to good advan-
tage, are very numerous. At Col. Trimble's lime-kilns, in all the summits
of Hillsboro, except College Hill, at Lexington, at Leasburg, all the char-
acteristics of the formation appear.

Another fossil of this division, exceeding the Pentamerus in size
equaling it in number of individuals, and rivaling it in geological interest)
is the bivalve shell, Megalomus Canadensis. It belongs to a different
group of bivalves from the Pentamerus and cannot, like it, claim a world-

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OP OHIO. 281

wide distribution, but still it was confined to no narrow limits in the seas
that covered North America at this period of its history. It was first
described from the Gait and Guelph limestone of Canada West, a formation
that was originally referred to the Onondaga Salt Group, but which later
investigations have shown to be the summit of the Niagara series. If any
doubts remained upon this point they could be removed by the facts that
the Hillsboro section presents. In Obi. Trimble's quarries, 5 or 6 feet of
rock heavily charged with Megalomus, occur, in which there is also a
sparing distribution of Pentamerns. These beds are overlain by as many
feet of which the last named fossil is the principal constituent and the
first but rarely met with. On the eastern side of the county, the Pen-
tamerus is but rarely seen, while the Megalomus is found iu very great
force. The remarkable fact has already been given that at the caves of
Bocky Fork, this member of the series is built up to a hundred feet in
thickness. In a single section, near the house of James Plummer, 90 feet
were measured, which held Megalomus from bottom to top. Not a speci-
men of Pentamerus has yet been noticed in this locality. Wherever the
Cliff rock is opened for lime burning or other purposes, large and excel-
lent casts of Megalomus can be obtained.

A third bivalve shell of large size, and very : oticeable form, occurs in
the southern portions of the county. It is indentical with, or closely
allied to, the form described from the Guelph beds of Canada and named
by Billings, Trimerella. It occurs but sparingly in Highland county, in
the locations so far examined, but on the Cedar Fork of Scioto Brush
Creek, iu Adams county, it forms a notable portion of the substance of
the limestone. Perfect casts can be abundantly obtained there. Three
species have already been found at this point, viz., Trimerella grandis and
T. acuminata of Billings, and T. Ohioensis of Meek. A single perfect cast
was found on the farm of George Rhodes, three miles west of Sinking
Spring.

Univalve shells of large size also abound in the rocks of this age.
Among other forms, several from the genera Murchisonia and Pleuroto-
maria, are met with. At the caves of Bocky Fork, they are associated
with Megalomus, but they outlast it in the seiies and are found in the
strata that immediately underlie the slate. The same facts can be ob-
served at many points on the eastern side of the county. Localities can
be named at which they are especially noticeable, as at the school house
on Head's Branch, at Easton's tannery near Sinking Springs and through-
out this district generally. The univalves are also found at the Hillsboro
quarries, at Grady's Hill and at Lexington, but not in as great numbers
as at the points first named. The same group of shells is found associa-
ted with Megalomus at Guelph.

282 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

Chambered shells of the orthoceras group are not uncommon in the
Pentamerus limestone, but they are no where abundant fossils in these
rocks.

In some portions of the formation, many corals are to be found also.
They are quite abundant at Hillsboro. The genera already named as oc-
curring in the upper cliff, continues in. this overlying group. Pavosites
or honeycomb corals, and Halysites or chain-corals, are especially prom-
inent. An undetermined form of the cyathophylloid group is a very char-
acteristic fossil in the upper beds of the Niagara.

In speaking of the great expansion of the Niagara series in the county,
it was remarked that all the divisions of this series in the State are rep-
resented here, save one, while that one has an ample equivalent. The
missing member is the Oedarville limestone ; its equivalent is the upper
portion of the Pentamerus limestone, or the Megalomus beds. The fossils
especially characteristic of the Oedarville limestone are crinoids, cystide-
ans, chambered shells and trilobites. Among crinoids, the genera Euca-
lyptocriuus, Saccocrinus and Caryocrinus are abundantly represented.
The cystidean genera, Holocystites and Gomphocystites, are found here.
The Orthoceras family is represented by forms of large size, the living-
chambers of which often exceed 6 inches in diameter. At least two spe-
cies of Illaenus are found among the Trilobites of this horizon.

These forms characterize the imestones of Milwaukee, Eacine and
Bridgeport, near Chicago, which are now referred to the same age with
the Gait and Guelph formation already noticed. Quite a number of the
Oedarville fossils are identical in species with those described from the
Eacine beds. Belated individuals of the Pentamerus are occasionally
found in the Oedarville limestone, and now and then a dwarfed specimen
can be seen in certain quarries of Darke county, which seem to belong to
the Oedarville horizon. Hillsboro and its immediate vicinity are the only
points at which it has been found in conjunction with Megalomus.

The Pentamerus limestone furnishes but an indifferent quality of build-
ing-stone from the peculiarities of structure already noted, but it yields
in very many localities a lime of remarkable excellence. This rock, in
Highland county, is almost identical in composition with the same forma-
tion to the northward from which nearly all the lime of South-western
Ohio is derived. The quarries of Springfield are especially famous for
the excellence of their products, but chemical analysis shows no reason
why the Hillsboro lime should be in any way inferior to the Springfield
lime, and the concurrent testimony of the practical men who use the for-
mer variety is that it is unsurpassed in mildness, whiteness and strength.
The supply in the vicinity of Hillsboro is ample for centuries to come.

GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY OP OHIO. 283

6. The only remaining division of this extensive series of rocks is the
Hillsboro sandstone, the 6th member of the Niagara group in Highland
county. It is represented in the tabular view given in Fig. 1st, and also
in the section terminating in Lilley's Hill, Fig. 6th. It is a unique
and original contribution of Highland county to the general geological
scale. Limestones and calcareous shales constitute the only kinds
of rocks that have been referred to this period hitherto, in the Mississippi
Valley ; but at Hillsboro, and on the eastern border of the county gener-
ally, a silicious sandstone of a good degree of purity is found terminating
the series. Its composition is shown in the following analysis by Dr.
Wormley :

Silica 94.10

Iron and alumina 3.60

Lime — carbonate 1.30

Magnesia — carbonate - 0.39

The thickness of this sandstone in Lilley'e Hill is 30 feet, and no greater
thickness has been elsewhere observed. The sand that makes up the
rock is fine-grained and but slightly cemented, crumbling easily from
exposure to the weather or from mechanical abrasion. In color, it varies
from white to deep yellow. There is always a glis tening appearance
about it which is a distinguishing characteristic of the rock. 2s o fossils
but a poorly preserved Halysites or chain-coral, have been discovered in
the sandstone. The section at Lilley's Hill shows it in its proper place as
crowning the Xiagara series, but as it is not covered here by any later
formation, the section is not as definite and satisfactory as the section of
Grady's Hill, or better still, of the Barying Ground Hill, near Samantha.
In the first of these instances, the sandstone is interstratined with the
Pentamerus and Megalomus beds. In the second, it is directly overlain
by 15 feet of Helderberg limestone, proved to be so by its most charac-
teristic fossil. The Helderberg limestone is the next higher member of
the series in geological order, and it, in turn, is capped by 20 feet of Black
slate, as already shown in the description of the north and south section
of the county. Other localities at which it occurs are principally to be
found at the foot of the slate hills on the eastern side of the county.
The following named points give good exposures: The Marshall and
Sinking Spring road near the house of John Bell, Esq.; the farm of Hon.
J. L. Hughes; the foot of Stults's Mountain; the Caves of Bocky Fork.
It will thus be seen to stretch through almost the entire extent of the
county from north to south.

An interesting fact in this connection is that the sandstone frequently

384 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

contains thin seams of slate, not to be distinguished in any way by its
appearance from the great deposit that is shown in such force in the east-
ern hills of the county. These slate seams can be found on the eastern
slope of Lilley's Hill, and also in the exposure just mentioned near the
house of John Bell, Esq. The , Samantha Hill also shows them in small
extent.

The Grady's Hill section has been already referred to, as containing
the sandstone interstratified with the Pentamerus beds. This is a very
instructive fact. To state it in other words, the deposition of the sand-
stone had begun in certain portions of the seas, while limestones were
forming in closely contiguous localities — the limestones returning occa-
sionally to renew their growths in the areas from which they had been
displaced. It is quite probable that the uppermost beds of the Penta-
merus series— 10 to 25 feet of limestone which contain neither of the two
great shells of the division, but only the large univalves that are asso-
ciated with them at the lower level — constitute a real equivalent of the
Hillsboro sandstone, and alternate with it in furnishing a floor for the
Black slate, on the eastern side of the county.

Whether this sandstone will furnish a good material for glassrinaking,
has not yet been experimentally determined, some beds being purer than
that from which the sample for analysis was taken. It can be easily
obtained, and in unlimited quantity, at Hillsboro and elsewhere.

The occurrence of sandstone and black slate in the Niagara series,
marks the beginning of a great change in the condition of the seas that
prevailed here. Solid or shaly limestones had been forming in these re-
gions through periods of vast duration, but their day has now passed,
and through other periods, perhaps equally extended, shales and sand-
stones are to be built up, upon the floors of the adjacent seas. A long
interval, however, separates the growth of the limestones from the depo-
sition of the slates and sandstones. A gradual elevation of the Silurian'
island to the westward, was going on during the latter stages of the
Niagara period. It was in a shallowing sea that the Hillsboro sandstone
was formed. Considerable portions of the county— its central and eastern
districts, especially, were raised above the sea after the deposition of the
sandstone, and were held there for the protracted ages in which the
Helderberg, Oorniferous and Hamilton limestones of the regions north-
ward were in process of growth.

The proof of these statements is found in the comparison of some
of the sections already given, with the general geological scale of the
oounty or State. In Fig. 5th, for example, we see Megalomus beds of
the Magara to be overlain by the Hillsboro sandstone of the same series.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

285

The sandstone is, in torn, covered by 250 feet of Black slate, and the
mountain is capped by a hundred feet of "Waverly sandstone. A section
at Stnlts's Mountain would give precisely similar results. The Samantha
section varies only in this respect — that between the Hillsboro sandstone
and the slate, 15 feet of Helderberg limestone are interpolated. One
hundred feet of this limestone intervenes, however, between the JSiagara
rocks and the slate, at Greenfield, and in Boss and Fayette counties. At
Columbus, the Helderberg limestone is snrmoanted by heavy beds of the
great Comiferous series, and still further north — as at Delaware — the
Hamilton shales take their place in the scale, above the Corniferons
limestone.

These facts can be advantageously represented iu a tabular form.

The Highland county section, in its most characteristic exhibitions, as
seen in Mg. 5th, shows the following order :

SLATES.

KIASABA.

The Greenfield section, or as it may well enongh be styled — the Boss
county section — shows the interposition of the Helderberg limestone, thus :

SLATES.

HEUDERBERO.

NIAGARA.

286 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Franklin county shows the presence of still another element :

SLATES.

CORNIFEROUS.

HBI.DERBERG.

NIAGARA.

At Delaware and northward, a thin belt of Hamilton shales overlies
the Oorniferons limestone :

HAMILTON.

COHNIFEROUS.

HELDERBERG.

NIAGARA.

It is to be observed, however, that the two lowest formations here
named do not occur in the surface rocks of Franklin and Delaware coun-
ties, and, furthermore, that the Columbus and Delaware sections may
agree in containing the Hamilton shales. This member of the series has
been certainly identified at Delaware.

To recapitulate the points now brought forward, the black slate (the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

287

Huron shale of the geological chart of the State) overlies, within the
limits of Highland county, two distinct formations, the Niagara and
Helderberg limestones. A satisfactory and probable explanation of this
fact is, that the district in which the latter limestone is not found was dry
land when this limestone was forming in the seas, and that a subsequent
widely- extended depression of the surface, involving both of the forma-
tions just named, brought in upon them the sea from which the black
slate was to be deposited.

These facts serve also to show us some of the boundary lines of the
Silurian island as it existed at the close of the Niagara period. The
eastern border of the county, from the mouth of Rocky Fork southwards;
marks the eastern border of this ancient land. An east and west line
throngh the county, just north of Hillsboro. can not be far from the
northern boundary. The work of elevation was still in progress, as is
shown by the fact that the deposits of the next period are in all cases
shallow along the borders of the land, and increase rapidly in thickness
to the northward and eastward.

IV. Leaving now the Magara series, we come to the Helderberg
limestone. In the general geological scale, a very important division
separates these two formations, viz.: the Onondaga Salt Group. It is
represented in the northern parts of the State by the plaster beds of
Sandusky and Sylvania, but at the southward there is nothing to mark
its separate existence.

The Helderberg limestone is an important and wide-spread formation.
It is often styled the water -lime group, as some of the best varieties of
this valuable mineral are derived from strata of this age. In Highland
county it is a magnesian limestone that does not differ in composition
from the underlying Niagara. A few analyses are appended. They are
analyses of the varieties burned for lime, but in the case of the first three
specimens they represent as well the best building-stones of the country.

No. 1. Backer's quarries, Greenfield.

Xo. 2. Wright's quarries, near Greenfield.

No. 3. Wright's quarries, near Lexington.

No. 4. Pope's quarries, Leesburg.

Carbonate of lime .

53.67

42.42

1.30

1.44

1.00

49.70

44.87

1.00

2.98

1.45

54.10

41.77

2.20

1.60

49.76

Carbonate of magnesia

45.77

0.90

Silicates of lime and magnesia

2.88
0.69

Total

99.83

100.00

99.67

100.00

288 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Reference. will again be made to this table when the lime of this forma-
tion is described.

As will be seen by the map, the Helderberg limestone is confined to
the north-eastern section of the county. There are several insulated
areas of it, as at Lexington and Leasburg. The Greenfield area belongs
to the main body of the rock, which stretches southward from the shores
of Lake Erie with wide boundaries, occupying more of the surface of the
State than any other limestone within its limits.

The thickness of this formation varies iu the county between 15 feet
and 100 feet. The maximum given has not been definitely measured, it
is true ; but a section obtained at Mullein Hill, near Lexington, gave 75
feet of this series without seeming to exhaust it. At Greenfield, 40 feet
are exposed in the quarries of Paint creek, while at Rockville, 6 miles
higher up the stream, an addition of 40 feet seems to be made, and these
exposures do not reach either the lower or the upper limit of the forma-
tion. The minimum thickness can be observed at Samantha, immediately
underneath the outcrop of the slates in Burying Ground Hill. It can also
be seen in the vicinity of Sinking Spring, in numberless sections.

The rocks that belong to this division differ greatly from each other in
lithological characters. The 15 feet of Helderberg limestone, just noted,
as occurring at Sinking Spring, consist of a friable, crumbling limestone,
entirely similar to a sub-division of the Pentamerus limestone, already
described. It is locally called marl, and it has been ascertained by ex-
periment that it makes a very valuable addition to the adjacent farming
lands. The accompanying analysis, by Dr. Wormley, shows its compo-
sition and justifies the estimate placed upon it as a source of fertility.
The lime that is found in it as a carbonate, is readily disintegrated and
incorporated with the soil, while phosphate of lime, the mineral substance
of bones and one of the most valuable elements of all ordinary fertilizers,
is seen to be present in unusual proportions. The analysis gives —

Carbonate of lime , 52.87

Carbonate of magnesia., ■* 42.94

Phosphate of lime 1.39

Alumina and iron 1.50

Silica - 0.70

99.40

The marl, strange as it may seem, furnishes an excellent material for
road making. It does not weather into clay, but into fine sand-like grains,
which, when compacted and cemented, make a floor-like surface. The
(Jynthiann and Sinking Spring pike, one mile north of the latter place,
shows the application of this marl to excellent advantage. The same

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 289

locality gives one of the best junctions of the slates and limestones to be
found in the county. In fact, the whole district to -which Sinking Spring
belongs, is exceedingly interesting in its geology. Dr. Locke called atten-
tion in his report on Adams county, to a region of great disturbance upon
the boundary of Highland and Adams. Faults occur in the immediate
neighborhood of Sinking Spring of considerable extent, the "Waverly
sandstone walling against the Pentamerns division of the Niagara group.
The disturbed area extends for six or eight miles in each direction. There
is nothing like uniformity of dip throughout the region. Waverly sand-
stone, slates, the various limestones of the county, are involved in inex-
tricable confusion. Owing to lack of time, however, no detailed study
was made of this most interesting region.

The Helderberg limestone of this part of the county is, at some points,
fall of fragments of corals that agree generically, at least, with the Magara
forms already referred to. At other points it holds only the most charac-
teristic fossil of the formation, viz : the bivalve crustacean, Leperditia
alta, and, at still others, it is entirely destitute of organic remains.

The 15 feet of the Samantha section, which have been identified as
belonging to this division by the presence of the fossil just named, are
composed of a rough, ungainly rock of which no useful application can be
made.

At Greenfield, however, and in the Helderberg area, just south of Lex-
ington, the formation yields a building-stone of the very highest excel-
lence. It is probably the most even-bedded building-stone of the State.
Its courses are never heavy, seldom exceeding 14 inches in thickness, and
the most of them ranging between 4 inches and 8 inches in thickness. It
is often raised in tables of 150 square feet, the surfaces of which are so
smooth that they can be used for door-steps, and similar purposes, with-
out dressing. This stone is so well adapted for curb-stones and street
crossings, that it has displaced every competitor in the Cincinnati
market.

Its color is drab when first raised, but upon exposure, it generally
acquires a yellowish brown shade. By proper selection and skillful dress-
ing, stone can be obtained from the quarries that produces good architec-
tural effects, as is shown in the house of G. I. Eucker, Esq., of Greenfield ;
but as it is generally used, there is a monotony of courses and color, the
latter contrasting somewhat unpleasantly with the white mortar lines,
that Mis to please the eye. For all ordinary purposes, however, of gen-
eral masonry, it is unsurpassed, both as to the ease with which it can be
worked and the economy and facility with which it can be laid.

Another point of great importance in the economical handling of the
19

290 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

stoue is that all of the spalls or waste of the quarries can be turned to
account for lime burning. Lime, certainly of fair quality, is obtained from
these quarries. They are the only quarries of southwestern Ohio that
have this double function of furnishing, from the same beds, these two
products — building-stone and lime. Springfield, Yellow Springs and
other localities furnish both articles, it is true, but from different horizons.
The upper beds of the Springfield quarries, from which the lime is burned,
are comparatively worthless for building-stone, while the lower courses,
that supply the building-stone, do not burn into a good quality of lime.
The profits of quarrying in the Greenfield rock are largely enhanced by
this fact. Lime-kiins are connected with all of the leading quarries

This rock has been quarried at Greenfield since the first settlement of
the country, but within the last few years the business has been greatly
enlarged by the opening of foreign markets along the line of the railroad,
and especially by the Cincinnati demand. The Greenfield quarries are
located on the banks of Paint Creek, and some of them are embraced
within the village limits. The most extensive business in this line, at
present, is carried on by the firm of G. I. Eucker & Co. All of the char-
acteristics of the formation in this, its best estate, can be observed iu
their quarries. The vertical range of these quarries is not less than 40
feet. The descending limit is reached — not by the failure of the rock — as
the heaviest and most valuable courses lie lowest, but by the want of
natural drainage, these lowest courses of the quarry being at the level of
low water-mark in the stream.

A considerable portion of the series at Greenfield, however, is not
available for quarrying purposes, by reason of the occurrence of folds iu
its structure. The bedding of the rock at such places has been greatly
disturbed and a shattered and chaotic mass remains, which gradually
passes into the even beds upon either side. These folds are utterly worth-
less for building-stone, and it is also affirmed that the folded beds cannot
be burned into lime as easily as the building-stone. Why there should be
a difference in this respect it is not easy to see.

The presence of a layer of concretions, from one to three inches in
diameter, near the upper part of the section deserves to be remarked, as
does also the occurrence through the series in considerable numbers, of
short cylindrical columns, extending through the single layers of rock.
W.hen the layers are raised from the quarry bed, these columns sometimes
fall out, leaving cylindrical cavities in the stone three or four inches in
diameter. These columns often have some organic centre. They are sup-
posed to be due to the effects of pressure in the earlier stages of the rock,
and are but one out of many phenomena that are referred to the same
origin.

GEOLOGICAL SUitVET OF OHIO. 291

Nodules of zinc-blende, or sulpharet of zinc, sometimes weighing sev-
eral pounds, are quite common in the Greenfield stone. They contain
two-thirds of their weight of metallic zinc. This zinc-blende seems finite
frequently to have replaced spherical favosite corals. The same mineral
abounds in the Niagara limestone further south, and in company with the
iron-pyrites of the Black Slates, has inspired many dreams of mineral
treasure that will never be realized. There are hundreds of localities in
South western Ohio to which tradition assigns the possession of mineral
wealth, in lead or silver mines. These traditions generally go bact to
the days of Indian occupation, and are, in fact, generally of Indian origin.
If the red man owes any malice to the race that has dispossessed him of
his hunting-grounds, he may take a grim satisfaction in contemplating
the arduous and unrequited toil to which his idle tales have doomed the
laziest of his oppressors. The fragments of galena that are scattered
over the face of the country are none of them " to the manor born."
They are all of northern origin, and have been transported here, some
perhaps by the floods, but the most by that industrious and semi-civilized
race which opened the mines along the shores of the great lakes and cov-
ered the fairest portions of the Mississippi Valley with the traces of their
long-continued occupation, in countless mounds of burial or sacrifice, and
in the long lines of defensive earth- works which the storms of a thousand
years have not destroyed.

Silica is distributed through the Greenfield stone in considerable quan-
tity. It occurs in replaced corals of spherical form, in minute but perfect
crystals of quartz, and in fossiliferous bands that separate the layers of
the rock.

A.8phaltum, or mineral pitch, is often met with in shot-like grains, in
the cavities of fossils.

There are several quarries to the westward that are now producing
large quantities of stone and lime, in no way inferior to the products of
the Greenfield quarries.

The quarries of J. V. Wright & Oo., 3 miles west of Greenfield, have
been but recently opened in a large way, but the location seems advan-
tageous, and excellent results are already attained.

Near Lexington, the quarries of L. B. Wright, of Hickson, Beeson and
others, all contain the Greenfield stone in typical excellence.

The supply is immense. When it is considered that in no case do the
quarries have a working depth of less than 15 feet, and that some of
them have twice this depth of available quarry stone, it will be seen that a
few acres would suffice for a long lease ; but when, instead of acres, we
are warranted in computing its area by square miles, the date of its ex-
haustion seems to be removed from our day not only by centuries, but

292 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

even by tens of centuries. An insulated area of this rock is also found at
Leesburg, but so far, no building-stone of the best quality has been met
with. The quarries that supply the lime-kilns of W. S. Pope lie near the
base of the Helderberg system at this point.

Passing up the valley of Paint Creek for 6 or 8 miles above Greenfield,
we find the higher beds of Helderberg limestone. At Eockville, where
the best exposure occurs, 40 feet can be measured in a compact section,
and it seems probable that the whole of this overlies the Greenfield stone
proper. The lower portion of the Eockville section is highly fossiliferous,
and very different forms are found here from those which the Greenfield
courses contain. It seems altogether likely that this stratum represents
some higher portion of the Helderberg series. One of the chambered
shells that is found here is quite similar to a form that occurs in the
Delthyris shaly limestone of Eastern New York, the third division in
ascending order of the Helderberg limestone. Above this fossiliferous
stratum come in 20 feet of very thin, very even-bedded limestone, that
rings like pot-metal under the blow of a hammer. The separate courses
are not more than 3 or 4 inches in thickness, and their surfaces are cov-
ered with sun-cracks and ripple-marks. These beds are almost entirely
destitute of fossils. The indication of shore-marks or shallow water,
just' noted, are not confined to one locality, but extend quite widely
through the series. They are found in it certainly in Champaign county,
in Fayette, in Highland,. Pike and Adams. It can therefore be confi-
dently asserted that much of the Helderberg limestone grew in water so
shallow that portions of its surface were from time to time left bare by
the retreating tide.

The fossils of the Helderberg limestone have been occasionally referred
to in the progress of this description, and but little needs to be added
now. The number of species in the lower beds or Water Lime horizon,
is not large. Several bivalve shells occur, of the genera Atrypa, Centro-
nella, etc, Internal casts of them abound in some portions of the rock,
as, for instance, on Opossum run, and on the Moon farm 1 or 2 miles be-
low Greenfield. The crustacean already named — Leperditia alta — is at
once the most numerous and important of all these relics of ancient life.
It constitutes what is called a characteristic fossil, that is, one that is
found at a particular geological horizon, not below and not above. The
life of the species is included in the series of beds which we recognize as
one group. The Leperditia alta is found through at least 40 feet of
the Greenfield stone, covering wide layers with its well-grown valves.
The quarry-men recognize the layers that are thus covered, as the coffee-
grain seam. When to the forms already given, several varieties of corals
are added, the list will be substantially complete.

GEOLOGICAL SUitVKT OF OHIO.

293

The fact has been already stated that the best natural supplies of water-
lime or hydraulic cement of the country are obtained from the strata of
this age. But the analyses of the Helderberg limestone of Highland
county already given, show that it is a true magnesian limestone, almost'
identical in composition with those that lie above it and below it in the
scale. Mention has also been repeatedly made of the lime derived from
this source. The judgments of masons in regard to the qualities of lime
are very various and conflicting, and it can hardly be doubted that one
variety is taken and another left, by a sort of arbitrary decree, rather
than on the ground of intrinsic excellence. There is every reason, how-
ever, to believe that the lime derived from this belt — Greenfield, Lexing-
ton and Leesburg — are all cool, slow- setting and durable cements ; that
in fact they possess the highest kinds, if not the very highest degrees, of.
excellence. Still it is natural to expect to find some deposit of this age
that shall possess the typical property of the group, as it is exhibited at
various places in Xew York, and also at Louisville, Kentucky. Two local-
ities have been found — both of them, however, in Fayette county — that
promise well in this respect. They are the Rittenhouse quarry, in Wayne
township, on the Frankfort and Washington turnpike, and the Doster
quarry, in Green township, on the Monroe and Washington turnpike.

The analyses of these beds by Dr. Wormley show the following com-
position. Xo. 1 is the Doster limestone ; Xos. 2, 3 and 4 are from the
Rittenhouse quarry.

!. ! 2.

Carbonate of lime

52.40 53.69

54.00

39.50

2.20

3.60

53.60

38.73
2.30
6.00

38.30
2.60
4.60

40.28

2.90

Silica

2.80

Total

99.43

99.30

99.38

These analyses warrant the expectation that both quarries will yield a
lime that will set under water. Rocks of this composition slake after
burning, but a high measure of hjdraulic energy is often found in them.
Xor are we left to theory alone in this matter. The Rittenhouse quarry
has been put to the test of an extended and successful experience within
the last 20 years, and the testimony in the vicinity is ample that when
skillfully handled it gives good results. The Doster quarry has not yet
been practically tested, but its constitution promises e\ T eu more than the
former.

294 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

As limes that vary very widely in composition and character become
equally esteemed by those who learn to use them, so, very different qual-
ities of water-lime can be used with equally satisfactory results if they
are treated according to their various natures. The masons of the coun-
try have become accustomed to the Louisville cement, and are unwilling
to adopt new methods in the use of a new article ; but whenever the
people of this section of the State get tired of paying for the transporta-
tion of cement from Louisville or Lake Erie, they will find quarries at
their own doors that will furnish an equally reliable article.

It may be added that the carbonic acid is expelled from both of these
rocks with considerable difficulty. The latter has-thus acquired a reputa-
tion as a fire-stone, and instances are given in which excellent qualities
in this respect have been shown. The two quarries are at the same hori-
zon of the Helderberg formation, the Bittenhouse beds being in contact
with the slate, and the Doster quarry not far below.

The most characteristic portion of the Highland county series, viz., its
central portion, has now been briefly characterized. UsTo detailed account
has been given of its lower limit, the Blue limestone, or of the Huron
shale and Waverly sandstone upon its upper limit. Each of these forma-
tions can be studied to better advantage in counties where more ample
exposures are afforded. The Waverly sandstone, in fact, occurs only in
outliers that cap the slate hills of Brush Creek township, being many
miles removed from the main outcrop of the formation. It is represented
in the map by insulated patches upon the black slate. Only a portion of
these outliers — not all, in fact, that occur upon the western border of the
slates — are represented here. The formation shows, however, its valuable
characteristics in Highland county, furnishing a local supply of building
stone of excellent quality.

The survey of Highland county has developed no unknown stores of
mineral wealth, but has made it possible for all who wish, to gain a clear
view of its most interesting geological structure and history.

THE CLIFF LIMESTONE OF HIGHLAND AND ADAMS

COUNTIES.

The line of junction of the Lower and Upper Silurian rocks of Ohio
was treated of in the Eeport of Progress of 1869, for the counties of
Preble, Montgomery, Miami, Clarke, Greene and Clinton, under the head
of the Geology of Montgomery County. In the same report, the Cliff
Limestone of these counties was resolved into its constituent elements,
viz., the Clinton and Magara Limestones, and a brief account was given
of the distinguishing characteristics of these formations.

This same line of junction passes also through the counties of Highland
and Adams, as is indicated on the map that accompanies the above
named report, but the rocks which compose the Tipper Silurian series in
these counties differ, in a very marked degree, from those which have
been described as constituting the series in Montgomery county. The
history of the Lower Silurian rocks of Ohio — the Blue Limestone, or
Cincinnati Group — seems to have been uniform through all the region
which it occupies. The same general conditions appear to have every-
where prevailed during their formation. At one point, it is true, a larger
proportion of limestone was formed, and at another a greater thickness
of shale, but the variation ceases with this fact. The same species of
fossils are found at the same horizons, in about the same proportions,
through all the Blue Limestone lands of Southwestern Ohio. An ac-
quaintance with any one extended section of Blue Limestone, would
render it impossible to mistake any other exposure of the formation
throughout its entire extent.

The series everywhere terminates in the same way. The Medina Shales,
comprising from ten to thirty feet of red, blue or yellow clays, destitute
of fossils, constitute the uppermost beds of the formation around its
whole boundary — to be seen with the same distinctness in Highland and
Adams counties as in Preble and Montgomery.

There is no such uniformity, however, in the formations that imme-
diately follow. An uplift of the ancient sea-bottom, which occurred near
the close of Lower Silurian time, and which resulted in the formation of a
Silurian island, stretching from Cincinnati to jSashville, brought an

296 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

element of disturbance and irregularity into the growths of succeeding
time. By the existence of this island, currents of transfer must have
been greatly modified, and the waste of shores, comparatively near at
hand, must have supplied to different • portions of the adjacent seas dif-
ferent quantities and different kinds of material, to be re-deposited upon
their floors. Even in the counties that were embraced in last year's
report, there is no such uniformity to be found in the Upper Silurian as
in the Lower Silurian system, but the comparatively small difference in
different portions of the series in this region is magnified and increased
in Highland and Adams counties, until the formations are so masked as
to be beyond ready recognition.

The geology of Adams county was examined and reported upon by
Dr. John Locke, in the Geological Survey of 1838. Dr. Locke's report
furnishes an exceedingly faithful and interesting account of the forma-
tions of Adams county, but it fails to correlate the members of the series
which were found there, with the members of the same series in other
parts of the State and elsewhere. The. few attempts that are made in
the report to do this work are unsuccessful. Nor have those geologists
been more successful who, since its publication, have endeavored to com-
prehend, by its aid, the divisions and equivalents of the Cliff Limestone
of Southwestern Ohio. The cause of this failure lay in the want of
opportunity to follow, connectedly, from the northward, the line of outcrop
of the Upper Silurian formation, and especially in neglecting to compare
the series of Adams and Highland counties. The key to the solution of
the problem, is found in Highland county. It is there that the change
occurs by which the compact series of Greene and Montgomery counties
is expanded into the ample formation, the two lower members of which
Dr. Locke describes as the Cliff Limestone of West Union.

Before proceeding to describe the component parts of the more south-
erly members of this group, a brief review of the Cliff Limestone of
Montgomery and Greene counties is introduced, in order to facilitate a
comparison between the two localities.

The Cliff Limestone of the northern series eonsists of two well marked
formations — named in ascending order, the Clinton and Niagara Limestones
the former of which has an average thickness of 20 feet, the latter a max-
imum of 100 feet.

The Clinton formation consists in the main of a semi-crystalline, crinoidal
limestone, very unevenly bedded, and containing about 84 per cent of car-
bonate of lime in its compostion. Its uppermost layer almost always con-
sists of a few inches of very fine-grained, blue clays, abounding in charac-
teristic fossils and especially in the large disc like joints of crinoidal stems.

The Niagara formation immediately covers these Clinton clays. Its

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 297

lowest member constitutes in the vicinity of Dayton and at many other
points, the celebrated Dayton stone, a very even-bedded, massive lime-
stone, sparingly charged with fossils and containing at least 90 per cent, of
carbonate of lime in its constitution. In very many localities however,
this lowermost horizon of the Niagara holds a rock that resembles in
bedding and in durability the Dayton stone, but that differs from it in
color, hardness and composition, being a magnesian limestone instead of
a true limestone. These firm and heavy courses are seldom more than 10
feet in thickness and frequently not more than 5 feet.

They are regularly succeeded by light blue shales which weather into
whitish clays, or by shaly limestones, yellowish in color, magnesian in
composition, and very poor in fossil remains. These shales and limestones
build up the series by an addition of from o to 50 feet. It should, how-
ever, be observed that in some places neither the Dayton stone nor its
magnesian equivalent was deposited at the beginning of the Niagara
period, but the shales of which mention is now made began the series, and
were continued until, in some instances, 50 feet were deposited.

Following the shales is found another series of even-bedded and mass-
ive magnesian limestones, blue or drab in color, sometimes yielding an
excellent hydraulic lime. The building stone of Springfield, Yellow
Springs, and many other localities belongs to this division. Of the few
fossils that are found in these rocks, those most commonly recognized are
Atrypa reticularis, Strophomena rhojnboidelis, Halysites, and the most com-
mon of the Niagara trilobites, Calymene Blumeribachii, and none of them
are confined to this horizon. The aggregate thickness of these beds does
not exceed 20 feet.

They are followed by the Cedarville Limestone, a series from 10 to 50 feet
in thickness, the lower portion of which is everywhere charged with the
internal casts of a very large and conspicuous bivalve shell, Pentamerus
oblongus; and which contains also a large number of very interesting
fossils that are never found in the lower beds. Casts of crinoidal heads are
abundant, among which may be recognized Caryocrinun ornatus,&nd several
species of Eucalyptocrinus and Saccocrinus. The bed lines are indistinct in
this part of the series, and from its massive appearance, it is often spoken ot
as unstratified. In composition, this Limestone is almost a typical dolomite,
always containing more than 40 per cent, of carbonate of magnesia, the
amount sometimes even exceeding 50 per cent.

To the Cedarville limestone also belongs a series of very thin-bedded and
fragile limestones, in which the Pentamerus but very rarely occurs, but
which are largely composed of the fossil remains of other shells and of the
radiates already named. This horizon proves to be the same in fossil

298 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

character with the well known beds of Leclaire, Milwaukee, Bacine, and
Bridgeport, near Chicago. Among the fossils that it holds in common with
the last named localities may be mentioned Huoalyjplocrinus cormttus,
Trochoceras Desplainense, Orthoceras dbnorme, cystideans of the genera
Holocystites and Gomphocystites, and trilobites of the genus Illaenus.

The rocks of the last two series are very extensively burned for lime
throughout south-western Ohio, and afford the most valued source of this
important substance fof all this portion of the State.

The best point for the study of this division of the Niagara rocks is at
Cedarville, Greene county. It can be observed also at Dean's quarrries
Brant, Miami county, at Wilson's quarries 8 miles north of Dayton, at
01 ben's quarry, near the Ebenezer church, on the the line of the L. M. E.
K. in Clarke county, in all the quarries on Greenville creek in Darke
county and in the quarries one mile south of Sidney, Shelby county.

Passing now to the counties of Highland and Adams, we find that the
Clinton limestone holds quite persistently the characteristics which it was
found to possess in the northern counties. It is quite constant in its com-
position, never passing into the magnesian series; it is almost always un-
even in its bedding and while its substance is not so generally made up
of crinoidal fragments there are portions throughout the whole region
which cannot be distinguished in hand specimens from the Clinton of
Montgomery county, or indeed from the Clinton formation of western
New York. Its average thickness is somewhat increased, but probably
never exceeds 40 feet, and this thickness is sometimes attained in the
northern district as a maximum, as for instance at Yellow Springs, in
Greene county. It constitutes in Adams county the flinty limestone of
Locke, so named by him from the presence of nodules of chert in its
lower beds. This, however, is no distinctive characteristic, as similar
cherty concretions abound in various portions of the Niagara series, and
even furnish to the great Corniferous limestone the name by which it is
known. Although the Clinton does not always terminate in the blue clays
of the northern series, but more frequently passes without their interposi-
tion into the solid limestones that make the floor of the Niagara series,
still the same disc-like, crinoidal joints are found abundantly in the solid
limestone at the same horizon to the southward. The Clinton formation
then can be recognized unmistakeably in these counties. It is well known
that this formation yields in many portions of the country, beds of valua-
ble iron-ore, sometimes called "fossil ore" from the fact that it is largely com-
posed of animal remains converted into sesquioxide of iron. This char-
acteristic ore occurs along the line of Highland and Adams counties, and
quite possibly will justify working.

GEOLOGICAL STJEVET OF OHIO. 299

A very interesting fact which ocer.rs in this formation in the southern
part of Highland county, deserves to be noted here.

One mile west of Belfast, on the Fairfax road, a bed of conglomerate
is met with, at aboat the middle of the Clinton formation in this region.
It contains, in addition to the rounded limestone pebbles that mainly
compose it, many fossil corals and shells. Some of the latter are worn
and roonded like the pebbles with which they are associated, while others
exhibit no marks of abrasion. The fossils agree specifically with those
that are usually found in this portion of the Clinton formation, while the
pebbles might well enough be derived from the Blue limestone series.

The significance of this Clinton conglomerate lies in the fact that it
establishes the existence of shore lines near the loc; tion in which it is
found, at the time when its strata were in process of formation, and also
that it serves to determine not alone the fact of the Silurian uplift, to
which reference has already been made, but also to fix approximately its
date.

In determining the limits and characteristics of the Niagara Group, we
can follow with great profit the line of outcrop of the Dayton stone, east-
ward and southward from 3Iontgomery county, for in this well-marked
deposit we find a sure guide to the bottom courses of the great series to
which it belongs.

Eastward from the Dayton beds occur the quarries of Shoup, Huston
and Puterbaugh, 3 miles south-west from Harbrne's Station, on the Day-
ton and Xenia Eailroad. These, like the Dayton quarries, exist as out-
liers or insulated masses, widely removed from the main outcrop of the
formation. The next quarry that occurs, however, in passing southward.
viz. : McDonald's quarry. 3 miles south of Xenia, holds to the main line.
It is one of the most widely known and extensively worked of all the
quarries that belong to this valuable series, constituting, in fact, one of
the three localities to which contracts for foundations of public works in
Cincinnati were formerly confined, the specifications calling for Dayton,
Xenia or Centerville stone. The nest outcrop of this Xiagara base is
found on Anderson's Fork, on the south line of Greene county, and still
another is found on Todd's Fork, 3 miles north of Wilmington, in Clinton
county. From this point onwards for many miles the surface of the
conntry is obscured with heavy Drift deposits, and but few indications of
bedded rock of any kind occur before the south line of Clinton county is
reached. Passing from thence to Hillsboro, an extensive series of Xiag-
ara rocks is traversed, but the base of the series and the underlying
Clinton limestone are wholly concealed. The rocks are destitute of fos-
sils, and differ in some respects from the portions of the series heretofore

300 GEOLOGICAX, SURVEY OF OHIO.

described. In fact, the great change in character and extent which we
find between the northern and southern series Las already been accom-
plished, and from this point southwards we meet with constant exposures
of rock in hills that range from 200 feet to 250 feet in height, the whole of
which, as will presently be shown, belonging to the Magara formation.

The Dayton base is, however, recovered at least once more, and most
opportunely for the identification and disentangling of this complex
series. One mile south-east of Hillsboro, where the Belfast pike crosses
Kocky Fork — at Bisher's dam — a true exposure of the Dayton stone oc-
curs, the southernmost exposure thus far recognized. The bed of the
stream for 2 miles above this point is in the Clinton formation ; but as
the strata are here dipping to the eastward more rapidly than the stream
descends, it follows that higher and higher courses of the rocks become
successively its bed ; and thus we find at the point above named the even
beds of the Dayton horizon, true to the original in color, hardness and
composition, in every particular save one, viz. : the thickness of their
courses, overlying a most characteristic exposure of the Clinton lime-
stone. Proceeding due northward from this point for one mile, to the
summit of Lilley's Hill, on the Marshall road, we rise by a series of steep
escarpments through the whole range of the Magara formation in south-
western Ohio. As this section is not surpassed in clearness and concise-
ness, a somewhat detailed account of it is added. It may be assumed as
a typical section of the Magara formation in the two counties now under
consideration.

The section consists of 6 well-marked sub-divisions, 4 of which are
widespread and which make up the bulk of the formation, while the low-
ermost, the Dayton stone, and the uppermost, the Hillsboro sandstone,
are more local in their appearance. The accompanying diagram repre-
sents the order, the relative thickness, and the names of the divisions
that are here met with :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

301

DIAGRAM REPRESENTING THE ORDER, THE RELATIVE THICKNESS, AND
THE NAMES OF THE- DIVISIONS.

6 Hillsboro Sandstone —
30 ft.

Gnelph, Cedarville or
5 Pentamems Limestone —
20 ft.

A Vertical

Section of

the

Niagara Rocks

4 Blue Cliff and Shales—
45 ft.

Springfield Stone.

HUlsboro,

From the summit of

Lilley's Hill
To the level of Rocky
Fork — at Bisher's Dam.

3 Lower or West Union Cliff —
45 ft.

2 Niagara Shales —
60 ft.

1 Dayton Limestone —
5 ft.

302 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO,

1. The section gives us then as its lowest member 5 feet of Dayton
limestone, which occurs in courses of 3 or 4 inches in thickness. On
account of the last mentioned fact, no great value is attached to it in the
neighborhood where it is found, as an abundant supply of heavy-bedded
building-rock is everywhere at hand.

2. The Dayton Stone is followed by the Niagara shales, which are at
the point named 60 feet in thickness. These beds consist of a light blue
clay which weathers white, with occasional courses of impure, shaly
limestone. They constitute the " Great Marie " of Locke, described by
him as having a thickness of 1Q6 feet immediately underneath the village
of West Union, Adams county. The beds hold comparatively few fossils,
and the few they retain are but indifferently preserved. Free corals and
brachiopod shells are the forms most commonly recognized.

The shales are not perfectly constant in their occurrence, but sometimes
yellowish, shaly limestones are found to take their place. Between these
indurated strata and beds of clay as soft as those of the Blue Limestone
series, all gradations occur. As a representative of the consolidated va-
riety of the Niagara shales, we may instance the belt of> rocks first met
with in passing from Wilmington to Hillsboro, to which reference has
already been made. The Niagara shales are of great interest in many
ways in the Geography and Geology of this whole region.

In whatever district the shales are exposed they constitute its water-
bearers, strong and numerous springs marking their upper boundary.
Then, too, wherever the streams have wrought their way in this forma-
tion they have made much wider valleys than they have been able to do
when confined to the firm limestone courses that occar higher in the geo-
logical scale. The ample bottom-lands of Eocky Pork and one of its
main tributaries, Clear Creek, within five miles of Hillsboro, are in strik-
ing contrast with the deep and narrow gorge which the same stream has
worn a dozen miles nearer its mouth and after it has been reinforced by
numerous branches. The explanation is that the wide valleys were exca-
vated in the Niagara shales, while the strong, eastward dip of the strata
is so great, that at the mouth of Eocky Fork the stream is obliged to cut
its way through the solid limestones that cap the Hillsboro hills to a
thickness of more than one hundred feet. And thus we find the gorge
100 feet in depth and not more than two or three times as wide.

It will be remembered that in Greene and Montgomery counties also
beds of shale very frequently immediately overlie the Dayton stone, so
that this great deposit 60 to 100 feet in thickness is no new element in
the scale, but is only a marked expansion of a term already recognized.
Indeed, it is the precise stratigraphical equivalent of the Niagara shales

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 303

of Western lifew York, to the existence of which and its collocation with
an overlying cliff, the great cataract which has given its name to this
whole formation, owes its origin.

3. The next member of the series is a yellowish, arenaceous limestone,
45 feet in thickness in the section under review. The following analysis,
obtained from a sample of the rock at West Union, Adams county, shows
its composition there :

Carbonate of lime - 42.60

Carbonate of magnesia 34.79

Silica and sand - 18.80

Alumina and iron 2.20

Total 93.57

The limestone constitutes the lower line of cliffs that is to be recog-
nized at the point named in the section, and at various localities along
Rocky Fork and Clear Creek. It may therefore be designated as the
Lower Cliff. It abounds in fossils, which in this particular section are
not very well preserved ; but shells of the genera Spirifera, Atrypa and
Merista can be recognized, together with univalves of .the Pleurotomaria
group — all being internal easts. At other points in the vicinity this same
belt yields beautiful fossils of the genera already noted. Fragments of
trilobites of the genera Dalmania are also of frequent occurrence. The
quarries of James Sanderson, on the Hillsboro and Danville pike, are
especially to be noted in this connection.

There are very many localities in the two counties waere this rock con-
stitutes the surface, or in other words, where no higher members of the
group overlie it. Indeed, the Cliff Limestone of Adams county very
seldom holds any higher member than this. It nowhere attains in High-
land county tbe thickness that Dr. Locke assigns to it in West Union,
viz., 89 feet ; but in traveling southward from Hillsboro it can readily be
seen that both lumbers 2 and 3 are heavier formations than at this place.
In the. vicinity of Belfast, on the south line of Highland county, the
Lower Cliff is found to be 60 feet thick.

The soil formed from its decomposition is veiy productive. It was
originally covered with a varied and abundant forest growth, and since it
has been subdued by the hand of man, though not inferior to any soils
around it in the yield of ordinary farm products, it shows itself especially
adapted to fruit raising. The best example of it in the vicinity of Hills-
boro is at Chapman's Hill, on the road from Ifew Market to Dansville.
Sugar Tree Ridge furnishes another example of the same sort.

4. The fourth member of the series may be designated as the Blue
Cliff. It has in the section under review a thickness of 45 feet. Blue

304 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

shales, alternating with beds of an argillaceous limestone, constitute its
lower portions — its upper are heavy-bedded limestones, blue in color, semi-
crystalline in structure, and charged with fossil corals. The genera
Halysites (the chain coral), Streptelasma (the free or bull's horn coral),
and Favosites (the honey-comb coral), are especially abundant. .The last
named fossil very frequently occurs in concretions, lenticular or spheroidal
in shape. These concretions are abundant in the quarries of Col. Collins,
on the north side of Hillsboro, and on the eastern side of the county. In
Marshall and Jackson townships, where the upper cliff makes an impor-
tant part of the surface, they are strewn like drift bowlders, far and wide.
They are both silicious and calcareous, mainly the former. Beautiful
crystals are found in them, making them objects of interest to collectors.

The rocks of the upper cliff are frequently used as building stones, the
higher beds occurring in massive courses, which are well adapted to the
purposes of masotiry. Great care, however, is necessary in selecting
building stone from this series, as a considerable portion of it does not
withstand Jhe weather, but crumbles away under the action of frost. Fine
exposures of the upper cliff are found within the limits of Hillsboro, as,
for example, at Col. Collins' quarry, at Williams' quarry, on the Marshall
road, and in the cut on the abandoned line of the Hillsboro & Cincin'i Bail-
road, at Academy Hill; but the best opportunity to study the order and
sequence of this and the succeeding' formation occurs on the laud of Col.
Trimble, just beyond the corporation line. The excavations, that were
made on the old railroad line already named, give facilities for studying
minutely a large portion of these beds.

It will be remembered that shales constitute the lower beds of the series.
These shales constitute a source of springs along their outcrop, as could
be readily foreseen, but the springs are generally weaker than those
derived from the more porous lower cliff, which flow out over the great
shales.

The upper beds are, in some instances, quite abundantly supplied with
finely distributed bituminous matter, but this cannot be named as a dis-
tinctive mark, for all the limestones of the region exhibit these bitumin-
ous belts.

5. The next element in the Niagara Group of Highland county is the
series of magesian limestones, which constitute, with few exceptions, the
highest lands in the vicinity of Hillsboro. They have a maximum thick-
ness of 90 feet, but this maximum seems altogether exceptional in its
occurrence. The average thickness does not exceed 20 feet. They are
characterized by an abundance of large and noticable fossils. Most promi-
nent among t'jem are the well-known bivalve shells, Pentamerus oblongus,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

305

sometimes called the deer's-foot shell, and Megalomus Canadensis, which
resembles a large clam-shell. The scientific interest of both these forms
is very considerable, as they mark quite definitely the geological horizons
to which they belong. Chambered shells of the Orthoceras family and
large univalves of the genera Hurchisonia and Plenrotomaria are also
abundant, and corals also occur in great profusion and in considerable
variety. As is generally true in magnesian limestones, these fossils all
occur as internal casts. They often constitute the entire mass of the lime-
stone, but good cabinet specimens are, after all, difficult to find. This
Pentamerus Limestone, as the series under discussion may be designated,
furnishes here, as at many other points in southwestern Ohio, excellent
lime, which unites the qualities of being easily burned, of whiteness, of
durability, and of being worked with ease and economy. It is certain also
that it sometimes possesses a measure of hydraulic energy.

This limestone constitutes the caps of the highest hills in, and immedi-
ately around, Hillsboro, with one exception, which is presently to be
noted. In the section under discussion, although the place of this element
is shown with perfect distinctness, there does not chance to occur any
quarry in the immediate line of ascent ; but Col. Trimble's lime kiln quarries,
a half mile to the northward, furnish every opportunity needed for under-
standing the structure of the series. A similar statement might be made
in the case of the Upper Cliff.

The points at which the Pentamerus Limestone occurs to the south of
Hillsboro are very few in number, and can probably all be embraced
within a radius of four miles from the court-house.

The highest formation thus far found in Adams county is the Lower
Cliff, as has been already stated. In passing northward from the Adams
county line by the Belfast pike, the Upper Cliff is first met with on or
near the farm of Henry Storer, on the highest land between Belfast and
Berryville, and the Pentamerus beds are found on the high lands of the
Smith farm, within three miles of Hillsboro.

The dip being uniformly to the north and east, it follows that the fur-
ther we trace these formations to the northward and eastward, the lower
will be the level where they are found. And thus the same Pentamerus
Limestone that immediately underlies the village of Hillsboro is found at
Lexington, ten miles to the northward, in the bed of Lee's Creek, 125 to
150 feet below the Hillsboro level. The Upper Cliff forms the bed of
Paint Creek above the mouth of Boeky Fork, showing a depression of the
strata amounting to 350 feet in a distance of sixteen miles. The cliffs at
the mouth of Bocky Fork and for two miles above, are composed of the
Pentamerus Limestone, but no shells of Pentamerus have been observed
20

306 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

there, the equally conspicuous Megalomus Canadensis occupying almost
all the ground. Mention has already been made of the exceptional thick-
ness of this member of the series in this portion of the county. A section
was measured in an almost vertical cliff near the Caves of Eocky Fork,
which gave 85 feet of limestone, with Megalomus at top and bottom alike-
There is a single section at Hillsboro in which the Megalomus underlies
the Pentamerus, a fact not elsewhere observed.

Although the shells already named constitute the most important part
of the contents of tbis highly fossiliferous limestone ; yet there are areas
in which the mass of the rock is mainly composed of coarse crinoidal
stems. This variety can be seen in the College Hill quarries at Hillsboro,
and also iu the quarries on the same farm south of the town.

Like the Upper Cliff, this rock is often highly bituminous, the bitumen
being sometimes disseminated iu fine grains through the whole mass,
and sometimes being condensed in the cavities of fossils.

6. It remains but to describe the 6th member of the Niagara Series in
South-western Ohio. It is found, so far as known, only in Highland
county, and here in but comparatively few locations ; but from the posi-
tions which it now holds,, it is safe to predicate for it a former extension
over a considerable area.

The section now under review, starting from Bisher's Dam on Eocky
Fork, terminates in Lilley's Hill, the highest point of land in, or immedi-
ately around, Hillsboro, overcapping all the other summits there by -20 or
30 feet. It has been noticed from the first settlement of the county that
the summit of this hill is sandstone, or freestone, as it is more commonly
designated. Examination shows that a very fine-grained, purely silicious
sandstone, about 30 feet thick, directly overlies the Pentamerus beds at'
this point. The color of the rock varies from white to yellowish or
brown, a small but varying proportion of iron seeming to account for the
changes. There is a peculiar glistening appearance to the sandstone
which makes it impossible to confound it with any other formation found
in this part of the State. As a typical example of it occurs so near Hills-
boro, it may be appropriately designated the Hillsboro Sandstone.

The occurrence of this sandstone betokens the. beginning of a very
marked change in the condition of the ancient seas that covered this re-
gion. A shaft sunk vertically from Hillsboro Court House would traverse
not less than 1500 feet of limestones and calcareous shales before any
other formation would be met, but from this level upward argillaceous
shales and sandstones prevail, and the Hillsboro sandstone is their fore-
runner.

To meet with a sandstone in the Niagara series is so anomalous a fact
hat it may naturally be asked whether the rock in question can not be

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 307

referred to some other and higher series. The answer is, that there are
several points in the county in which the sandstone is fonnd included be-
tween the Pentamerus beds below and the Helderberg limestone above,
and still others in which it is found to be directly overlaid by the Black
Slates, without the interposition of the Helderberg series.

The most satisfactory example of the first sort thus far observed is
found in the section disclosed in the Meeting House Hill at Samantha.
This hill is capped with an acre or two of " Black Slate," the most west-
erly outlier of this great formation. Immediately underlying the 20 feet
of Black Slate, 15 feet of Helderberg limestone are met with, and under
this is found the Hillsboro sandstone.

In Grady's Hill, also, four miles north of Hillsboro, on the Lexington
pike, the sandstone occurs interstratified to some degree with the fossil-
iferous beds of the Pentamerus limestone.

To render more complete the prophecy of the changes that were to fol-
low, the sandstone frequently contains thin courses of black shale, not to
be distinguished in mineral characteristics from the heavy formation that
lies a little higher in the geological scale. Examples of this shale may be
noted in the Lilley's Hill section, in the Meeting House Hill at Saman-
tha, in Grady's Hill, and in an admirable exposure of the limestone and
sandstone near the house of John Bell, Esq., on the old road from Mar-
shall to "Sinking Spring.

In the Eeport on the Geology of Highland county will be found a much
more detailed account of the points here brought forward than would be
appropriate in this general review, but enough has been given to indicate
the character and relations of the leading components of the Cliff lime-
stone in the two counties already named.

One more element might be added, it is true, viz., the Helderberg Lime-
stone, which occurs in considerable force on the northern line of Highland
county, at Greenfield and in its vicinity, but which is insignificant in
amount, and often altogether wanting as we go southward. There is
good reason to believe that this formation was deposited, in the main, in
a shallow sea, for its successive courses are often ripple-marked and sun-
cracked, through many feet of their thickness. The thinning out and
complete disappearance of this limestone to the southward and westward
furnishes conclusive proof of the existence of dry land to the westward
at this early date. We recognize in this land the Silurian island to which
reference has before been made, the existence of which is attested with
equal distinctness by the Clinton Conglomerate and the thinning edges of
the Helderberg Limestone. The eastern shore of this island at least was
again submerged in the period in which the Black Slates were deposited,
and thus we and the Niagara Limestones in some portions of Highland

308 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

county, in immediate contact with this formation, while a little to the
northward the Helderberg Limstone is interposed, and still farther north,
as at Columbus, both the Helderberg and Corniferous Limestones are
interposed. In other words, the Black Slates overlie, at Columbus, the
Corniferous Limestone ; at Greenfield, the Helderberg Limestone, and at
Marshall, the Niagara Limestone.

This account of the Cliff Limestone of Highland and Adams counties
will be concluded with a comparison between the Niagara Formation, in
its typical exposures in Western New York, and the same formation in
Southern Ohio.

At Lockport, New Tork, and in its immediate vicinity, the Niagara
series is represented by 85 feet of Niagara shales, overlaid by 165 feet of
Niagara Limestone, according to Prof. James Hall, of the New Tork
Geological Survey. This series is represented in the accompanying dia-
gram, No. 1.

No. 2 represents the Highland county section of the same formation,
and No. 3 the Adams county series. The aggregate thickness of the
Highland county group is considerably greater than is represented in the
Bisher's Dam section, embracing not less than 275 feet of shales and
limestones.

For the Adams county section, the measurements of Dr. Locke, at West
Union, are retained, viz.: 100 feet of shales and 90 feet of limestone.

GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY OP OHIO.

309

No. 2.
Highland County.

No. 1.
Loekport, N. Y.

Niagara

Limestone,

165 ft.

Niagara Shales,
85 ft.

BUlshoro

Sandstone,

30 ft.

Niagara

Limestone,

180 ft.

Niagara Shales,
60 ft.

Dayton Stone,
5 ft.

No. 3.
Adams County.

Total, 250 ft.

275 ft.

190 ft.

GEOLOGICAL SERIES „ F HIGHLAND COUNTY.

j'-t

/*t.

"ffbrktffCil.O.

j*g,And. SECTION r„o M LYNCHBURG,ToMARSHALL.

JsuncA, Ttwrg
■ ttbaYeJSeu.

JS^eotltryel

/ (iAt^ Col.O.

J\/T dr shall St&tCon
to/iff, tnhoYe Sea.

NIAGARA GROUR

CLINTON GROUP.

BLUE

LIMESTONE.

CINCINNATI
GROUP.

IZg.fra. SECTION of HIGHLAND COUNTY, through HILLSBORO. wast.tavest.

Jq._

15 *

tch tt,ctfc:Xi)L>*tnt. M.

M'g^tA. SECTION through HILLSBORO JTbrth & South.
JCoTizorrtal scale £& miles to 4 inch.

~V^J*-if?-w'r*sr7. ii <%*\t\-Fl: » w ir

v u ir

W^w^pft Col.O.

SECTION

JtAPIDS FOR GE

MOUNTAIN.

Wccverlw $andston<
loop

SllXs'baro
Rochjlk,

£Tutoji Sh ales.

~J(iehe^

BiSR CbLO.

SECTION
LILLY'S HILL

HIGHLAND, Co.
Fig, 6*

ffillsboro Sandstone.

30
Tentamerws, or Guelph hedf.

Kf (J

K ^cJie^ ETiG^CoL^Q,

PAET IY.

AGRICULTURAL SURVEY,

By JOH^ H. KLIPPAET,

ASSISTANT GEOLOGIST.

AGRICULTURAL SURVEY,

BY JOHN H. KLIPPABT.

Prof. J. S. Newberry, Chief Geologist :

Dear Sir : In accordance with your request I give below a brief sketch of
the plan adopted, and of the work done under that plan, in the perform-
ance of the duty assigned me as Agriculturist of the Geological Survey. I
should say however before commencing this sketch, that the definition of
my duty contained in the 1st section of the law providing for a Geological
Survey, viz : " To make a complete and thorough Agricultural Survey
of each and every county in the State," if literally construed would impose
upon me an amount of labor only to be performed in years of active in-
dustry, and of which the result, if fully recorded, would fill many portly
volumes. Such a task, however, it was not the intention of the framers of
the law to provide for any one, in as much as the greater part of the duty
has been accomplished or is sure to be done by another organization,
namely the State Agricultural Society. Already the records of this society
form large 8vo volumes, one of which is published every year, and most of
them contain each, one or more county agricultural reports, prize essays
chosen from a number and written by intelligent agriculturist, who give in
their essays exhaustive and accurate expositions of the districts they in-
habit and know so well. I shall therefore take the liberty of departing in
some measure, from the strict letter of my instructions, and, leaving the
preparation of elaborate and voluminous diseriptions of local features, and
locate Agricultural system to those who will prepare them for reports of
the Agricultural Society, shall restrict myself to a more general and com-
prehensive view of the field before me, and direct my attention in my in-
vestigations and in my reports of them to such practical questions, relating
to Agriculture in Ohio, as have not had and are not likely to have full ex-
position through other agencies than the Geological Survey, and yet such
as the best interests of our State require should be investigated.

The plan which I have proposed to myself has been to consider the state
of Ohio as one great farm, consisting of woodland and cultivated fields,
adapted by topographical features, soil, exposure, etc., to very different
systems of tillage.

314 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

In some, the soil is virgin, in others impoverished, by long and faulty
cultivation. These fields are not counties, but wide agricultural dis-
tricts, possessing each its special characters and adaptations, and requiring
intelligent, independent, and widely different treatment in order to obtain
the best results.

If required to report on a farm exhibiting considerable variety of soil and
surface, the wise and skillful agriculturist would examine carefully its differ-
ent sections, learning, if possible, as his first step, what had been its original
and primitive condition as indicated by the kind and the luxuriance of the
vegetation, arbsorescent or herbaceous, with which it was covered. This
would tell him at once what were the characteristics of the virgin soil.
Then he would ascertain, if possible, what system of cultivation had been
practiced and with what results. He wovld doubtless learn that certain
crops on certain fields had always been failures ; that others once yielded
large returns, had afterwards become less renumerative ; and, unless this
farm was a marked exception to the general rule in our country, it would
appear that its orginal fertility had been for one or another cause sensibly,
perhaps greatly, impaired.

Possibly, in order to better solve all the questions that might arise,
he would have some chemical analysis made of the different varieties of
soil, both virgin and long cultivated, which the farm affords. But being a
wise and experienced agriculturist — as we have supposed him to be, he
would know that a chemical analysis, as ordinarily performed of a pinch of
soil from a field of many acres could afford but a very imperfect clue to the
conditions and wants of such a field ; therefore, unless he could select his
own samples, and these even numerous and of considerable volume, and
then treated by a chemist of more than ordinary skill and conscien"
tiousness, he would not attach much value to chemical analysis. He would
much prefer to be guided by what he saw of the physical characters of the
soil, the native growth of vegetation, if retained, the appearance of the
growing crops, and the history, so far as he could learn it, of the experience
gained there in many years of farming by those whose bread depended upon
all trials and experiments being carefully and honestly made. Having ex-
hausted all these sources of information, the agricultural expert would be
able to review intelligently the past and prescribe for the future. He
would know what had been the history and capabilities of the territory
under consideration ; could see where the system of cultivation pursued
had been judicious and when it had been faulty. Taking into account the
nature of the soil, the climate, the slopes and exposures of the different
sub-divisions, the facilities and difficulties of drainage, the presence or
absence of indigenous fertilizers ; muck, marl, limestone, etc., he ought to be
able to indicate a system of agriculture that might be introduced upon

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 315

that farm by which its fertility would be raised to, and maintained at a
higher standard than had ever before been reached, and largely increase
*he chances of the proprietor drawing a competence or even wealth from it.

This, then, is the duty which I propose to do, in a small and humble
way, in the State of Ohio. I am far from claiming for myself the rare
and almost super-human wisdom which would be required for the full per-
formance of a task so difficult as a thorough and exhaustive review of the
history, conditions and possibilities of Ohio agriculture would be. Still
I have supposed it possible that, considering the subject in a broader and
more general view than has before been taken of it ; giving greater scope
to my investigations and comparisons than has been attempted by those
who have studied only local features and questions, and using, for the
fuller illumination of the subject, all the abundant materials accumulated
by the State Agricultural Society, I could add at least something to the
knowledge hitherto possessed of our great agricultural resources, and
thus make a not altogether valueless contribution to their development.
The plan which I have worked out for myself in this investigation is to
give : first, a general review of the conditions upon which success in agri-
culture depends — as climate, topography, soil, etc: the classification of
soils according to their chemical and physical characters ; an inquiry into
their sources of fertility ; their adaptation to different systems of agricul-
ture ; their deterioration and renovation ; second, a description of the dif-
ferent agricultural districts of Ohio as distinguished by peculiarities of
climate, topography, natural productions, and prevalent systems of agri-
culture. This would include an inquiry into the sources from which the
soils of each district are derived ; their adaption and their changes under
cultivation, with an indication of methods and materials for the mainten-
ance of their fertility and with an investigation into the distribution and
properties of such fertilizers as are found within our limits.

In a report like this, anything more than a mere allusion to the first
part of this programme would be out of place. I should perhaps say,
however, that I do not propose to write a treatise upon the elements of
agriculture, bnt simply to give a brief exposition of the physical and
chemical characters of various soils, the part they play in the growth of
vegetation, the source of their fertility and the theory of their impoverish-
ment. I have thought that a few pages devoted to these subjects would
supply a want that all our farmers feel, and some of them confess, while
they would prepare the way for the more perfect comprehension of what
might be said in regard to the characteristics of the different agricultural
districts of our own State.

In dividing our surface into different sections I have found it difficult

3X6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

to draw the limits of each or any one in such a way as to give agricultural
unity to the area enclosed by them. A few broad generalizations may be
made in regard to the agricultural capabilities of different sub-divisions
of the State, but any large area presented so many exceptions to its pre-
valing character that this coarse and rude handling of the subject, though
bringing out many interesting and suggestive facts, must neccessarily be
somewhat crude and unsatisfactory. For instance ; over fully three-fourths
of the State the surface is underlaid by the drift and the soil is in a large
part made up of materials of foreign origin. And since the most conspic-
uous elements in the drift deposits is clay, the larger part of the soil
underlaid by the drift is a clay soil. Again, the materials composing the
drift have been distributed with so much uniformity that they have filled
up and obliterated all the irregularities of the underlying rocks and the
topography of the drift area is as a general rule monotonous. All these
features may be said to prevail in the drift area, and so far as they can do,
give it unity of character. But on the other hand the drift area extends
from Ashtabula to Dayton, covering so Wide a belt that its margins north
and south are exposed to very different climatic influence. This is shown
by the contrast of the hemlock forests of Ashtabula with the blue grass
pastures of the south. The drift materials too, differ locally to a marked
degree in their chemical and physical characters ; and within this drift
district we have the dairy farms of the Eeserve, the loam and gravel of
the wheat lands of Stark, Wayne and Eichland, the corn lands Of the
Black Swamp and Miami Valley.

The area not occupied by the Drift deposits presents less diversity of
agricultural character, but is far from being a unity. This district lies
mostly in the coal field, and stretches from Hanover Summit, Columbiana
county, to Portsmouth, on the Ohio. In most of this area the surface is
rolling or broken, the soil is mostly from the subjacent rocks, and obtains its
fertility from the elements they contain ; differing very greatly in limited
distances. The lower coal measures consisting of alternations of lime-
stones, shales, sandstones, fire-clays and beds of coal, some porous, others
very impervious, furnish a soil which is frequently well watered and fer-
tile to the hill-tops ; while the barren coal measures, and such members of
the upper series as fall within our limits, consisting in the greater propor-
tion of argillaceous shales, yield an intractable, less fruitful soil. Along
the line where the two great districts I have indicated meet, they are
mingled in such a way as to produce endless confusion. I have thought
it better, therefore, after indicating the influences that have produced so
wide and general an effect, to divide the State into districts of a more
limited area, and to make each the object of special study, in order that
its agricultural features might be more sharply defined and be more

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

317

readily grasped by myself and those for whom the investigation is made.
To this end I have established the following local districts, and have de-
voted two seasons to a systematic examination of the agricultural char-
acters they present :

WILLIAMS j

I. Miami Valley, consisting of the counties of Butler, Brown, Cham-
paign, Clarke, Clermont, Clinton, Darke, Greene, Hamilton, Logan, Miami,
Montgomery, Preble, Shelby.

II. Maumee Valley, consisting of Allen, Anglaize, Crawford, Defiance,
Fulton, Hancock, Henry, Lucas, Mercer, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, San-
dusky, Seneca, Van Wert, Williams, Wood and Wyandot.

DH. Scioto Valley, consisting of Adams, Delaware, Fayette, Franklin,
Hardin, Highland, Jackson, Madison, Marion, Morrow, PickaWay, Pike,
Boss, Scioto and Union counties.

318 GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY OF OHIO.

IV. Muskingum, Valley, consisting of Ashland, Carroll, Coshocton
Guernsey, Harrison, Holmes, Noble, Eichland, Stark, Tuscarawas, Wash-
ington and Wayne counties.

Y. Western Reserve, consisting of Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie, Geauga,
Huron, Lake, Lorain, Mahoning, Medina, Portage, Summit and Trumbull
counties.

VI. Hocking Valley, consisting of Athens, Fairfield, Gallia, Hocking,
Lawrence, Meigs, Perry and Vinton counties.

VII. .The river counties not belonging to any river system other than
the Ohio, are Belmont, Columbiana, Jefferson and Monroe counties.

During the last and preceding seasons I have gone over with consider
able care the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th districts, and a portion of the 5th.

The eastern portion of the State yet remains to be examined, and will
form an object of special attention during the coming season.

In addition to personal inspection of the topography of the regions
visited, I have made examination of the soil, and have selected a suite of
the most typical varieties for exhibition in the Cabinet, and for analysis.
I have made notes on the relation of the soil to the geology ; the native
and introduced flora ; the present aspect of agriculture and its past his-
tory. I have also gathered statistics of observations on the climate of
different locations, and continued many years ; have also obtained profiles
of all the Uailroads and Canals in the State. I have constantly carried
with me an aneroid barometer, and having the altitude of almost every
railroad station, I have made hundreds of observations on the contour of
the surface, which I hope will have both interest and value.

In collecting these data, I have been laid under many obligations to
the officers of the following railroad companies, for their kindness in fur-
nishing me profiles of their respective roads, as well as for other cour-
tesies:

I. Pan-Handle route, from Steubenville to Newark.
II. Cincinnati and Marietta, from Cincinnati to Harmar.

III. Cincinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland, from Springfield to San-
dusky.

IV. • Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark, from Sandusky to Newark_
V. Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Chicago, from Bnon, Pa., to Ft.

Wayne, Ind.

VI. Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Chicago, from Cleveland to Wellsville.

VII. Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati, from Cleveland to Co-
lumbus.

VIII. Hocking Valley, from Columbus to Athens.

IX. Atlantic and Gt. Western, from Dayton to Meadville, Pa.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 319

X. Little Miami and Xenia and Columbas, from Cincinnati to
Yellow Springs.

XI. Fremont and Indianapolis (new), from Fremont to Union City.
XII. Columbns and Springfield (new), from Colnmbus to London.
XIII. Coldwater and Mansfield (new), from Pioneer to Mansfield.
XIY. Cleveland, Mt. Vernon and Delaware (new), from Delaware to
32 miles east to Mt. Vernon.

XV. Chesapeake and Ohio (new), from Columbus to Waverly, via
Circleville and Chillicothe.
Mr. G. KL Gilbert very kindly furnishes me with profile.
XVI. Air Line from Toledo to Indiana State Line.
XVII. Toledo, Wabash and Western, from Toledo to Ind. State Line.
Mr. John W. Erwin furnished me with the profile of

I. Miami Canal, from Cincinnati to Sidney, O.
Mr. G. K. Gilbert furnished data for a profile

II. Miami Canal, from Toledo to St. Mary's.

Mr. Richard Howe, of Akron, furnished me a data for a profile

III. Ohio Canal, from Cleveland to Newark.

I should also express my indebtedness to J. E. Straughan, Esq., for a
great number of facts relative to the altitude of the central portions of
the State, not on railroad lines; also, to Prof. Xewberry and Prof. Orton,
for mnch valuable information in regard to the geological structure of the
country I have examined, and for topographical data, in addition to that
procured by myself.

In my final report on the agriculture of Ohio, I propose to discuss in a
general way, in so far as they bear upon agriculture, the climate, topo-
graphy, geology? zoology and botany of the State. This will afford a
broad foundation upon which the local facts and constituting the descrip-
tions of the subordinate districts, must rest. Tt-e time for taking this
general view of the physical geography of Ohio has, however, not yet
come, and will not arrive until I have gone carefully over the entire field.
In this report of progress, I can therefore only present local facts and
limited conclusions. In this category, will come the description of such
of the districts I have enumerated, as I have examined. Of these, that
in which I began my investigations, and that now perhaps the best
known of all is of the Maumee Valley. Of this,. I append a brief sketch,
as a sort of specimen brick of my work.
I have the honor to be,

Yours truly,

JOHX H. KLTPPABT.

320 GEOLOGICAL STJRVEY OF OHIO.

THE MAUMEE VALLEY.

By this name I designate for convenience not only that portion of the
hydrographic basin of the Maumee which lies in Ohio, as also a consid-
erable area adjacent to it on the east, drained by the Portage and San-
dusky rivers ; but which exhibits essentially the same geographical and
topographical features. The counties included in this district as already
enumerated are : Allen, Auglaize, Crawford, Defiance, FultOn, Hancock,
Henry, Lucas, Mercer, Ottowa, Paulding, Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca,
Van Wert, Williams, Wood and Wyandot.

The geology of this district as given in the reports of Prof. Newberry
and Mr. G. K. Gilbert, is briefly as follows :

The rocks underlying the whole area are, as a general rule, concealed by
heavy beds of drift, but ar"e sufficiently revealed by exposures in the
valleys of the streams and borings for water, oil, etc., to be satisfactorily
determined. The surface rock of the north-western corner of the State,
included in the counties of Williams, Pulton and Defiance; with parts of
Lucas and Henry, is the Huron shale. This is underlaid by a thin sheet
of Hamilton limestone, which forms a narrow line of outcrop, sweeping
around from Sylvania, towards the south and west, following nearly the
course of the Maumee, to the Indiana line. East of this, a parallel but
broader belt is formed by the outcrop of the corniferous limestone. This
belt passing from Sylvania, through Lucas and Wood counties, underlies
most of Henry and Paulding. A corresponding belt oi this formation
passes south from Sandusky along the eastern margin of Sandusky,
Seneca and Wyandot counties. The interval between the belts of cor-
niferous limestone, is for the most part occupied by a sheet of the water-
lime rock, being the upper member of the Silurian formation; this
underlies most of Lucas, Wood, Putnam, Hancock, Auglaize, Allen, Har-
din, Wyandot, Sandusky and Ottowa. The central portion of the belt is,
however, broken through by the Niagara limestone, which forms a narrow
and irregular strip traversing the district from the lake to the neighbor-
hood of Kenton, Hardin county. The foregoing list includes all the solid-
ified rocks underlying the district. They are, however, for the most part
covered and concealed by thick and continuous sheets of drift material.
The drift material — these are mo.stly clays, blue and brown, which form a
comparatively smooth surface, have filled up and obliterated all the orig-
inal irregularities of the underlying rocks and attained in certain locali-
ties, a depth of more than a 100 feet.

GEOLOGICAL StTBVEY OP OHIO. 321

TOPOGRAPHY.

There is perhaps no other region of equal area within the limits of the
State which presents such a monotonous surface as tlie eighteen counties
which I have included in the Maumee valley. • The drift has completely
obliterated all the greater irregularities of surface which the underlying
rocky surface would present were the drift removed. In limited portions
of Perrysburg, Lake and Troy townships, in Wood county, and Clay and
Harris townships, in Ottawa county, the underlying rock has been for
ages denuded of its coveriDg, and lies exposed on a general level with
the surrounding country, but has an insufficient amount of soil on it to
grow any other than the most sparse vegetation, and yet within a very
few miles from these localities penetrations to the depths of 60, 70 and
even 80 feet have been made in the drift in search of water for domestic
purposes. On Adams street, in Toledo, the drift was penetrated to the
depth of 115 feet before the underlying rock was reached.

In several other portions of the valley the rock formation rises nearly
to a general level of the surrounding country, whilst in the immediate
vicinity of these places the drift has been penetrated to a depth varying
from 80 to upwards of 100 feet before the underlying rock has been
reached. As an instance, the fact may be cited that three miles west of
Celina, in Mercer county, lime rock is found almost on a level with the
surrounding country, yet in the town of Celina and east of it the drift
has been penetrated to depths varying from 70 to 80 feet without reach-
ing the underlying rock. In the vicinity of Bryan, in Williams county,
the drift has been penetrated upwards of 100 feet without meeting the
underlying rock.

There is no portion of the entire valley which could with propriety be
termed " hilly," yet there are portions, such as the northern portion of
Williams, a portion of Allen, Auglaize and other counties, which are
gently undulating, yet scarcely sufficiently so to merit the term "rolling."
Nowhere are hills to be found. A very remarkable feature of the surface
of the valley is the distinct outline of ancient beaches, locally known as
" Sand Ridge," " Oak Ridge," " Sugar Ridge," and perhaps by other cog-
nomens, and fonnd in nearly every county forming the valley. The princi-
pal one of these enters Gorham township, in Fulton county, and passes diag-
onally in a south-westward direction through the township, taking in its
course the village of Fayette. In this township the ridge has an eleva-
tion ranging from 225 feet in the north to 220 in the south. From here
it passes into the north-east corner of Williams county, near the center
of Mill Creek township; thence it passes south-westwardly through the
21

322 GEOLOGICAL SUEVET OP OHIO.

villages of Hamar and West Unity. At this latter point the ridge has
an altitude of 230 feet above the lake. Fear Pulaski village it. has an
elevation of about 200 feet; The town of Bryan and village of Williams
Centre are situated on it. Prom the latter place it passes into Defiance
county, and is divided into two nearly parallel lines west of Farmers
Centre, aud continues its course south-westwardly .through Hieksville
into the south-east corner of De Kalb county, in the State of Indiana ;
thence southward to a short distance west of Ft. Wayne, where it has an
elevation of 230 feet, and forms the left bank of the Maumee. On the
right bank of the Maumee is a similar ridge, which, entering Ohio at the
south-west corner of Benton township, Paulding county, is traced south-
eastwardly to the town of Van Wert, where it has an altitude of 224
feet ; thence to Delphos, where its elevation is 218 feet ; thence to Gomer,
and so on through Columbus Grove, Pendleton, Webster and Benton, to
Ft. Finley, in Hancock county. This portion of the ridge was the first
wagon road from Ft. Finley to Ft, Wayne in the early settlement of the
country, and even at present it is the best road in that region. Being
composed chiefly of sand and fine gravel, with sufficient clay to pack
well, and yqt sufficiently porous to drain very readily, from the very
nature of its construction it must always remain a good road. At Finley
it retains an elevation of 225 feet. It undoubtedly passed through
Marion and Big Lick townships, in Hancock county, and Big Spring and
Seneca townships, in Seneca county, but at; present its outline is very
obscure indeed. There are sand "dunes" and small hillocks of sand well
mixed with clay, and an outline bearing a. very strong resemblance to a
former ridge through the four townships just named, but a similarly ob-
scure ridge may also be traced from Finley to Fostoria, where it assumes
a very definite form again, with an elevation of 200 feet, and is traced in
a south-eastern direction through London and Hopewell townships, in
Seneca county. The village of Bascom, in Hopewell township, is situated
on it. Near Tiffin it has an elevation of 210 feet. From Tiffin it is traced
in a north-easterly direction, through Clinton, south-east corner of Pleas-
ant, and north-west corner of Adams townships, where it leaves Seneca
county and passes into Green Creek township, Sandusky county. The
village of Galetown is situated on it, and here it is called the " south
ridge road," leading to Bloomingville, in Brie county, where for a short
distance the altitude is less than in other portions. Frank A. Greene and
Bro., of Sandusky City, own a tract of land in Brie county, through
which this ridge passes. The sand is eagerly purchased for moulding-
sand in furnaces and foundries. It passes through the townships of
Milan, Berlin and Florence, where it is so very obsqflre, except in certain
localities, as scarcely to deserve the appellation of "ridge." It has here

GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY OP OHIO. 323

become a wide-spread sand plain, although it is rather heavily timbered.
It passes through Lorain county at an average elevation of 200 feet above
the lake, and in an- easterly direction, crossing the 0. C. & C. B. B. be-
tween Berea and Cleveland. I have not traced it through Cuyahoga and
counties further east. From the western portion of Cuyahoga county
one may travel in this ancient beach — for it is a good road throughout
almost its entire length — two hundred and fifty miles by way of Tiffin,
Forts Finley and Wayne, and through the counties of Defiance, Williams
and Fulton, to the State of Michigan, and not be subject to an extreme
range of seventy -five feet of variation in elevation in the entire distance.

A second ridge passes from north-east to south-west through Bickfield
township, in Lucas county; the same direction through Fulton, Tork and
southeast part of Clinton townships, in Fulton county; through Free-
dom and Eidgeville townships, in Henry county ; thence south through
Adams, Eichlaud and Highland townships, in Defiance county. At In-
dependence, about 2 miles east of the town of Defiance, this ridge crosses
the Maumee at right angles. At Ayresville, in Highland township, in
Defiance county, there is an apparent junction of two ridges, the outer
or oldest passing through Monroe, Palmer, Greensburg, Ottumwa and
Blanchard townships, in Putnam county, Blanchard and Portage town,
ships, in Hancock county, the southern portions of Henry, Bloom and
Perry townships, in Wood county, Jackson and Liberty townships, in
Seneca county, Jackson, Ballville, Sandusky, Eiley and Townsend town-
ships, in Sandusky county, and Margaretta township, in Erie county,
where it is on the ridge formed by an outcrop of the Corniferous lime-
stone between Castajia Springs and the city of Sandusky.

From Ayresville, in Defiance county, the inner or more reeent beach
passes through Pleasant and Marion townships, in Henry county, the
northern portion of Van Bnren township, in Pntnam county, through
Jackson, Liberty, Centre and Freedom townships, in Wood county. In
the latter two townships it is locally known as the "Scotch Ridge." From
thence it passes into Woodville and Harris townships, Sandusky county,
where it becomes obscure, or vanishes.

There are many smaller and intermediate ridges, which will be properly
noticed in the final report.

These sand ridges are usually very narrow, but in places they are
spread out over a considerable area, sometimes one half to three-fourths
of a mile. Then again they form vast dunes, as * in Washington town-
ship, Henry county. This entire township may be regarded as one vast
sand dune. A portion of Pike, Eoyalton, Chesterfield, Gorham, Dover
and other townships, in Fulton county, may be regarded as a sand
dune, because it is simply oak openings, sand and prairies. The

324 eKfeOLOGIOAIi SUEVBT OP OHIO.

Hiester farm, ia Highland township, Defiance county, is on one of these
sind ridges, where the ridge is over half a mile wide, and notwithstanding
that in many places it is very much obscured, yet its outline can never-
theless be distinctly traced. The sand is about twelve feet deep, resting
on a bluish clay of about the same thickness. All the water on the farm,
at the house, and in the field, is found at the junction of the clay with
blue clay which underlies it, usually at a depth, of about twenty-five feet.
Mr. Hiester has cultivated this farm twenty-four years, and is satisfied
that the fertility of it is increasing rather than deteriorating.

The course or direction of these ridges is, as a rule, parallel to the
shore of the lake, or, in other words, at right angles to the general direc-
tion of the most rapid drainage. In consequence of their direction drain-
age has most certainly been obstructed. We not unfrequently find a
marsh created by the ridge presenting a permanent barrier to the passage
of the accumulated waters to a lower level beyond. In other instances
we find a stream deflected from the direction of the shortest and most
rapid drainage, as in the case of Blanchard's Fork or Auglaize river at
Finley, where it is deflected west, and finds an outlet at Defiance into the
Maumee, when its natural drainage — and everything is favorable for this
latter except the ridge — would be through the midldle or east branch of
Portage river, and its waters to enter the lake at Port Clinton, instead of
Toledo via Defiance. It is by no means improbable that these beaches or
ridges gave direction to the head waters of the St. Joseph and Tiffin
rivers, in Williams and Fulton counties, and caused them to make vast
detours before their waters mingled with those of the lake. Williams
county having a general elevation of 250 feet above the lake, the surface
of the county, except for these beaches, would have directed the waters
of the St. Joseph through Fulton county, and thus have reached the lake
after a flow of 50 miles instead of about 160. The 50 mile route would
have afforded a fall of five feet per mile, whilst the actual route, estimat-
ing the sinuosities of the stream, is really less than one foot per mile.

This very level surface certainly causes drainage to be very slow and
difficult, and it very seriously discourages practical thorough underdraw-
ing for agricultural purposes. The probabilities are that thorough under-
draining, except in the hands of a very competent and skillful engineer,
will not be successful, for the reason that there is really less descent than
a foot per mile from the head waters of the St. Joseph until its junction
with the St. Mary. A fall of 5 feet per mile is equal to about one foot in
a thousand feet only, or to about an inch in a hundred feet. It is a
fact established beyond successful controversy that the St. Joseph does

GEOLOGICAL SUJ4VKT OF OHIO, 325

actually flow with less descent than a foot per mile; therefore it is possible
to underdrain that region if as much fall as the river itself has can be
obtained.

These ridges were undoubtedly the ancient shores, or beaches of the
lake, formed by the action of the waves, just as beaches are now forming
on the shores of Lake Michigan.

Dr. Edmund Andrews,* President of the Chicago Academy of Science,
says of Lake Michigan : " The two shore currents convey sand enough
into the head of "the lake to make, every year, a beach all around the
curve, six feet high in the centre and thirty feet wide. This sand is con-
tinually thrown up beyond the possibility of withdrawal — much of it
into lofty domes entirely beyond the reach of the waves, and the retire-
ment of the water simply leaves it on the slope. Indeed, it is impossible
that it should be otherwise, for the daily addition of new layers covers
the older ones, and protects them from any withdrawing action which the
water might be imagined to possess."

The very uniform general elevation of these ridges — the material of
which they are composed, their general direction considered with relation
to tbe distance and contour of the lake shore ; and, final] j, the v faet that
there is no where between the outer ridge and the lake any land
elevated to a level or beyond that of the ridge ; all these facts pre-
sent a mass of evidence in favor of the lacustrine origin of these ridges,
so that successfully to controvert this position appears to me a very hope-
less and idle undertaking.

The Maumee Valley is watered by the Maumee, Portage and Sandusky
rivers and their tributaries.. Notwithstanding the fact that a well-defined
ancient beach, already described, exists in Van Wert, Allen, Putnam,
Hancock and Seneca counties, having an average elevation of about 225
feet above the present level of the lake, and rudely conforming in its course
to the present shore, the general direction of the three rivers above named
is that of almost a right angle from this ancient beach to the lake, yet
many of the principal tributaries flow in a direction parallel to the ancient
beach, rather than in the direction of the principal streams.

The canal iu the town of Bremen, in Auglaize county, has an elevation
of 386f feet above the lake ; the town is distant from the lake 119J miles
via the canal, but the St. Marys river flows north-westward from Bremen
to Ft. Wayne, Indiana, a distance of about 60 miles, and then joining the
St. Joseph from the north, forms the Maumee, and flows to Toledo, mak-
ing the total distance that the water flows from Bremen to Toledo via Ft.
Wayne, a distance of at least 160 miles ; making the descent average less
than 2£ feet per mile.

* North American lakes considered as chronometers of Post Glacial time.

326 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

If a section were made commencing at Tiffin, in Seneca county, and
terminating at Pioneer, in Madison township, Williams county, about 1£
miles from the Michigan State line, it would exhibit the section of a basin
and show a maximum depression of less than 150 feet. Pioneer is 250
feet above the lake ; Northwest township, the highest land in the county,
is, perhaps, 300 feet above the lake ; all the land in the county slopes or
inclines to the south and east. Another section, commencing on the
former Mad Kiver and Lake Erie E. E., two miles north of Kenton, has at
that point an elevation of 368 feet above the lake, and has a gradual descent
to the lake, a distance of 75 miles — being an average of nearly 5 feet per
mile. The elevation of the Huron river at Plymouth, Eichland county, 35
miles from the lake, is 397 feet, being a fraction over 11 feet per mile descent
to the lake. From St. Marys, in Auglaize county, which, having an ele-
vation of 878 feet, to Fremont, situated on the head of Sandusky Bay, a
distance of 87 miles, there is almost a regular descent averaging 4J feet
per mile. The Maumee river, at Defiance, is 98 feet above the water in
the bay at Toledo; the distance between these two points is 51 miles (by
rail), thus making a regular descent of nearly 2 feet per mile. The
Loramie, which is the water summit, in Shelby county, between the lake
and Ohio river, is 387 feet only above the level of the lake ; Hog creek
marsh, in Hardin county, the source of Hog creek or Ottawa river (has
very nearly the same elevation of the Scioto marsh, and almost adjoins
it,) is 375 feet only above the lake level ; the Tymochtee, which is a branch
of the Sandusky river, rises in Marion county, at an elevation of 360 feet,
flows northward 80 miles, with an average descent of 4£ feet per mile ;
Cranberry marsh, in Crawford county, 414 feet. Notwithstanding the
fact that the country is generally very level, yet the land elevations in
some localities are considerably higher than the water; for example — the
depot at Union City, partly in Darke county, is 615 feet above the lake
level ; Bellefontaine depot, 644 feet — tops of some of the hills in the
vicinity of Bellefontaine fully 150 feet higher than the depot; Galion,
595. The west end of Lake Erie is north from Hardin county, north-east
from Paulding, and due east from Williams county ; yet Blanchard's fork,
rising in Hardin county, flows north into Hancock county, where it assumes
the name of Auglaize; thence flows nearly parallel to the ancient beach
in an almost due west direction, to the eastern boundary of Paulding
county — a distance of about 50 miles; thence it flows northward and
enters the Maumee at Defiance; having a descent of about 100 feet in 65
miles, or about 18 inches per mile ; but if from. Finley it flowed north it
would reach the lake in less than 50 miles, and have a descent of upwards
of 200 feet, or 4 feet per mile.

The St. Joseph and Tiffin rivers flow on either side of this ancient beach

GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY OP OHIO. 327

or sand ridge and nearly parallel to it ; St. Joseph flows on the outer side
and the Tiffin on the inner or lake side. The natural descent of the land
is from the north west corner of Williams county, to the lake. If Tiffin
(or Bean creek as it is sometimes called) flowed directly to the lake it
would reach it in less than 50 miles from Gorham township in Fulton
county, and would have a descent of nearly 200 feet and would of course
be greatly utilized as a motive power ; instead of pursuing its course
towards the lake it flows from it in a very tortuous channel traversing
perhaps 50 miles to the Maumee near Defiance ; with a descent not exceed-
ing 60 feet from Gorham township to the Maumee at Defiance.

Notwithstanding the Auglaize flows nearly due west through Hancock
and Putnam counties, Beaver creek, Portage river, Black Swamp run,
middle and east branches of Portage river, all rise within a few miles of
the right bank of the Auglaize and flow northward, at right or rather
obtuse angles to it.

The Portage and Sandusky rivers flow from the line of the ancient
beach directly towards the lake ; the Tymochtie, one of the principal trib-
utaries of the Sandusky rises in Marion county, 360 feet above the lake
level, and 60 miles in a right line from Sandusky Bay, being a descent of
of six feet per mile. Portage river flows, about 70 miles with a descent
of 120 feet or less than 2 feet per mile.

The Sandusky and all its tributaries have cut through the superincum-
bent drift or deposits of clay and flow upon rocky formations in place ;
the bed of the stream being upon the water-lime group, beautifully ex-
posed in and around Tiffin. The principal bed of the Portage is on the
surface of the underlying rock, which in Wood and Ottawa counties is
the water-lime group, but in Sandusky county and Harris township of
Ottawa county is the Niagara group.

The Auglaize and all its tributaries east of Paulding county rise on and
flow over the water-lime group, in most instances the surface of the rock
forming the bed of the streams; from the east line of Paulding county to
the Maumee, the Auglaize flows over the corniferous. The Maumee be-
tween the Indiana line and Toledo flows over the Huron shales, Hamilton
group, and near Perrysburg enters on the water-lime group.

The abundance or scarcity of streams and the rapidity or sluggishness
of the current in them, are conditions which exert an influence upon the
agriculture of the region. Where the country is as level throughout as
the entire Maumee valley has been demonstrated to be ; the absolute level-
ness is a guaranty against inundations and overflows such as occurred in
the Scioto and Miami vallies in September 1866, destroy ng millions of
dollars worth of property and greatly damaging the condition of the
farms. In a level country the current is necessarily comparatively slug-

328 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

gish, and no sudden rise of waters can occur ; but the waters must rise
gradually because there are no elevations to give greater velocity to the
waters tailing on the surface than is given to all the surrounding waters ;
and the retreat of the waters must be just as gradual, leaving a rich
deposit on the surface of the soil ; but where the streams swell rapidly
the current becomes a roaring torrent, more good and rich soil is carried
away by the current than is deposited except in cases of " back water?

Level lands retain moisture longer than broken or hilly lands do, when
of the same character; hence it is that level lands require in almost all
instances. thorough drainage.

The water falling on the surface of the earth from rains, or from melt-
ing snows, permeates the soil and porous rocks and formations of such
material as shales, porous clays, etc., until a compact or impermeable for-
mation is met in the downward course. As the water does not penetrate
the impermeable formation, whether it be clay, lime-rock, or whatever
other material, it flows along the surface until it finds a fissure to pene-
trate and permeate the next porous formation below. But it often hap-
pens that the impermeable formations are exposed in hill-sides, " bluffs,"
or abrupt exposures, and there the water which has been finding its way
through all the superincumbent material finds an escape or outlet, and
thus forms springs. The surface of the Maumee valley being very flat
or level, having very few hill-sides or other exposures of impermeable
strata, there are consequently very few springs of living water. Hence,
too, the scarcity of brooks, rivulets, creeks, etc., as compared with the
hilly regions in the eastern and southern portions of the State. But the
water-bearing strata throughout the entire valley are between the drift
clays, that is, as a rule, water is found after having penetrated through
the upper yellow and blue clay until a " hard-pan,'" covering a deposit of
sand or gravel, is reached. In this deposit of sand or gravel the water
is found.

Hence, too, as already stated, the general levelness of the county, the
slight fall or descent in the streams, is the reason why so very few flour-
ing mills or saw mills were erected in the valley ; but since the introduc-
tion of portable steam saw mills, there are at present more of these to be
found in this valley than anywhere else in the State, on an equal area.

Practical agriculture is, to some extent at least, influenced by the
topography of the region. Where there is a vast extent of country as
level as that of the Maumee valley, not only may every acre become sub-
jected to the plow, and thus admit of no uncultivable land, but there is
almost a guarantee against destructive floods by heavy rains. The sur-
face being level, there will nob probably be any accumulation of water

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 329

from melted snows or rains until the entire arable or plowable depth has
become perfectly saturated with moisture ; then the accumulation of sur-
plus waters will slowly take place. A gentle or sluggish current will
then seek a lower level. The wind, being unobstructed, exercises a far
greater evaporative power over a plain or level region than over a broken
or hilly district. All of the surface being exposed to the rays of the sun
at all hours during the day, evaporation by the sun's rays takes place
more rapidly in a level, than in a hilly region.

The same amount of rain-fall which would no more than completely
saturate the soil of a plain, will cause a destructive flood in a hilly
region, because the rain in the hilly region, as it falls can readily flow
away, does not saturate, but flows down the hill-sides, and before the
tops and sides of the hills can become saturated the valley has become
flooded and the gentle stream converted into a roaring torrent, rushing
destructively onward, seeking a wider channel and a lower level.

In a vast level expanse where there is a great extent of forests, which
do not admit the sun's rays to strike the earth, there is always an excess
of moisture, and hence, too, as a rule, a greater amount of miasm. This
excess of moisture is as unfavorable to successful agriculture as miasm is
unfavorable to health. These two conditions did more, perhaps, to retard
if not absolutely discourage settlement and opening farms throughout the
black swamp region than any other.

DBALNAGE.

It is very obvious from the topographical features generally, and the
specific elevations given on preceding pages, that there is no portion of
the Maumee valley which is not susceptible of being thoroughly under-
drained. Many persons are of opinion that a sufficient amount of fall
could not be secured for thorough underdraining, but in all my examina-
tions I have not found any portion which could not, by a competent
engineer, in accordance with an efficient system, be completely drained.
Every acre, almost, of the entire north-west requires thorough under-
draining, because there is nowhere a porous or gravelly subsoil, but, on
the contrary, I have everywhere found a stiff" clay subsoil. Even in
places where the soil was very sandy the subsoil was an almost impervi-
ous clay. Without thorough underdraining the actual fertility of the
soil can not be developed.

Where a vast region like this valley, embracing 7,554 square miles,
requires thorough underdraining, it certainly is the part of wisdom and
economy to nnderdrain in accordance with some well-digested and effi-
cient plan or system. I would respectfully suggest that the Board of
Public Works be constituted a " Drainage Commission," whose duty it

330 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

shall be to prepare, from actual topographic surveys, a system of drain-
age which shall embrace all the counties in north-western Ohio, the
streams or tributaries of which empty into the Sandusky, Portage, Au-
glaize, Maumee, St. Joseph's and Ottawa rivers, and the various creeks
emptying into the lake. This plan to be recorded as the plan or system
of the Maumee valley, and a similar system to be made for every hydro-
graphic basin or valley in the State. The plan to be a comprehensive
one, and to give the main lines only. Such a plan can be matured only
after a careful survey of the several counties ; therefore, in every county
in which drains are to be located, a record of the plan should be kept in the
Auditor's office; and whenever any drains are made, they should be made
in accordance with and be considered a part of the plan on record. Not
only would much expense in the cost of drains be avoided by such a
plan, but much vexatious annoyance consequent upon tedious litigation,
and the " costs" thereupon accruing, would also be avoided.

I trust that my recommendation of the institution of a "Drainage
Commission " may be deemed neither impractical nor impertinent. Not
only has the authorization of such a commission in effect been a method
of procedure in Germany, France, England and Ireland, but one who
thrice has graced the Supreme Bench of Ohio as Chief Justice, in speak-
ing of this same Maumee Valley, says in Vol. 8, page 344, of Ohio State
Eeports :

" It is notorious that a large district in the northwest portion of this
State, not less probably than one-sixth of the whole, and possessing ele-
ments of unsurpassed fertility — while it is sufficiently elevated above the
Lake on the one side, and the basin of the Ohio river on the other, and
almost everywhere with sufficient inclination in some direction, readily to
carry off its surplus waters, if there were channels for its conveyance — has
yet such an unbroken surface, and is so destitute of ravines and natural
channels, as to render the appellation of " Black Swamp " appropriate
and familiar, and the district proverbial — more so probably than it really
deserves — for dampness, miasm and disease. To this large district, capa-
ble of transformation, and in fact now being rapidly transformed, into a
region at once healthful and productive, drains are a necessity. They
must often be several miles in extent, and laid out with reference to some
general plan. It is easy to see that the execution of these works is beyond
the power of isolated individual effort, and that the public authority must
be invoked to prescribe the location and plan, and thus to overrule the
conflicts of individual opinion and individual selfishness."

Even his honor Chief Justice Brinkerhoff, in the above extract, gives it
as his opinion from the Bench that "the public authority must be invoked

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OP OHIO.

331

to prescribe the location and plan " of a system of drains in the Mamnee
valley.

The people in this valley fully appreciate the importance of not only
open ditch draining, which shall serve as main-drains, bat thorough or tile
underdraining. With commendable zeal and very generous expenditure
of money have they constructed up to January, 1872, no less than three
thousand miles of main or county drains, and fully two thousand miles of
side or township drains ; together with thousands of miles of tile, plank,
and "sapling" underdrains.

Annexed I present a statement of the amount of county ditches, as well
as their lateral or township ditches, as far as it was possible for me to
obtain them from County Auditors or Commissioners :

COUXTY.

Allen

Defiance

Fnlton

14 yrs. ago

10 years. .
1854

1854

3 years ...

Henry

Paulding

Sandusky

1859

1860

5 years ...

5years---

1860

10 years . .

I860

Shelby

Tan Wert

Williams

Wood

Wyandot

First ditch
in county.

Miles of

main
ditch in
county.

*65
200
200

15
300

40
604i
250

50
114
5
3714

Miles of 1

side
ditch.

Cost of main
ditch.

Cost of
side
ditch.

300
200

. 6600 per mile!
: 1.50 per rod"
< 2.25 " |
20ets. cu. yd.'
$1.50 per rod'

fil.OO

30
131
20
73
35
264

134.00 per rod

|S1 to §3 "

+ 2.00 "

2.50
2.00
2.50
;70cts.

123+ 1*5.00
i 1.75

Size of main.

^ ft. bv 20 in.
13x2ta8
12x3
12x24

8x3

Size of
side.

2,325 | 1,186!

8x2
14x2*

8x3
11x2

4xli
14x4x4

6x2

8x21x24
8x3
6x1*

4x2
9xl|
3x2
6x2

10x3x3

* 75 miles in addition granted by the County Commissioners, t Total cost, 8172,000.

I could not obtain the statistics from Auglaize, Crawford, Hancock,
Lucas, or Ottawa counties. Hardin and Shelby counties do not belong
to the Maumee Valley, but as the figures were before me I give them.

The number of miles made and the snms of money expended for them,
are certainly arguments that these drains are not pastime performances,
in which the agriculturists of this region are indulging, but that they are
really absolute necessities, just as much as plows or harrows are, to
develop and make operative the full capacity of the soil for agricultural
products.

Xotwithstanding the number of miles constructed, and the immense
sums of money expended in the construction, yet is there no system what-
ever. In many instances the bed of some sluggish, tortuous, maish or
swamp rivulet, or stream has been widened and deepened. These beds

3 32 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

of streams converted into drains may serve a good temporary purpose,
but after the forests shall have been removed, as in the eastern and older
portions of the State, and the flow of water from the underdrains keep
the brooks bank full, then will causes arise for almost interminable litiga-
tion resulting from the change of channel, and encroachment of channel
wearing away of lands formerly in good state of tilth and highly produc-
tive. If ever the adage " A stitch in time saves nine" was truly applica-
ble to any thin git certainly is to the condition of drains in the northwest
of to day. A single dollar judiciously expended in draining today will
save the expenditure of $10 in less than 20 years.

The annexed communication contributed by a very respectable citizen of
Perrysburg, to the Toledo] Commercial, demonstrates that the importance of
underdraining is at least not underrated.

"WOOD COUNTY.

Editor Commercial. — A perusal of a synopsis of the observations re-
cently made by Mr. John H. Klippart, of the Ohio Geological corps, in
reference to the Black Swamp region, suggests the idea that a few statis-
tical data concerning Wood county, embraced in the swamps alluded to,
may not prove unteresting to your readers.

This entire Northwestern portion of Ohio is evidently destined to
become the finest agricultural region of the State, and second to none in
the West. Both the climate and soil, together with what has already been
accomplished in its agricultural development, tend to confirm this belief.
And of all the counties through which the famous Black Swamp extends,
none will surpass Wood county in all the prerequisites to a grain and
fruit-producing region. With a rich, 'black loam, varying in depth from
eighteen to sixty inches, it only requires the skill of science and the
muscle of Industry to produce results that will rival the far-famed Valley
of the Miami. Comparatively speaking, it has been but a few years since
its swamps seemed almost impenatrable, and bore a striking resemblance
to that famous tract which Martin Chuzzlewit made his investment.
Acres upon acres could be purchased for a trifle, which yielded to the pur-
chaser no other profit than what might accrue to him as the subject of
waggish criticism. Even at the present time, there are many hundred
of acres of land, which — it has been observed with more pertinence than
reverence — have never yet heard the mandate " Let the dry land appear.'
In many portions of the county, it is not uncommon to see great tracts of
swamp extending as far as the eye can reach. A large portion of this
area of swamp and morass, during the summer produces a growth of rank
grass, varying from six to ten feet in hight, and standing so densely that
it is almost impenetrable.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 333

Many things have hitherto had a tendency to turn the tide of emigra-
tion from this quarter, and, consequently, have materially retarded its
development. The Maumee region unfortunately, for many years was re-
garded as a synonym of " chills and fever." To a greater or less extent
malarious diseases did prevail, but perhaps not more so than in any newly
settled country, and much of this unenviable notoriety was undeserved.
The most exaggerated reports as to the prevalence of disease, in the
Maumee Valley, were widely circulated, and generally credited, to the
great detriment of its prosperity. In consequence, Northern Ohio has
not kept pace with other portions of the State in agricultural and manu-
facturing developments. But the older and more settled portion of Ohio
may now begin to look to their laurels, for in this Northwestern region
they will find a rival of no ordinary mettle — a rival that will command the
homage due to deserved success — a rival that will have hewed its path in
material wealth and prosperity, through every discouragement and dis-
advantage, and over the most formidable obstacles.

The improvement already made in the surface of the country has ex-
ceeded all expectation. Land in this county, which but a few years since,
were covered with interminable swamps and forest, purchasable at from $2
to $10 per acre, have been converted into good farms, now commanding
from $20 to $50 per acre. This marked change is mainly attributable to
the extensive and excellent system of draining or ditching, so vigorously
pushed forward in every portion of the county. It is a source of congrat-
ulation that this same system of drainage is not confined to this county.
It is doing as much for the agricultural development of neighboring
counties, and is being as thoroughly and vigorously prosecuted. The face
of the Black Swamp region at this time presents a complete network of
ditches, draining the land of the surplus water, and improving and de-
veloping the resources of Northwestern Ohio.

The petition for the construction of the first ditch in Wood county was
filed in the Auditor's Office, on the 28th day April, 1859, and up to the
first of September 1869, there were constructed and in process of con
struction one hundred and forty ditches, whose aggregate length is four
and ninety -five miles, of which one hundred ninety-two miles have been
established in the last three years. The respective lengths of the ditches
as as follows :

16 ditches are less than one mile in length.

1 mile and less than 2 miles.

2 " u " « 3 u

3 « u u u 4. a
4. u it u i< 5 a

5 «( <( it (i q a

334 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

6 ditches are 6 miles and less than 7

u ■

ti 7

«i

" 8

" 9

" 10

" 11

" 12

1 ditch is 37 3-8 miles long.

The last mentioned ditch is ditch designated as Ditch No. 12, and " one
of the institutions" of Wood county — a fact to which tax-payers can readily
testify. It is perhaps the largest undertaking of the kind in North-
western Ohio. The petition for this ditch was filed in the Auditor's
Office, in June of 1859. The Engineer made his first report thereon in
May, 1861. In June of the same year, the ditch was established, and the
first work was sold in November, of 1862. The entire cost of its construc-
tion is estimated at more than $100,000, and at this time it is perhaps a
little more than one-half completed. It begins in Jackson township, at
the extreme southwestern corner of the county, and runs a northeasterly
course, down the western branch of the Portage river, passing through
the townships of Jackson, Milton, Liberty, Portage, Center, Webster and
Freedom, terminating at Pemberville, in the last named township. It has
a total fall of 67J feet. When entirely completed it will drain and ren-
der fit for cultivation not less than fifty thousand acres of wet and swamp
land. The breath and depth of this great drain varies according to
locality. The first six miles it has a bottom width of ten feet; the next
three miles it has twelve feet bottom ; the next seven miles, fourteen feet ;
the next four miles, twenty feet. The. remaining portion of its course, it
takes the channel of the west branch of Portage river, which is required
to be cleared of all obstructions. Its depth varies from one to eight feet.

This one improvement alone— that might claim ratik with ship canals
without a very great degree of presumption — is of the greatest importance
to the future prosperity of the county, and, expensive as the enterprise, it
will eventually produce results beneficial beyond the power of the present
to estimate.

Ditches Nos. 21, 22, 83, 97 and 100, also quite important, are each
from ten to twelve miles long, and drain a large area of territory in differ-
ent portions of the county. In the foregoing statistics, the township
ditches are not included, the aggregate length of which will probably
reach from fifty to sixty miles or more.

And the end is not yet. Other ditches are in contemplation, among
others a very large one, its course already staked off, passing through
several counties. Seventeen miles of its length will be within the bound-
aries of this county. Also another, to be constructed through the cen

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 335

tral portion of the county, ranning due east and west, probably near
twenty miles in length.

Through the courtesy of Captain Jos. B. Xewton, our present Auditor,
I have been enabled to glean these statistics from the records of his
office, and they may be relied upon as being correct, and form an impor-
tant item in the progressive history of the county.

It is by this system of drainage, that the entire area of country, once
known as the Black Swamp, is being converted into a most fertile and
productive region, and in a few years will become one of the most valuable
agricultural districts between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi. The
opportunities for investment in lands are yet good and the chances for
a handsome realization, by many, are regarded as superior to the prairies
of the West. Here wild lands can still be obtained for from §5 to $10 j>er
acre, and the heavy growth of timber, within easy access of railroads, and
convenient to good market, will more than reimburse the capital invested.
It is indeed a matter of some surprise that the facilities and advantages
of an excellent market here present, are so overlooked in the great tide
of western emigration. Here the finest opportunities are presentedfor se-
curing good farming lands, and at no greater cost in many instances than
in the extreme Western States, and that too with better facilities to better
markets, and all the inestimable advantages incident to an older civiliza.
tion. Wood.

The soil of the Maumee Yalley, deriving its origin from the drift, is, of
course, a tenacious moist cold soil, and while it is rich in all the ingre-
dients necessary to constitute a fertile soil, its physical condition is such
as to render it in many places infertile. The fertility of it, for the pres-
ent generation at least, will be best developed by thorough underdrain-
ing. That the practical agriculturists appreciate this fact, and are acting
upon it as rapidly as possible, needs no better evidence than the amount
of pubMc drains located and made, as just stated ; but these public drains
are of themselves insufficient. They are merely main arteries, and do
not drain the farms in detail, and at best, do nothing more than carry off
the water which is conducted into them. The object of underdraining, in
practical agriculture, is to afford a subterranean conduit, for the discharge
of the waters inherent in, and which are in excess in the soil. It was for
this purpose, that tile drains were first made, and it is a mistake to suppose
that underdraining is for the purpose of discharging the surface water from
the soil in which the plants are growing. Underdraining is being prac-
ticed to a limited extent only in the Yalley. The following list of manu-
factories, the date of their establishment, and the amount of tile manu-

336 GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF OHIO.

f'actured by them, indicate that an initiatory step has been taken in this
direction. In a territory embracing over seven thousand square miles,
and having a population of 380,000 people, more than eight hundred miles
of tile underdrains should have been made ; but according to the best
information I could obtain, that is the extent of tile draining in the Mau-
mee Valley. In fact, this number of miles of tile drain would not be any
excess for any one of th,e eighteen counties in this Valley. (See table,
next page.)

I have elsewhere discussed* how drainage operates, how it affects the
soils, in detail, and whatever discussion this topic may now merit at my
hands will be given in the final report, but it may not be improper to
state here that thorough drainage, or tile drainage, removes stagnant
waters from the surface ; that it removes the waters in excess, or surplus
waters from under the surface. Then, too, after thus mechanically pre-
paring the soil, drainage lengthens the working season, because the sur-
face water being removed, and the excess of waters in the soil being re-
moved more rapidly (at least several weeks sooner in the spring than
it would be removed in the course, ot natural evaporation), they open
the season at least two weeks earlier than the undrained soil would be in
proper condition for the plow or cultivator. Then, too, in the autumn it
extends the working season from two to three weeks, because the soil does
not and cannot become saturated so readily as a soil which is not under-
drained. Then drainage deepens the soil. By depriving the subsoil of
the excess of moisture, it becomes more friable, and thus the soil itself is
deepened. Drainage warms the subsoil, because the removal of the ex-
cess of moisture removes the degree of cold which the water induced,
and when the cause of the difficulty is removed the effect ceases. Drain-
age equalizes the temperature of the season of growth by removing the
excess of moisture as it falls from the clouds, and thus prevents the
plants from becoming thoroughly chilled. Drainage carries down soluble
substances to the roots of plants. It prevents heaving out, or freezing
out, or winter killing, because when the excessive moisture is removed it
will be difficult to form ice in the soil, and the actual cold without mois-
ture very seldom injures the roots of plants. Drainage prevents injury
from drouth by supplying to the roots of the plants moisture by capillary
attraction.

Drainage necessarily renders the soil more porous than it was before
being drained, and therefore admits the atmosphere to the depth of sev-
eral inches. The oxygen of the atmosphere is an active and incalculably
valuable agent in producing plant food ; all the advantage or benefit that

•Principles and practice of drainage.

List of Drain Tile Manufacturers in the Maumee Valley, together with tlie extent and thickness of the clay used, date of

' and number of tile manufactured.

Address.

County.

Extent and thickness
of clay beds.

Thiokness of

soil or other

covering.

How is the
clay tem-
pered f

Am't of tile made
and date of estab-
lishment.

Name of machine
used.

Proprietor.

P.O.

Extent.

Thickness.

Bods
made.

Com'ence-
ment.

G. E. Poage

Binehart &Connor

Binehart ...

Allen

Auglaize ...

Entire county ..

6 to 20 ft .. .
1 to 3 ft....

[ft. yel. grav. cl'y
lto2ft.soil,3to5

2 to 6 ft. soil

Soaklto2d'ys

[longer.

Soak 3 days or

12,500
5,000

June, 1868
Apr., 1870

Shellabarger's, O.
Latourette's, N. Y.

Langhorst & Bro.

N. Bremen..

Nearly all oounty

18 in

Strip off the sod.

W'k fast as dug

43,750

4 years...

(i «

J. D. Karst

Wapakoneta
Pindlay

Hancock ...

tt u
15 to 20 acres...

18 in

3 to 4 ft....

No stripping

6 in. bl'k loam . .

Soak 3 days ..

[winter tern.

Mois'n to tern.,

6,750
4,690

Apr., 1870
May, 1869

it it
Shellabarger's, O.

LiVy Centre

More than a sec'n

10 ft

12 " sandy "

Winter expos'e

120,000

, 1869

Bartlett's, Mich.

E. P.. Hall

Lucas

Inexhaustible ..

[Bide Swan C'k

}m. wide on each

10 to 40 ft..

lto3ft

2to3ds.soak'g

13,000

, 1869 Tiffany's, "

MaumooCity

2 to 3 ft ....

6 to 12 in. loam .

lto2 " "

18,750

5 years . ..

Bartlett's, "

Whole county ..

Don't know.

8 in. black loam.

[bl'k loam.

1 to 2 ft. peaty

1 day soaking.

One kiln

Commen'g

Shellabarger's, O.

J. Shellabarger ..

Shane'sCro'g

i the county

[yellow.
Abund'ce blue &

2 to 4 ft—.

Winter freez'g

8,500

Pall, 1867

Own make.

Patterson&Moore

Neptune

3 to 6 ft

14 in. of sod

Soak sevl days

[I? 1 *
W'k direct frm

8,000

Spr'g, 1869 P. N. WollasWs.

Ottawa ....

Putnam

5aores,2ft.yel'w

6in.bluecl'y

Soil 6 in

12,500

June, 1869

Bartlett's, Mich.

Hendricks & Son.

Fremont ...

Sandusky ..

3 acres, 3ft .....

Winter expos'e

3,750

Apr., 1870

Penfield, O.

w
w
-J

338 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

is obtained by plowing is, simply to render the soil porous and to expose
new surfaces to the action of the atmosphere in order that the plant food
may be elaborated or prepared.

In performing the functions indicated in these several statements of the
benefits of drainage, an improvement in the quantity and quality of the
crops certainly must ensue. Then, too, drainage increases the effects of
manures by removing the excess of moisture. The place occupied by the
water is occupied by the manure itself or a liquid form of the manure,
and whilst the water was neutral, if not injurious, the manure is active in
preparing plant food. There are other advantages of draining which are
susceptible of application in a sanitary view, which need not be discussed
here in detail. I wish to say in conclusion on this point, that there is
not a single acre throughout the entire Maumee valley that will not be
very greatly improved by thorough underdraining ; and what is more,
there is not a single acre that is not susceptible of being thoroughly
underdr'ained. On a previous page I have shown that there is sufficient
fall in every principal stream throughout this entire area for expeditious
and safe surface drainage.

Thorough underdraining requires less absolute inclination or fall than
surface drainage, therefore every tract of land throughout the valley is
susceptible of being thoroughly underdrained. The establishment of the
number of tileries given on a preceding page demonstrates that an
abundance of the best clay for tile making is to be found on almost
every farm in the valley.

In Noble and Delaware townships, Defiance county, and Jackson, Bath,
Perry, German, Shawnee and Amanda townships, in Allen county, is an
exposure of clay, which, in Defiance county especially, from its mechani-
cal character, is termed by the farmers " bees-wax," from its tenacious
character. This clay is found everwhere within the Maumee Valley, its
chemical composition being the same wherever found, although, varying
in color, from a greater or lesser extent of organic matter being contained
in it. It is the clay j?er se of the Blaek Swamp. What course is to be
pursued with this land, is a little difficult to determine. Great care must
be exercised in the management of it, and the season of the year and
condition of the weather, have greater influence upon it, than upon soils
generally. I suggested to a gentleman that thorough underdraining
would be the most effective measure that could be adopted to develop its
fertility. He replied that they could not drain it. I suggested that as
the clay was moist, it was evident it could absorb moisture and it could
also part with moisture. He then showed me a drain that had been made
and where the drain was filled, the water was yet standing on the drain

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 339

ten days after the rain. The solution of this, is, that the clay had been
handled at an improper season, and the handling of it when it is too wet,
has much the same effect upon it as ramming clay, which is to make it
entirely unproductive. This clay soil, should not be worked at any other
time than in a dry season. It should be plowed in dry weather, hoed in
dry weather, and neither horses nor cattle allowed to trample on it in wet
weather. After all, the most profitable crop to be grown upon this clay
in its present condition, is grass.

OBIGIN OF SOIL IN 3IAU3IEE VALLEY.

The counties included in the Mauniee valley have already been enume-
rated on a preceding page. Every county in this valley forms a portion
of that region known as the " black swamp," except the eastern portion
of Seneca, the southern and eastern portion of Crawford, and the south-
ern and eastern portions of Auglaize and Mercer counties ; all of the re-
mainder of the valley of the territory may with propriety be regarded as
"black swamp." This swamp consists of drifl,* chiefly clays, which have
filled the basins or valleys made by erosions, wide and deep excavations,
and drainage channels of former periods, and in most of the counties it
has obscured the underlying rocks.

This drift varies in thickness or depth fiom a few feet in Erie county,
where it rests upon the limestone, to perhaps 150 or more feet in Williams
county. In boring an Artesian well at Delta, in Fulton county, the drift
was found to be 80 feet thick, and then rested upon black shale ; whilst
at Stryker, a few miles distant, the thickness of the drift was found to be
127 feet. This same drift deposit has been traced throughout the counties
of Steuben, La Grange, Elkhart, St. Joseph, La Porte, Porter, Lake, De
Kalb, Xoble, Kosciusko, Marshall, Stark, Jasper, X ewton, Allen, Whitely,
Fulton, Pulaski, White and Benton, in the State of Indiana. Dr. Vernon
Gould, of Fulton county, Indiana, states that the drift attains a thick-
ness of 300 feet in that county.

A statement somewhat iu detail regarding the superficial deposits in
the Mauniee valley are appropriate here, because it is to these deposits
that the soils of this region owe their origin.

The drift material overlying and obscuring the surface of the stratified
rocks in the Maumee valley, and from which the soil of this region is de-
rived, may be divided as follows, in an ascending series from the stratified
rock, viz:

* See Prof. Newberry's discussion of the "Drift,'' pp. 24-33 in the Beport of Progress for 1869 .

340 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

a. Glacial drift.

b. Erie, clays.

c. Forest bed.

d. Iceberg drift.

e. Alluvium.

/. Peat, calcareous tufa, shell marl.

The glacial drift consists of boulders, (nigger-heads) clays, sands and
gravels, deposited indiscriminately ; later geological phenomena have not
unfrequently assorted these deposits, and in a great measure separated
the sands and gravels from the clays, and deposited them in regular strata.
These glacial deposits are, except in rare instances, covered by the Brie
or other clays. In boring an Artesian well on Adams street, in Toledo,
boulders of this period were found resting on the subjacent lime rock, at
a depth of 115 feet from the surface. These boulders are found on hill
tops as well as in valleys, and not unfrequently appear to have been left
by the washing away of the lighter material from the formations in which
they once were imbedded ; * but all the boulders found on the surface or
imbedded in the yellow or blue clays in the Maumee valley, were deposited
during the ice-berg period.

The Erie clay is sometimes associated with beds of gravel and sand,
and when moist is of a blue color. At times, thin gray bands are found
in it; it is commonly more or less calcareous, and always holds boulders
and pebbles in greater or less abundance. These, when of palaeozoic
rocks, though partially worn smooth, are generally somewhat angular,
but are rounded when from the Laurentian or Huronian series. They are
frequently scratched ; and in some localities few of them are found with-
out striae, which are best preserved on the pebbles of limestone. These
lower clays have as yet yielded no fossils.*

In some localities this clay is calcareous to such a degree as to be more
properly classed as a blue marl, because, on exposure to meteoric changes
for twelve or fourteen months, it readily disintegrates, and has been ap-
plied to sandy soils with great advantage.

I have ascertained the extent of area occupied by the Erie clay in the
valley and thickness of the strata, by personal examinations of the mate-
rial brought to the surface during the progress of the well digging, and
by inquiries made of competent persons. Commencing ' on the south,
beyond the limits of the valley as included in the list of counties named
on a previous page, in order to obtain as great an elevation as pos
sible, I commence at Arcanum, in Darke county, which is about 500
feet above the lake level. At this place the upper strata of the Erie

* Sir W. E. Logan.

GEOLOGICAL STTRVEY OP OHIO. 341

clay is found to be 20 feet thick, resting on 3 feet of sand, and is covered
by 10 feet of yellow gravelly clay. At Versailles,* in the north-eastern
portion of the county, at about the same altitude above the Lake, the
upper strata of the Erie clay is found to be 18 feet thick, covered by
about 1 foot of vegetable mould and alluvium. At Newton, in Miami
county, after passing through 7 feet of yellowish clay, a stratum of this
blue clay 15 feet thick is reached, which rests on a bed of sand, in which
an unfailing supply of water is obtained. At Sidney, in Shelby county,
at an altitude of 420 feet above the Lake, the upper stratum of blue clay
is from 25 to 30 feet thick, resting on sand, and is covered by a deposit of
yellow clay, abounding in limestone gravel, 10 to 12 feet thick.

At Bellefontaine, after passing through six feet of yellow clay, and five
feet of gravel, the blue clay is reached, having a thickness of four feet
only, until a stratum of sand is reached, which here forms the water
table or stratum. On the fair grounds at Kenton, in Hardin county, at
an elevation of 442 feet above the lake, this clay lies at a depth of 10
feet from the surface, it has been penetrated 42 feet ; but the entire thick-
ness has not been penetrated here.

At Marysville, Union county, at an elevation of 425 feet above the
lake, there is deposit of gravelly yellow clay 10 feet thick, depoiited over
a 20 feet stratum of Erie clay. At Marion, the altitude is 389 feet above
the lake; here the Erie clay rests directly on the Corniferous limestone,
the stratum varies within the limits of the city, from 9 to 17 feet, and is
covered by from 3 to 5 feet of good yellow clay, from which excellent
brick and tile are manufactured. I have no reliable data from either
Wyandot or Crawford counties, with regard to this clay, but am told that it
is from six to thirty feet thick, and is met with in every well that is dug.
At Shelby, in Eichland county, the depot at the station of this village
being 513 feet above the lake, this clay is 12 feet thick, resting on 5 to 6
feet of gravel and sand, and is covered by 10 feet deposit of yellow clay.
At Plymouth, Eichland county, being 420 feet above the lake, the blue
clay is fully 60 feet thick, covered by 15 feet of yellow gravelly clay.
At New London,' in Huron county, having an altitude of '408 feet above
the lake, the Erie clay has a thickness of 14 feet, overlaid by a bed of
seven feet of yellow gravelly clay. No reliable information from Erie
county, but in Fremont, Sandusky county, the superficial deposits are in
a descending order, as follows, viz. : soil one foot, sand and gravel eight
feet, blue clay nine feet, hard pan one foot, sand abounding in water.

In making a second and inner circle of counties in this valley, I com-
mence, at the town of Mercer, in Mercer county. Here this clay is

* Union City, 17 miles west, is 617 feet above the Lake.

342 GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY OP OHIO.

reached at a depth of 12 to 15 from the snrface. On Black creek, in the
north western part of Mercer county, it is reached at a depth of 4 to 6
feet; and wells sunk or bored in it to the depth of 20 to 40 feet, become
flowing wells. Three miles west of the town of Gelina, is an exposure of
the water lime, and rock are here quarried., whilst in the town of Celina —
395 feet above the lake, and east of it the blue clay has been penetrated
to the depth of 70 to 80 feet, without meeting any rock in situ. At
Shanesville, Mercer county, near the left bank of St. Mary's, the blue
clay — upper stratum — is 20 feet thick, covered by 12 feet of yellow clay.
At Bremen, in Auglaize county, the canal level here is 386f feet above the
lake ; the Fremont and Indianapolis railway survey gives the village an
altitude of 465 feet above the lake ; after passing through 8 feet of a com-
paratively pure yellow clay, the Erie clay is reached, having a thickness
of 20 feet, resting on a stratum of sand two feet thick. At Rbinehart,
in Union township, Auglaize county, perhaps the most elevated region
in the county, this clay is found at a depth of 10 to 12 feet. At Wapa-
konetta it is reached at a depth of 12 to 15 feet, and attains a thickness
of 14 to 15 feet, resting on 5 to G feet of sand and gravel. In Allen
county, it forms a belt averaging nearly three miles in width, commencing
in the western portion of Jackson township, on both sides of the Ottawa
river or Hog creek ; thence the river flows nearly the centre of it, until
it reaches a point about 3 miles south-west of Lima ;* where the stream
changes its course, and flows nearly due north, leaving the belt of clay to
continue westward through Amanda township. Throughout this belt, the
stratum maintains an average thickness of about 20 feet, in a few very
small areas it constitutes the soil ; but more generally is covered by a
lacustrine deposit and vegetable mould, from six inches to three feet in
thickness. At Ottawa, Putnam county, the blue clay is 40 to 50 feet
thick, is concealed by a deposit of yellow clay mixed with gravel, several
feet thick ; the water-table is in the sand on which the blue clay rests ;
the water rises in the wells to within 8 or 10 feet of the surface. At
Findley,t in Hancock county, the blue clay is reached after penetrating
seven feet of drift material, and is from 12 to 20 feet thick, resting on
sand, whilst just outside the corporate limits is a fine exposure of the
water-lime.

At Bryan, in Williams county, where the surface is 208 feet above the
lake, this clay is reached at the depth of 5 to 8 feet, and here the upper
stratum has a thickness of 12 to 15 feet. At the average depth of 25

*Lima, 310 feet above the lake, according to the profile of Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne
and Chicago railway survey, and is 381 and 324 respectively, by two other surveys,
t Findley, 208 feet above the lake.

GEOLOGICAL SUfiVKY OF OHIO. 343

feet from the snrface water is found to flow 3 or 4 feet above the surface
— wells bored 80 to 100 feet deep will flow 5 to 6 feet above the surface.
The flowing of artesian wells may be discussed at greater length in the
final volume ; but it may be proper to remark here that the flowing wells
in Mercer county, being located in the same superficial deposit, may prove
to be connected with those of Williams county.

At Perrysburg, on the right shore of the Maumee river, ou the farm of
Jas. W. Ross, the Erie clay forms a portion of the bed and bank of the
river. Four or five miles from Tiffin, where the railway from Tiffin to
Clyde crosses Spicer creek, this clay is found forming the bed and banks
of the stream, and here presents a jointed structure. In Liberty town-
ship, Knox county, a few miles north of the village of Mt. Liberty, a
branch of Dry creek has cut its channel through a stratum of this clay,
having the same jointed structure as at Spicer creek, in Seneca county.

This clay is found and penetrated in every well in Fulton, Henry,
Paulding and Van Wert counties.

Thus, it will be seen that there is a wide-spread unbroken sheet of this
clay underlying the entire Maumee Valley, and that the supply of water
for domestic purposes is found in the sand underlying it, throughout the
same area.

The following sections will, perhaps, aid in presenting the deposition of
the Erie clays in a clearer light :

Section of Artesian Well in State House Yard, Columbus.

Feet. Inches.
Surface earth. . 1

Brown earth. . . 2

Sand, and gravel 11

Blue clay with bowlders (Erie clay) -. 4

Sand... 2

Quick-sand 3

Leafy blue clay --- 1

Blue clay and sand (Erie clay) 18

Clay and gravel — 3

Sand, clay and gravel - -- 9£

Cemented clay, sand and gravel.. 68J

Lime rock at .'. 123

Section of Artesian Well on Adams Street, Toledo.

Feet. Inches.
Blue clay (Trie clay) 80

Coarse gravel — the water rose 20 from this 00 10

Blue clay (Erie clay) 10

Gravel (water) 1

Blue clay, with bowlders (Erie clay) 23

Lime rock at 114 10

344 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Section of Artesian Well on Mr. ArrowsmitWs Farm, Farmer Township,

Defiance County.

Feet. Inches.

Sand, clay and gravel 14

Tough blue clay (Erie clay) 20

Packing sand - 49

Sand-rock (?) at 83

The next deposit in an ascending order, after the Erie clays, is that of
the Forest clay. This is a stratified clay resting on the Erie — usually of
a buff or light brown appearance — but the color is not constant, and is
sometimes due to various oxydes. This clay is regarded as the soil in
which trees grew during the period intervening between the deposit of
the Erie clay and of the ice-berg drift. The roots and trunks of trees
are found imbedded in it and at times on it. It is found at " Four Cor-
ners," Huron county, at a depth of 6 feet ; at Monroeville, at a depth of 8
feet ; at Charity School, Kendall, Stark county, at a depth of 100 feet ;
in Franklin county, at a depth of 25. feet (?) ; in Athens county, near
New Albany, at 40 feet ; in Scioto township, Pickaway county, at a depth
of 6 feet ; at Union Village, Warren county, at 60 feet.

Succeeding the Forest period was the Ice-berg period, which strewed
sand, gravel and bowlders over the floor of the great fresh water sea,
which at that time covered a considerably larger proportion of the area
of Ohio than is represented by the Maumee Valley. Clays deposited at
this period may be seen in the hill at the wharf at Perrysburg; in the
cut of the A. & GL B. B. bed, half a mile north of the depot in Mansfield
— near the railroad bridge over Spicer creek, in Seneca county, and other
places.

After the retreat of the main body of waters; or, in other words, after
the last emergence of the land the new surface abounded in inequalities,
depressions and basins, which subsequently became prairies, swamps,
morasses, &e. In the shallow water depressions, fresh water mollusks
congregated together, and their shells and the precipitated carbonate of
lime which had been held in solution, formed together with the argillace-
ous matter what is known as fresh water shell marl — often extending over
considerable areas ; usually of a few inches only in thickness, but in some
localities it is found to be a foot or more in thickness. Of these mollusks
there have been identified several species of the genus Ctolas ; Pisidium,
Limnea, Physa, Planorbis, Ancyclus, Valvata, Melania, Anculosa, Sue
cinea, Pupa, and many Helices. This fresh water shell marl is not unfre-
quently found below a bed of peat or muck ; peat being produced by the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 345

accumulation of the remains more or less decomposed of herbaceous
plants — generally mosses — of slow decomposition, which collected together
in wet places, where other substances become blended with them through
the agency of water. Mud accumulated around the roots and stalks of
these herbaceous plants and a spongy semi-fluid mass well fitted for the
growth of moss, which, especially Sphagnum, began to luxuriate; this
absorbing a large quantity of water, and continuing to shoot out new
plants above, while the old were decaying, rotting, and compressing into
a solid substance below, gradually replaced the water by a mass of vege-
table matter.

There is no broad line of demarcation between peat and muck, but cus-
tom or usage has decided that which will answer the purpose of a fnel to
be peat ; whilst that having a greater proportion of earthy matter, so as to
unfit it for fuel purposes, is denominated muck.

Travertin or calcareous tufa is a deposit chiefly carbonate of lime, which
had been held in solution and deposited in shallow waters.

The soil consists of the weathered Brie clays in places — as in the Hog
Creek Valley, in Allen county; in the. vicinity of Brunersburg, in Defi-
ance county, as well as in other portions of the county, where it is
familiarly known as " beeswax." In other portions the forest clays ; the
iceberg and the more recent lacustrine deposits, intermingled with vege-
table mould, form the soil.

There is no instance throughout the entire valley where the soil is
formed from the underlying rock ; or that the fertility of the soil is due,
in any degree, to the influence or disintegration of the rock or rocks
beneath.

The ancient raised beaches or sand ridges form a portion of the lacus-
trine deposit, and to which I have already referred when considering the
topography of this region.

PEAIBIES.

Another very striking feature of this valley, and which I have deemed
proper to consider in this place, is the vast number of plains or prairies,
which, to a greater or lesser extent, are to be found in every county in the
valley. In Williams county they are perhaps the least in extent — con.
taining, in many instances, less than twenty acres, not unfrequently two
to three acres only ; whilst in Wyandot county, on the other hand, a maxi-
mum extent has been attained. The " Sandusky plains," as the prairie
in Wyandot is called, are bounded on the north by the Tymochtee* and

* Tymochtee, in the Wyandot language, is said to signify " around the plains." In this
case it certainly is very appropriate — if true.

346 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

'Sandusky rivers; on the west by the Tymochtee; on the south by the
east branch of the Tymochtee, in Big Island township, in Marion county;
on the east by the Little Sandusky and the Sandusky rivers. This prairie
contains 135 square miles or about one- third of the area of the county, or
upwards of 86,000 acres of land; and has an average elevation of about
300 feet above the level, of the Lake ; that is, the junction of Tymochtee
with the Sandusky river is at an elevation of 200 feet (aneroid measure-
ment) above the Lake ; the residence of Everett Messenger, in Salt Eock
township, Marion county, and near the south boundary of the prairie, is
408 feet (aneroid) above the Lake ; the railway track at Upper Sandusky
depot having an elevation of 288 feet above the Lake, according to the
profile of the P., Ft. W. & O. E. E,

In Wood county, the principal prairies are named Liberty, Tontogany,
Hull's, Gibson's, &c, and in the aggregate are spread over about 50,000
acres. In some of these prairies are beautiful groves of timber — chiefly
of the several varieties of oak, yet not unfrequently of a very mixed char-
acter ; in fact I have found in them intermingled with the oaks, hickory,
quaking asp, walnut and beech. These groves forcibly remind one of
islets in the Lakes; the early setters undoubtedly were similarly im-
pressed with their appearance, and from this seeming propriety the large
grove in the midst of a prairie in Marion county has caused the name of
" Big Island " to be conferred on the township in which it is situated.

The theory which ascribes the origin of these prairies to the customs of
the aborigines annually burning all the vegetable matter on them, and
thus preventing the growth of trees, must be abandoned as untenable.

We find on the Sandusky plains in Wyandott county, groves on the
prairie consisting of a clump containing a dozen or two trees, and from
this as a minimum go on increasing in area until they cover from ten to
twenty acres. Groves of a few acres in extent, and others of the merest
" clumps " of trees, are found on Hull's, Tontogany, and other prairies in
Wood county.

In the counties of Huron and Erie is a prairie extending over ah area
of perhaps two hundred square miles, embraced between the Huron and
Vermillion rivers, which, as well as the Sandusky prairie, is dotted over
with groves of forest trees. If the annual fires prevented the growth of
trees, and these clumps and groves have grown only since this practice
ceased, or rather since the removal of the Indians, then I am at loss to
account for the non-appearance of trees over our entire prairie.

But the origin of these prairies, or rather the absence of trees or forests,
is due to other causes ; many of these prairies undoubtedly preceded the
advent of the aborignes. I am of opinion that the supply of water on
the area now known as plains or prairie, was entirely too great for the

GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY OF OHIO.

34?

healthy growth of arborescent vegetation, and therefore the vegetation
was not only herbaceous, but such as very probably had aquatic habits
The clnmp of trees on every little knoll or elevation in the prairie is con-
clusive evidence that the main body of the prairie was not in a eondition
suitable for the growth of trees ; that the prairie was covered with vege-
tation is abundantly substantiated by the deposit of humus in every one
of the prairies which I have examined. The view that this humus is
formed from the vegetation which grew on the spot, and not from vege-
table matter brought down from higher elevations, is, I think, folly con-
firmed by the condition of the hnmns itself. A careful examination of it
where it has not been disturbed by the plow, shows distinctly, in some
instances, the size and direction of the roots and leaves of which it is
formed.

In a note to an article on the flora of Ohio, published in the Ohio Agri-
cultural Report for 1859, page 241, Prof. J.S.Newberry says: "The
prairies bordering on, or east of the Mississippi, may be, and doubtless
are, partly or locally due to one or more of the influences suggested in
the above theories ; [a, that they are due to a peculiar fineness of soil ; b,
thai they are the beds of ancient lakes ; e, that they are due to annual
fires] ; bat even here the great controlling influence has been the supply
of water. The structure of the soil of the prairies coinciding with the
extremes of want and supply of rain characteristic of the climate, have
made them now too wet and now too dry for the healthy growth of trees.
A sandy, gravelly or rocky soil and subsoil, more thoroughly saturated
with moisture, and more deeply penetrated by the roots of the forest
trees, afford them a constant supply of the fluid which to them is vital.
This, as it seems to the writer, is the reason why the knolls and ridges
composed of coarser materials are covered with trees, while the lower
lands, with finer soil, are prairies. Where greater variation of land
exists, the highlands are frequently covered with trees, in virtue of the
greater precipitation of moisture which they enjoy.-

FORESTS.

There is no better evidence of the character and natural fertility or
capacity of a soil than its indigenous vegetation. Judged from this
stand-point, the black swamp appears to be better adapted for a grazing
than for a grain producing country. The rapid alternation, and not un-
frequently very sharp outline of forest or prairie, are indications of the
natural character of the soil of each — the prairie to sustain a luxuriant
growth of herbaceous plants only, whilst the other either from chemical
composition or mechanical condition sustains a growth of immense forest
trees.

348 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

The forests in the Maumee valley have demanded the earnest applica-
tion of the physical force of an entire generation to remove a sufficient
area in order to render the remaining portions habitable for the purpose
of modern agriculture. The immense forest trees, swamps, " swales,"
cranberry, and other marshes, no doubt exerted a great, if not preponder-
ating influence in delaying the settlement of this portion of the State.
Of immense trees, it may be stated that near Upper Sandusky, in Wyan-
dot county, is a Sycamore tree which measures thirty-nine feet in circum-
ference several feet from the surface of the earth. Oaks and Walnut
trees having a diameter of four to five feet were neither unfrequent nor
uncommon in the early settlement of the valley.

As already stated, the streams are sluggish, and nowhere have a suffi-
cient fall, except being led a considerable distance in a " race," to be
utilized as a motive power in operating saw mills or grist mills ; there
being no gravel in sufficient quantities, or other material out of which to
construct roads, caused a large portion of the valley to be impassible with
a team during one half the year. Bailroads and portable saw mills are
rapidly changing the face of the country, whilst the soil is being sub-
jected to the plow, and under favorable circumstances yield a very gen-
erous return to the agriculturist for his labors.

The forest trees throughout this valley are such as require a considera-
ble supply of moisture for their growth and healthful preservation.
Wherever " clearings " have been made, although of no greater extent
t-han a few acres, or along the lines of railways, more especially where
ditches have been made on either side of the track, there the forest trees
immediately adjoining are perishing from a deprivation of the accustomed
supply of moisture.

The forest growths on the " ridges " or ancient beaches, are not uni-
formly of the same species of trees that flourish in the moist lands on
which the ridges are located. In Williams, Defiance, Henry and Pauld-
ing counties, intermingled with the several species of Oaks, are to be
found the Yellow Poplar (Leriodendkon tulipifera) and Black Walnut
( Jxjglans nigra) ; the latter two, however, are now almost all removed to
supply the demand for economic purposes. In Van Wert, Allen, Putnam
and Hancock counties the Sugar Maple (Acer Baccharinum) is found in
considerable abundance, whilst in eastern Brie, Lorain and Cuyahoga
counties the Chestnut is the most conspicuous, if not predominating forest
tree which marks the course of the ridges.

The outcrop of the black shales in Erie, Huron, Eichland, Morrow, and
so on southward to the Ohio river, appear to form a boundary in Ohio,
west of which no ehestnut {Castanea visca) or cuccumber tree {Magnolia
acuminata) is found'growing indigenously. Throughout the Black Swamp,

GEOLOGICAL STTBVEY OF OHIO. 349

especially in the local swamps and marshes, are to be found both arboreal
and herbaceous vegetation — the arborescent being generally some form of
coniferse, as the tamarack or hackmatack (LAKES Americana) — the herba-
ceous being the marsh marigold (Caltha ptdastris) and the side-saddle
flower (Sarracenea purpurea), together with others, is usually found in
the " tamarack swamps," as well as in the cranberry marshes. It is not
an uncommon occurrence to find a tamarack swamp to be in reality a
peat bog. In company with the cranberry and side-saddle flower are
often found either or all of the following mosses :

a. Sphagnum cymbifolium,

b. " cuspidatum,

c. " acutifolium,

d. " subsecundum ;

all of whieh are recognized as peat-forming plants. About one mile to
the south-east of the town of Montpelier, in Williams county, is a cran-
berry marsh, in which the sphagnum cymbifolium abounds ; this marsh
abounds also in side-saddle flowers and tamarack trees, and is at the
same time a " peat bog." Similar bogs are found in almost every town-
ship in the county, as well as in many parts of Putnam and other coun-
ties, and even as near the margin of the black swamp as Wyandot county.
Almost all of these swamps abound in either peat or muck, both of which
are of great value in agriculture.

I have so uniformly found the cranberry plant and sphagnous mosses
in the peat bogs, and have failed to find them where there was no peat or
muck, so uniformly that I shall be disappointed if every cranberry marsh
in which the sphagnous mosses grow does not prove to be a repository of
peat, or of muck at least.

Among the arborescent vegetation or flora throughout the black swamp
is to be found White Oak (Quercus alba) ; Eed Oak (Q. rubra) ; Spanish Oak
( Q. faleata) ; Black Oak ( Q. tinctoria) ; Burr Oak ( Q. macrocarpa). Almost
all the " oak openings " which so abound in Lucas, Fulton, Henry. &a,
counties, generally have a preponderance of scrubby Burr Oak, Swamp
Oak (Q. aquatica Mx.)-, Jack oak {Q. imbricaria) ; — (Wood's Botany, edition
of 1869, page 643) — Swamp white Oak (Q. Tricolor) ; Blue Ash (Fraxintjs
quadrangulata) ; White Ash (_F. Americana) ; Black Ash, or Water Ash

. sambueifolia) ; Beech (Fagus syfoatica) ; Black Maple {Acer nigrum) $
Sugar Maple (A. saccharinum) ; Bed or Swamp Maple (A. rubrum) ; Bit-
ternut Hickory {Carya amara) ; Shagbark (C. alba) ; thick Shellbark (<7.
sulcata) ; Mockernut (C. tomentom) ; Pignut ( G. glabra) ; White Elm
(Ulmtjs Americana) ; Bed or Slippery Elm (U.Julva). There is a third
species called by the early surveyors a black elm, and which is known
also as water elm, probably a variety only of white elm ; — Sycamore

350 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

(Platantjs occidentalis) ; Hackberry, or Hoop Ash ( Oeltis occidentalis) ;
Dogwood (Ooenus florida); Iron wood (Ostkya Virginica) ; Hornbeam
/Carpinus Americana) ; Black Walnut ( Jtjglans nigra) ; White Walnut,
or Butternut ( Juglans cinerea) ; Yellow Poplar (LiriodendrOn tulipifera);
White Poplar (Populus monilifera) ; Quaking Asp {P.tremuloides); Cot-
tonwood (P. heierophylla) 5 Balsam Poplar or Tacamehac (P. balsamifera) .
Balm of Gilead (P. Candieans) ; Bed Cherry (Cerasus Pennsylvania) ;
Wild or Black Cherry (C. serotvna) ; Lynn, or Linden (Tilia Americana) ;
Thorn {crmtagus). I recognized the tomentosa, punctata, coodnea, crus-
galli ; there is one more which I have failed to identify, having neither
the fruit ripe, nor the flower. Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) ;
Buckeye (JSsotjlus glabra) ; Box Elder, or Ash Maple (Negundo acer-
oides) ; Eed Bud (Ceecis Canadensis) ; Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymno-
OLADtrs Canadensis); Mulberry (MoRtrs rubra) ; Gum (Nyssa multiflora) ;
Sassafras (Sassafras officinale).

Nearly all the shrubby undergrowths indigenous in Ohio, are to be
found in the Maumee valley. Many annuals or herbaceous plants, which
long since have disappeared from the older settled portions of the State,
are yet found in comparatively great abundance in this valley ; among
these may be enumerated Silphitjm laciniatum (compass plant or rosin
weed) ; Sarracenea purpurea (pitcher plant) ; several species of Cypri-
pediae, and others.

The foregoing list of trees and shrubs is far from being a complete one.
A botanical survey would require much time, and a visit — especially so
far as herbaceous plants are concerned — during different portions of the
year.

In the final volume the influence of forests upon vegetation, as well as
their influence in causing rain, springs and other meteoric phenomena,
will be discussed. It is deemed not improper, nevertheless, to state here
that the forests in Ohio are being removed entirely too rapidly for the
future success of that agriculture which will be demanded at the hands
of the next generation by the increased population. The railways alone
consume one million cords of wood annually for fuel. In a conversation
with a very intelligent "railroad man" in 1862, he informed me that "the
company holds it to be cheaper to use wood for fuel at any price less than
eight dollars per cord, rather than use the ordinary bituminous coal at
six cents per bushel." He stated that the sulphur in the coal destroyed
the fire-boxes so very rapidly as to cause the wood to be considered the
cheaper fuel at even $8 per cord. The immense number of "fees" de-
manded annually will require the forest to be removed from many acres.
Add to this the enormous and annually increasing demand tor " v lumber '
for the various uses to which the several kinds of timber are applied, in

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 351

the construction of buildings, tenements, shipping vessels and cars, fur-
niture, manufactures and the arts, and the reflecting mind will be con-
vinced that the day is not far distant which will And Ohio comparatively
treeless ; unless, indeed, some new source of supply should be made com-
mercially practicable,

Nothing will restrain this denuding process as applied to our forests
except a demonstration that a certain proportion of area in forest is ab-
solutely essential to the successful growth of crops ; and this demonstra-
tion must not be arguments written oat and printed in books, reports,
magazines, or any other form of verbal communication, but must be
written on and over the once productive broad acres in unmistakable
characters, impressed by droughts, by blighted harvests, parched mead-
ows, dried up streams and springs, the keen winds of winter and the dry
winds of summer sweeping unresistingly and bearing destruction over
the State deprived of forests to break their strength and stay their de-
struction.

So long as the agriculturist believes that he can acquire more money by
the sale of forest trees than he can derive from the influence of these
trees on his crops, so long will he unhesitatingly dispose of every tree for
which he can find a purchaser. When he learns that in a given series of
years as much money may be acquired by growing young trees as there
can be growing ordinary crops, then, but not till then, may we expect
this denuding process to be restrained.

It is not probable that any laws which Congress or the General Assem-
bly of the State of Ohio might enact for the purpose of protecting or
preserving the forests yet remaining in the State would be observed vol-
untarily, or eould be rigidly enforced. Massachusetts has demonstrated
that the cultivation of young forest trees is just as profitable as any
other crop usually grown. In Ohio the natural resources of the State
are employed to meet present emergencies or demands only ; there is no
manifest provision or regard for the future. "After us the deluge" is so
unmistakably written upon all the developments of these resources as to
cause a feeling of regret and sadness rather than of joyous anticipation
for the condition in which we are transmitting nature's bounties to future
generations.

Herewith is presented a table showing the number of acres in forest in
each of the counties in the Maumee valley, a region possessing the largest
area of forest and most densely timbered portion of the State. The table
shows the number of acres in forest in 1853, the entire number of acres
in the county, as well as the per centage of acres in forest in each county.
Also, the number of acres and percentage of forest in 1870. Excluding
Mercer county (because it failed to report the number of acres in forest

Table showing area in Forest in 1853 and 1870 ; also, the Population in 1840, 1850 and 1870.

Counties.

Aljen „..

Anglaize

Crawford

Defiance

Fulton

Hancock

Henry ,

Lucas...

Mercer

Ottawa

Paulding.

Putnam .

Sandusky

Seneca ---...----.-. .,

Van Wert

Williams

Wood

Wyandot ,

Totals

Acres cleared in 17 years
Cleared annually ,

Acres in
county.

Acres in

forest in

1853.

256,328
247,776
252,1561
257,492
257,057
337,029
262,106
200,079
278,703
162,823
259,235
301,294
255,661
345,153
258,592
264,889
382,845
255,595

4,834,813

49,877

191,164
196,356
114,535
224,327
206,948
235,398
245,660
162,023

"l5l",428
251,825
265,072
163,213
171,9""
236,088
201,113
337,760
161,476

3,516,366
2,668,455

847,911

Per cent,
of area of
county in
forest in
1853.

74.56
79.25
45.2Q
87.14
80.51
69.82
93.71
81.00

93.00
96.83
87.98
63.85
49.81
91.30
75.96
88.19
63.17

77.17

Acres in

forest in

1870.

128,809
137,509
76,714
173,283
147,886
161,055
204,297
131,235
177,235
119,059
230,240
216,320
110,156
117,151
186,408
145,051
267,946
115,336

2,845,690
Mercer, 177,235

2,668,455

Per cent,
of area of
county in
forest in
1870,

50.25
55.51
30.42
67.29
57.51
47.77
77.91
65.60
63.58
73.09
88.81
71.81
43.07
33.93
71.11
54.76
69.98
45.13

58.85

Population
in 1840.

9,079
13,152

9,986
2,503
9,382
8,277
2,248
1,034
5,189
10,182
18,128
1,577
4,465
5,357

100,559

13.31[per sq. m.

Population
in 1850.

12,116

11,340

18,177

6,966

7,780

16,774

3,432

12,381

7,712

3,310

1,766

7,221

14,529

27,105

4,793

8,018

9,165

11,169

183,754

23.69 per sq. m.

Population
in 1870.

23,623
20,040
25,556
15,719
17,789
23,847
14,028
46,783
17,254
13,255
8,544
17,083
25,504
30,828
15,824
20,991
24,596
18,554

379,818

48.98Jper sq. m.

o
o

n
S

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 353

in 1853), there were, in ronnd numbers, three and a half millions of acres
in the remaining seventeen counties of the valley in 1853. In 1870 these
same counties had less than two and three-quarters millions acres in
forest, showing a removal of nearly a million acres of forest in seventeen
counties in seventeen years.

During the past 20 years the population has about doubled in numbers
in the valley, and there is no good reason to suppose that the removal of
the forests will not keep pace with the increase of population.

METEOROLOGY.

In agriculture, climate is of as great importance as is the quality of
the soil. The climate of any region is as much the result of geological
phenomena as is the structure or composition of the soil. If there were
no mountains — no broad seas or oceans — but simply level plains all over
the globe — then, notwithstanding we would enjoy the different changes
of the seasons of the year, as spring, summer, autumn and winter, yet,
throughout the entire circle around the globe embraced by any degree of
latitude, there would be found an identical climate and growth of vege-
tation. It is the elevations and depressions — mountains and valleys —
high table lands and oceans, prairies and lakes, that cause the great
diversity of climate in different portions of the globe on the same par-
allels of latitude. It is this diversity of climate that enables the agricul-
turist to grow the diverse crops on the same parallel of latitude.

Recent investigations in vegetable physiology demonstrate that plants
more readily adapt themselves to a new soil, than to a new climate.
Foreign grape-vines find in the soils of Ohio an abundance of the proper
food to grow and to develop them — but our climate is less generous, and
deprives the vine of its exquisitely flavored fruit ; our soils grow in great
luxuriance the cotton plant, but the season is entirely too short to yield a
crop. Innumerable instances might be cited, in each of which it could
be shown that the soil has the requisite qualities for growth and devel-
opment of the plant, but the climate being too severe the plants must
either be grown in a hot-house or conservatory, or not De grown at all.

So far as the cereal crops are concerned, it has been ascertained by
experiment, that at the level of the sea they may be grown from the 30th
to the 70th degree of north latitude—subject, however, to considerable
variation from the positions of the places in regard to marine and inland
or continental climates. At the equator neither wheat, barley nor rye
can be grown at the level of the sea, and it is not until a hight of 2,000
feet is attained on the mountains that they can be cultivated.
23

354 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Those who are cultivating wheat have learned by experience that if
during the flowering season there is much rain, foggy weather, or even
much wind, together with want of sunshine, that the wheat heads do not
fill— the process of fecundation has been interrupted, and the crop is lost.
Of all cereals, wheat, especially, requires a bright sun to bring it to per-
fection. Barley, oats and rye can be cultivated over a wider range than
wheat, although there is considerable difference in their climatic adapta-
tions. Barley and rye are grown in Norway, in latitude 70°, where they
adapt themselves to the short summer ; but there the summer sky is
bright. Oats succeed well in a moist climate, where the mean tempera-
ture does not fall below 55", and at the same time they can be cultivated
at a much greater elevation than wheat. Neither oats nor rye can be
cultivated in the cold, moist climate of the Faroe Island, in latitude 62°.
Barley is the only grain that succeeds, and then it scarcely ever matures
hard grain.

The potato adapts itself to a wider geographical range than any other
plant which is grown for food for the human race. It accommodates
itself to very different degrees of temperature and moisture. And yet,
whilst the foregoing statement is strictly true, it is equally true that very
few plants are as capricious as the potato. Varieties of this esculent
grown on the " Lake Shore," are neither as prolific nor as well- flavored
iu the heavy clays of Central and Southern Ohio. Darwin states that he
found the plant growing wild in the wet, moist island of Ohonos, and
Sabine found it growing in the dry climate of Valparaiso. It can be
cultivated from the level of the sea in the tropics, to the height of 13,000
feet ©n 4he mountains, and through a great variety of moist and dry cli
mates, to 75° of north latitude.

Of our cultivated crops, the Zea Maize, or Indian Corn is perhaps the
most susceptible to the influences of climate. The three degrees of lati.
tude embraced whithin the limits of the State of Ohio, so materially
affect the growth and productiveness of this crop, that varieties grown
as standard varieties in the southern portion of the State do not mature,
except in rare seasons, in the northern portion.

All the popular varieties of the cultivated grape, grow luxuriantly in
the Valley, and it is asserted by growers that as good an article of wine
is produced from grapes grown here, as from those grown in any other
portion of the State. It is, however, suggested that no drift soil pro-
duces as good a quality of grapes or wine, as does soil formed in place
from disintegrated shales.

Meteorological records made by J. B. Trembly, M. D., of Toledo, com-
mencing in 1860, are introduced here for the purpose of showing that the

GEOLOGICAL STOEVEY OF OHIO.

355

Manmee Valley enjoys a really fine climate, and for agricultural and hor-
ticultural purposes, the temperature and precipitation during the spring
months is Tery favorable for the germiniation of seeds, and the growth
of plants — the autumn temperature, that which is promotive of impart-
ing to the maturing fruits the finest flavor ; whilst the annual mean tem-
perature is 3.88 degrees F. only, lower than at Steubenville, 85 miles south
of Toledo in latitude; or the same number of degrees lower than Ger-
mantown, in Montgomery county, 135 miles south of Toledo ; whilst Hills-
boro, Highland county, 162 miles south of Toledo, has a mean annual tem-
perature of only 1.18 degrees F., above that of Toledo.

TABLE A.

Showing five annual maximum, minimum, mean Barometer, and range. Also
ike greatest and least variation for each year as noted in the table.

Years.

-*3

■a

3
1

"3
§

■§

to
(3
©

1869

29.9

29.95

29.9

30.42

29.83

29.85

29.81

29.83

29.9

29.87

28.45

28.85

28.5

28.57

28.61

28.58

28.47

28.77

28.88

28.94

29.374

29565

29587

29.314

29.35

29536

29.23

29597

29.354

29.33

.84

.89

.85

.880

.710

.75

.88

.72

.63

.68

.61

.68
.58
.46
.62
.47
.75
£7
.66
.61

.00

1868

.00

1867 -

.00

1866

.00

1865

.01

1864

.00

1863

.00

1862 -

.00

1861 1.

.00

1860 .

.00

Maximum height of barometer for ten years 3042 inches.

Minimum " " " " 28.45 "

Mean " " «* " '. 29.308 "

Barometrical range for ten years ...... 1.9T "

The greatest yearly variations for ten years 1.95 "

The least yearly variations for ten years... 83 '

356

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

TABLE B.

Showing the mean temperature of each month of the year for ten years, be-
ginning with the year 1860 ; also, the mean temperature for each month
for ten years. Also, showing the mean of the seasons for ten years, begin-
ning with the year 1860 ; also, the mean for each season for ten years.

Months.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

Monthly
mean for
10 years.

January

February

March

April

May

Jaly

August

September . .

November ..
December...

28.87

30.56

42.56

48.37

63.96

64.18

72.

70.21

59.16

50.87

37.33

84.05

25.55

33.

35.88

49.43

55.01

69.48

70.26

71.48

62.9

53.38

39.91

38.14

27.09

37.317

34.835

49.35

60.147

66187

74.9

74.17

66.064

53.824

40.785

36.125

34.104

31.166

35.224

48.615

63.06

68.275

74.507

72.95

61.651

44.873

44.163

34.223

27.254

31.829

35.717

46.119

63.19

70.4

75.09

71.103

61.519

48.

40.641

27.641

23.46

29.128

40.18

40.352

59.654

73.333

69.341

68.845

70.185

50.179

41.096

29.921

24.673

25.497

31.761

50.907

55.845

67.396

74.577

65.24

58.974

53.149

40.563

27.361

19.563

33.295

30.76

48.519

52.309

71.097

71.781

70.771

62.407

53.567

43.441

28.319

21.018

23.087

38.277

42.508

58.064

68.13

79.7

69.846

59.894

47.9

39.484

25.233

32.97
J32.294

28.2768

45.795

57.363

66.574

79.534

73.072

64.773

44.319

84.774

31.427

26.455

30.517

35.349

46.995

58.86

68.505

73.469

70.788

62.927

50.007

40.218

30.242

Total...

49.343

50.368

51.732

51.069

49.876

49.639

47.994

48.819

47.761

48.512

49.527

Mean temperature for ten years, 49,527.

Seasons.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868..

1869.

Mean
for 10
years.

Autumn

Winter

51.63

68.79

49.12

*29.393

46.77
70.4
52.06
25.53

47.977
73.418
53.557

30.848

48.973
71.91
50.23
30.43

48.008
72.164
50.052
31.106

47.728
70.506
53.82
26.743

46.171
69.073
50.595
26.697

43.863
71.216
53.138
26.736

46.283
72.558
49.092
23.613

47.068
70.917
50.044
20.465

47.446
71.095
51.270
26.986

"Two months — January and February.

The warmest year in the decade was 1862, the coldest, 1868.

GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OF OHIO.

357

TABLE C.

Showing the amount of rain and melted snow in inches which fell during
each month of the year, from January 1st, 1861, to December 3lst, 1869.
Also, the mean for nine years.

Melted Snow axd Kais rx Inches.

Meau

Months.

1861.

1862.

1863.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

for nine
years.

January ...
February...

March

April

May

June

J*ly -.-

August

September..
October

November . .
December ..

2.125

1.375

5.5

5.75

4.677

3.875

5.125

3.383

2.562

2.312

3.125

1.375

3.875

2.875

5.562

4.437

3.562

2.875

2.375

2 375

2.25

2.5

4.312

2.875

3.562

2.4375

1.875

2.437£

2.5

3.437

2.213

1.625

3.125

3.75

.375
.9375
1.9375
4.75
2.1875
3.5
3.25
4.211
7.006
1.6875
5.8125
1.5

.75
1.6875
1.75
3.125
2.25
3.625
6.062
3.75
10.1875
2.25

.3125
3.5625

1.75
2.3125
3.77
.875
5.375
4.6875
4.

2.4375
7.1875
2.625
3.125
2.5625

1.5

3.125

2.225

3.625

5.5

1.9375

2.0625

2.437

2.875

1.875

1.25

1.0625

8.75

3.3755

5.3125

8.1875

2.5

4.4375

2.5

1.625

2.875

1.062

1.6875
3.4375
3.635
4.8125
5.75
8.25
2.625
.625
1.625
2.8125
4.5625
2.4375

1.7986
2.2642
3.8502
3.6249
4.3877
4.4583
3.5594
2.9844
4.1186
2.3957
3.1138
2.2629

Total..

36.466

42.998

32.637

37.1545

39.313

40.6878

31.062

42.0375

42.25

38.9087

In 1862 there "was the greatest amount of precipitation, and the least in 1867.

TABLE D.

Shotting the amount of Snow which fell during each month far nine consecu-
tive years, and the mean for the same time.

Months.

Sxow in Inches.

Mean for

1861.

1862.

1863. 1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

Years.

January

Febraary

March

April

May

13.5
2.063
9.
5.

19.25
21.

8.74
4.

11.75 12.5

34. 3.25

13.25 7.75

5. 5.

7.5

10.75

4.75

2.25

7.75
9.75
12.

18.
22.25
17.
2.

13.5

7.5

11.5

6.25
17.
19.

1.75

12.2311

13.3401

12.2222

3.6664

July

October . ....

.75
3.25
6.

.068 i .125
75. ! 6.5

2. ;i3.

3.
1.5
14.

'2.5"
9.75

3.
15.

4.75

7714

7.
5.25

4.0555

December

3.375

12.175

6.5277

Total

41.37

63.

67.813 48.125

28.625

41.675

77.55

52.75

66.75

51.8144

In 1867 there "was the greatest amount of snotr, and the least in 1865.

358

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

TABLE B.

Slwwing the warmest and coldest days for ten years. Also, the mean tempera-
ture of the year, yearly range, mean temperature of the warmest and coldest
days, with date.

«3

Org

■ §1

i2 as
S-tf

a
9

3 .

3 .
S3

V H

1860

Aug. 6th..

—10

Jan. 2d . . .

49.343

104

83.

Aug. 7th..

—2.66

Jan. 2d.

1861

Aug. 2d...

—4

Feb. 8th..

50.368

100

.87.

Aug. 2d...

9.66

Jan. 30th.

1862

July 6th-

—2

Feb. 15th .

51.732

87.

July 6th..

11.66

Feb. 15th.

1863

Aug. 2d...

Feb. 3d...

51.069

85.33

Aug. 2d...

9.33

Feb. 3d.

1864

July 28th.

—15

Jan. 1st ..

49.987

113

87.33

June 25th.

—11.66

Jan. 1st.

1865

* 94

July 6th..

— 1

Jan. 11th .

49.639

82.66

June 6th .

5.66

Jan. 26th.

1866

July 16th.

—16

Feb. 16th.

47.994

111

85.66

July 16th.

—7.

Feb. 15th.

1867

July 23d..

—6

Jan. 14th .

48.819

100

80.66

July 24th.

Jan. 29th.

1868

100

July 14th.

—10

Feb. 3d...

47.761

110

87.33

July 14th.

Jan. 9th.

1869

Aug. 20th.

Feb. 28th.

48.512

84.33

Aug. 19th.

11.66

March 6th.

100

July 14th.

—16

Feb. 16th.

49.554

87.33

Aug. 14th.

—11.66

Jan. 1st.

SUMMARY FOR TEN YEARS.

The warmest year in ten years was 1862, mean temperature 51.732

The coldest year in ten years was 1868, mean temperature 47.761

The mean temperature for ten years 49.554

The mean temperature of the warmest day in ten years, July 14, 1868.. . 87.33

The mean temperature of the coldest day in ten years, Jan. 1, 1864 — 11.66

The highest temperature in ten years was July 14, 1868 100.

The lowest temperature in ten years was Feb. 16, 1868 — 16.

GEOLOGICAL SUBTBT OF OHIO.

359

TABLE ¥.

Showing the course of winds in ten years ; the clear, cloudy and variable
days. Also, the number of days in which it rained and snowed.

•6

o
a
to

m
o

to*

Tears.

t>»

-j

■3

-*3

O
i— I

■>

-3

■2

c-i

■3

F-f

Jz;

£;

Sz;

1869

546
453
534
590
596
548
482
520
580
504

165
168
212
224
210
264
230
205
192
217

226
336

263
199
220
229

300
262
218
229

158

141

105

148

43
54
53
49
63
55
68
80
70
78

143
121
101
133
117
149
157
142
110
161

180
191
211
183
185
162
140
143
185
127

103
103

92
117
108

92
103

51
100

1868

1867

1866

1865

1864

1863

1862

1861

1860

Total

5353

2087

2502

1017

614

1333

1707

967

411

The average number of days in which it rained for each year in ten years. 96.7
The average number of days in which it snowed for each year in ten years. 41.1
The average number of days in which it rained and snowed for each year

in ten years 137.8

The average number of clear days for each year for ten years 61.3

" ." " cloudy" " " " " 133.3

" " " variable davs" " " " 170.7

360 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

TABLE G.

Showing the Isothermal lines and mean amount of precipitation of the sea-
sons for ten years.

The great controlling conditions of all climates depend upon the tem-
perature and amount of precipitations. To compare one portion of a
country or continent with another relative to the amount of heat or rain,
observations need to be taken at numerous places. These when reduced,
show that the distribution of heat and moisture are confined to certain
belts or zones. Upon this suggestion Humboldt initiated Isothermal Lines,
which have been extended from one point to another until the whole
Globe has been charted and mapped.

From observations that have been taken in the city of Toledo, Ohio,
these thermal lines and hyetal or rain charts are as follows :

Spring temperature . 47.446 degrees.

Summer ' " 71.095 "

Autumn " 51.27 "

Winter " 26.986 "

Mean temperature for ten years 49.527 "

Spring precipitation 11.7834 inches.

Summer " 10.8784 "

Autumn " 9.7211 "

Winter " 6.2751 "

Mean precipitation for nine years 38.9087 "

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 361

AGRICULTURAL VALUE OP SOILS IN MAUMEE VALLEY.

It is proposed in the final volume to enumerate all the rocks and clays
which contribute to the formation of the soils of Ohio, and to present a
chemical analysis of them, and to trace the soils to their origin. A
few of the characteristic or typical soils of the valley were analysed by
Mr. T. G. Wormley, the chemist to the Geological Corps. A portion of
these analyses are here presented as an exponent of the work in this
direction.

The analyses of soils was at one time supposed to be a method of ascer-
taining the fertility or infertility of a soil; or of indicating what ingre-
dients were absent from the soil, and that the want of these rendered it
less fertile than if they were present. If plants were passive, then, per-
haps, an analysis of the ashes of the plant, together with an analysis of
the soil, would be of great advantage to the practical agriculturist. But
the plant itself is active; that is, it possesses to a very great degree- the
power of selecting its food.

A thorough and complete discussion of this topic cannot fail to be of
the greatest interest to the agriculturist ; but to do so in detail would
require a special volume; therefore a brief outline of the present state of
knowledge on this topic must suffice. This discussion involves, as a mat-
ter of course, the question whether certain mineral substances, always
constituents of plants, perform an essential function in forming the mass
of the plant ; and whether they are contained in different proportions in
different plants. Botanists have made investigations for the purpose of
ascertaining whether definite classifications of plants might consistently
be made, by accepting the differences in ash constituents as a basis.

Professor Liebig divided plants, according to the predominant elements
in their ashes, into saline, calcareous and silicious plants. Botanists ap-
plied these ideas to the soil in which these plants grow, and formed the
opinion that a soil in which a saline plant flourishes must contain much
potash, and that a soil in which a calcareous plant luxuriates much lime
must necessarily be contained.

They endeavored to find a connection between the ashes and the soil,
and thus were led into multifarious errors; the classifications made to-day
at one place were found objectionable the next day at another place,
according to the differences in the locality.

Much was attributable to the erroneous views which some advocated,
namely, that plants do not possess the faculty or power of selecting their
food ; that they are obliged to take up the assimilable mineral substances
contained in the soil, in exactly the same proportions in which they find

362 GEOLOGICAL- SURVEY OP OHIO.

them to exist in the soil; that these acceptable elements of the soil do not
regulate the growth of the plants; that those plants, which are unable to
substitute one substance for another, are strictly limited to one kind of
soil, and that their existence is strictly limited to the chemical condition
of the soil.

Comprehensive works were written to establish the division of plants,
in relation to the soil, into constant, adapted and precarious plants. Those
requiring a certain peculiar soil were called constant plants; those pre-
ferring a certain other peculiar soil, without being confined to it, were
called adapted; precarious, those appearing not to be limited to any
peculiar soil.

To base the existence and growth of plants upon the chemical constit-
uents of the soil, is not demonstrable in all instances, and it seemed very
singular to these advocates that such very different modifications should
exist in plants; that the ashes of the one might be composed of any given
substances whatever, while those of another must have a very particular
or special composition. The number of the "constant" plants was very
limited, and instances occurred almost every day in which this or that
kind of plants transgressed the limit drawn, and appeared and flourished
upon a soil which had been pronounced unsuitable.

Aside from this, it was shown by analyses that the calcareous plants of
the botanist were not the calcareous plants of the chemist; the latter
deeming the quantity of lime contained in the ashes to be the criterion ;
the former the growth of the plant upon a calcareous soil. It is not a
matter of surprise that the stock growers of Ohio are of opinion that the
Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratense) requires a calcareous soil, and will not
flourish on any other ; but the chemist fails to find as much lime in the
ashes of this grass as he does in either those of timothy (Phleum pratense)
or red clover (Trifolium). If the chemist classed according to predomi-
nating qualities of the ashes of plants, he could class the blue grass first,
as a potash plant; second, as a silicious plant; and lastly, as a lime or
calcareous plant.

The same differences obtained with regard to the calcareo-silicious
plants. Consequently the plant must have the power of selection ; car-
bonate of lime is often known- to exist in a lime soil in such proportions,
compared with the other elements, that the plants, in order to obtain the
rarer constituents necessary for their development, such as phosphates,
would actually be compelled to become storehouses of lime.

We know that aquatic plants have a power of selection; that they do
not take up the substances in the proportions in which they are presented
to them in solution. Prof. Liebig examined the water lentil (duck-meat)
(Lemna trisulca) floating upon the surface of the water and sinking its

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

363

roots into the water; found that the water of the swamp upon whose sur-
face the lentil had grown was very differently constituted from the ashes
of the lentil.

100 parts of dried lentils gave
16.6 parts of ashes.

In 100 parts of slightly glowing
ashes were contained :

Lime 16.82

Magnesia 5.08

Common salt 5.897

Chloride of lime .. — 1.45

Potash 13.18

Natron

Oxyd of iron, with traces of clay. 7.36

Phosphoric acid 8.730

Sulphuric acid 6.09

Silicic acid 12.33

Salt left by the water from Botan-
ical Garden : 1 litre contains 0.415
grammes of salt left, slightly glown.

In 100 parts of the salts are con-
tained:

Lime , 35.00

Magnesia - 12.264

Common salt 10.10

Chloride of lime

Potash 3.97

Natron 471

Oxyd of iron, with traces of clay. . .721

Phosphoric acid 2.619

Sulphuric acid 8.271

Silicic acid 3.24

" The composition of the water," says Prof. Leibig, " compared with
that of the ashes, shows that all mineral substances, except the natron,
are found in the plant, but in a very much changed condition ; the water
contains 45 per cent, of lime and magnesia, the plant only 21 per cent, of
both ; the water contains 0.72 per cent, of oxyd of iron, but the plant ten
times as much. The difference between the phosphates, potash, etc., is as
considerable. Evidently a selection had taken place ; the plant took up
the soluble mineral constituents in such proportions as it needed them
for its vital functions, but not in such proportions as they were presented
to it in the liquid."

The plant is active in seeking for food ; it selects and takes up what it
needs for its development.

From this it is evident that the inference to be drawn from the ashes
of a plant as an indication of the soil upon which it grew must necessa-
rily be very much restricted.

The objections justly urged against the opinion that the chemical com-
position of the soil was sufficient for the appearance of the plants grow-
ing upon it, led to the opposite extreme, namely, to a denial that the ele-
ments of the soil exert any influence in this respect, and gave rise to the
opinion that to the physical composition of soil alone, the plants growing
thereon was to be ascribed.

One of the advocates of the physical condition of soil arrives at the
conclusion that the physical condition of the soil alone determines the
kind of plants which flourish upon it, and the chemical constitution has
nothing to do with it ; for, he says, the growth of the plants depends
upon the physical properties of the soil, and the mineral constituents

364 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

come into the plants accidentally, and remain in the cellular tissue be-
cause they are not volatile like the water.

On the strength of various analyses it has also been maintained that
the species of plants growing upon a calcareous or silicious soil, contain
respectively more lime or silica. This, perhaps, would prove that the
plants can retain in their tissues the mineral elements, in a free state,
which they can not assimilate or otherwise exclude after the vegetable
elaboration of the liquids they hold in suspension or combination. This
free state is remarkably manifest in certain cases, for instance, by the
calcareous crystals of the Hydrurus erystallophorus ; but it does not prove
that those substances are essential to the proper organization, because
the same species growing upon different soils contain different substances.

If the analyses of plants growing upon a calcareous soil showed more
lime, and those growing upon a silicious soil more silica, it would prove
that the plants did not take up such unavailable substances. But if we
suppose that these substances form an essential part of the mass of the
plants, then those plants which live upon different soils, must obtain them
from other sources than from the soil. Singular as it may appear, these
views advocated by Thurmann were adopted by many renowned botanists.
However erroneous these fundamental views, they led to very correct
conclusions, because when they came to apply them to practical agricul-
ture they insisted that the pulverization of the soil is the most essential
requisite.

Leaving these conflicting views to be settled by chemists and vegetable
physiologists, a brief statement of the conditions necessary for the growth
of plants, so far as known with certainty, may not be out of place.

Climate not being under discussion, no reference to it is necessary, for
every plant requires a certain amount of heat, light, atmospheric mois-
ture, etc. These requisites being supplied, the physical composition of
the soil is the first and most important condition for the growth of plants.
The sand, clay and lime soils have each their own peculiar vegetation,
conditioned by their own proper physical composition, furnishing the
necessaries of life to certain species of plants only. Now, plants are dif-
ferent in this respect ; that some are much affected by any change in the
conditions under which they naturally grow, and may easily perish, while
others, naturally, have an extraordinary vitality.

A ditch dug through a peat bog will cause the disappearance of the
rare moor plants, which are the delight of the botanist. A change in the
intensity of light or in moisture, occasioned by the clearing of a forest,
will cause many species of plants to disappear, while others appear in
their place. But a large number of plants may exist under very different
conditions. Plants which are kindred to each other according to the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 365

external form of all their parts, and belong to one and the same species,
are very different. In the -water, in the swamps, in the field, in the
meadow and on rocks, in the stump and tree, whose dead and decaying
bark furnishes food to other vegetables, and out of whose substance
others obtain their food, show that the conditions of vegetation are ex-
ceedingly diverse.

But every species of plant, wherever found and flourishing, will be
found having the conditions requisite for its growth ; the mineral sub-
stances and the materials for the formation of the organic parts.

If a sufficient amount of these substances is not contained in this soil,
the species either will disappear or be compelled to confine itself to the
formation of sprouts only — a slow growth — until it finds food sufficient
for its full development. The life of any species of plants depends upon
a certain amount of food, and in the place of the perishing one there will
spring up another less choice in its food.

This amount of food is not conditioned by the wants of the plants
alone, according to their number or multitude, but by the vital power of
any species of plants, by their power of collecting food, for there are in-
active as well as active plants ; it is also dependent on the extension and
number of the roots, and the capacity for absorbing food.

Plant life to a certain degree depends upon the physical condition of the
soil. We find certain species preferring a sandy, or limey, or clayey, or
humous, or moist, or wet, or dry, or cold soil. Any experienced botanist,
knowing the physical condition of the soil, will seldom fail to find any
species of plants precisely where the soil posseses the property required
for its growth ; and, in general, he will judge correctly of the degree of
moisture in a soil by the plants growing thereon.

Certain plants appear under certain conditions only, but their limits are
often extensive and very difficult to determine.

As to the ashes of the plants, their composition is governed by the
individualities of the species of plants, but not by the soil in any other
way than by the presence of a sufficient quantity of the necessary ingre-
dients.

A plant will be the more sensitive or susceptible of injury the less it is
able to adapt or substitute, in part, one substance for another, (alkaline
earths chiefly), it will develop more vigorously, and be content with a
poorer soil, the greater the power it possesses for eliminating these sub-
stances from the soil, other conditions being equal.

Since plants possess the power of selection, the analysis of their ashes
cannot furnish any correct inference as to the quantity and quality of the
constituents of the soil. There are a number of plants growing, chiefly

366

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

in gardens and rich fields, -which require a large amount of food, and
probably of nitrogenous substances, for their vigorous development.
But the amount of nitrogen contained in a plant does not justify the
inference that the nitrogen is contained in the soil in the form of nitrogen.
The following analyses of the ashes of some of the principal agricultu-
ral plants, compiled from Emil Wolff,s " Aschen Analysen von Land-
■wirthschaftlichen Producten :"

GRAINS.

CD
O
BO

In 100 parts of ashes are

contained —

•i

4
o

CO •

ft CS

p
'B

OB C3

'©
e8

o
'a

Wheat

1.97
2.09
2.60
3.14
1.51
1.37
2.73
3.69
2.18
2.54
1.44
. 1.97

31.16
31.47
20.15
16.38
,27.93
23.07
41.79
30.63
64.14
22:75
35.68
54.69

2.35
1.70
2.53
2.54
1.83
6.12
0.96
2.07
0.63
9.94
26.09
8.52

3.34
2.63
2.60
3.73
2.28
4.42
4.99
8.10
6.91
24.44
4.08
.7.98

11.97

11.54

8.62

7.06

14.98

12.42

7.96

14.29

5.29

11.60

8.75

5.22

1.31
1.63
0.97
0.67
1.26
1.74
0.86
1.12
1.01
2.66
1.40
1.04

46.98
46.93
34.68
23.02
45.00
48.67
36.43
41.50
14.89
20.74
13.59
15.20

0.37
1.10
1.69
1.36
1.30
2.11
3.49
2.34
4.17
2.20
6.09
5.69

2.11
1.88
27.54
44.33
1.88
0.23
0.86
1.24
1.07
1.87
4.32
1.49

0.22

Rye

0.61

Spring barley ...

0.93
0.58

Buckwheat

1.42
1.30
1.54

Flax seed

Aeorn

0.16
1.76

Apple whole fruit
Pear " "

0.52

STRAW AND STALKS.

■a

•a

In 100 parts

of ashes are contained —

-d

H
Q

S
o
ft

o
02

a
■ 3

_03

H
O

'£•
ft i

00 o3

O
JO

d
d

•B

Wheat

18
10
21

5.37
4.79

4.80

13.65
19.24

22.85

1.38
2.15
4.13

5.76

8.58
7.77

2.48
2.72
2.60

0.61
1.04
0.69

4.81
5.14
4.48

2.45
2.71
3.71

67.50
56.38
52.02

1.68

Rye

2.51

Spring barley...

2.26

9
4

4.70

4.87

22.12
22.96

2.89
14.63

8.86
9.63

4.04
6.17

1.45

1.56

4.69
12.66

3.09
3.00

48.57
27.88

6.31

1.74

6.15

46.86

2.21

18.43

3.66

11.89

5.32

5.56

7.88

23
16

5.13
3.53

22.90
31.06

4.07
8.14

36.82
22.23

8.04
6.58

1.72
2.40

8.05
13.59

6.26
6.54

6.83
5,51

5.64

4.09

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

367

BOOTS AND TUBERS.

GO
CS
1

In 100 parts

of ashes are contained —

a
o

*iH

£1

8? .

CD •

To
<!

OB. c3

■—I
33

Potatoes

3.77

60.37

2.62

2.57

4.69

1.18

17.33 6.49

2.13

5.22

3.86

55.11

10.90

5.36

7.53

0.93

10.99 3.81

1.80

3.28

8.01

45.40

9.94

10.60

3.69

0.81

12.71' 11-19

1.87

6.47

LEAVES, Etc.

<S>
CO

B
03

In 100 parts of ashes are contained —

•6

-■-1

"GO

•d

00 •

do
QQ 03

i— i

Tobacco, leaves . .

18.41

20.07

3.39

41.59

11.72

3.07

3.16

3.86

8.92

5.22

Hops, fruit

7.59

34.45

2.19

16.65

5.47

1.45

16.73

3.58

16.60

3.28

Hops, whole pl'nt

9.47

24.62

3.41

22.17

7.87

2.91

9.18

4.78

20.08

6.47

Whilst there is a very considerable proportion of hnmus, or decayed
vegetable matter distributed over the surface of the valley, there is after
all very little alluvial matter, and the soil id drift material, chiefly clay,
exposed to the action of the elements, and intermingled with the decom-
posed and decomposing vegetable and other organic matter. In many
countries, and even in some counties in Ohio, the soil is formed to a very
great extent from the underlying rock, but in this valley the soil is not
even affected by the underlying, except, perhaps, in such limited areas that
I failed to discover them.

That the soil in the Haumee, formed as it is from the drift, has all the ele-
ments of fertility as recognized by chemistry, is shown by the following
chemical analyses, and is demonstrated in a practical manner on the farms.
The first analysis is from the farm of Mr. Henry Breed, in section 34 in Per-
rysburg township, Wood county. This is from a portion of the farm recog-
nized as "Black Swamp "by those who limit the Black Swamp proper
to that region of country embraced between Fremont and Perrysburg.

368

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The analysis of this and the other soils in Ohio "were made by Mr. T. G.

Wormley.

Organic matter

Silicic acid

Silica

Sesqui oxide of iron.
Alumina

14.94 grains

soluble in.

hydrochloric

acid.

5.37

.03

85.06 grains

insoluble in

hydrochloric

acid.

16.36

Copper .

Phosphate of lime

Lime

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of magnesia .

Potash and soda.
Sulphuric acid ..

54.29

1.97

1.20

9.69

.07

trace.

.50

0.00

0.92

4.72

1,14

0.54

.10

2.28

.075

.11

Phosphoric acid .

99.365

From a mean or average of 151 analyses of the grain, chaff and straw,
of the wheat plant, 44 per cent .of the crop is grain, 47 per cent is straw,
and 9 per cent, is chaff. The grain yields 1.93 per cent of ashes, the straw
4.84 per cent., and the chaff 12J per cent. According to these proportions
the wheat crop which yields 25 bushels of wheat of 60 pounds per bushel,
consists of 1500. pounds of grain, 1602.1 pounds of straw, 306.9 pounds
of chaff; and removes from the soil that which will yield 144.08 pounds
of ashes. This ashes is distributed as follows : From the grain, 28.95
pounds ; from the chaff, 37.59 pounds ; from the straw, 77.54 pounds
These ashes are composed of the following substances :

Pounds, of

ashes in one

bu. wheat.

Pounds of ashes in

straw, from one

bu. wheat.

Pounds of ashes in

chaff of one bu.

wheat.

Total
pound.

.03

.012

.258

.126

.03

per ct.

0.058

1.2
22.4
10.9

27
11.2

0.8
50.1

0.1

2.000
2.064
.519
.075
.211
.057
.0128
.0749
.0997

per ct.

69.9

18.
2.5
7.4
1.9
0.5
2.8
3.1

0.0085

1.2112

0.1374

0.0269

0.0282

0.0196

0.006

0.966

0.091
81.2
9.1
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.4
4.3

.0385

Sand and silica

3.2872
.9144

.2279

.2672

.126
.006
.570
.00012

.2026

Oxide of iron

Phosphoric acid

.0040
.7109

.0898

1.15812

99.458

3.1034

100.1

1.5038

5.7545

These averages show that the grain, straw and chaff of one bushel of
wheat weigh 136.40 pounds ; but when reduced to ashes weigh 5| pounds
only. These 5| pounds are inorganic substances or earthy matters, ab-
stracted from the soil. Of these inorganic ingredients, it will be seen

GEOLOGICAL STTEYEY OP OHIO. 369

that phosphoric acid is the most important, and next in order of import-
ance is potash, in the constituents of the ashes of the grain. These two
elements forming nearly three-fourths of the ashes. In the straw, silica
and potash predominate, constituting more than three-fourths of the
ashes of the straw; and constitute nine-tenths of the ashes of the chaff.
It is in the straw only, that the lime attains any such proportion as one
would expect to find, when every agriculturist claims that a limestone
soil is best for wheat, and in the absence of a limestone soil applies gyp-
sum or calcined lime, as a sort of top dressing.

After having ascertained the inorganic or earthy constituents which
enter into the composition of the wheat plant, it may be well to ascertain
whether these constituents are contained in the Black Swamp soil, in suf-
ficient quantities to assure the skillful husbandman that wheat may be
successfully grown.

Medium soils will weigh about three millions (3,000,000) pound per acre,
to the depth of one foot.

The Breed farm contains then per acre:

Organic matter 632.500 pounds.

Sttiea 1.630.000 "

Sesquioxide of iron ,. 59.000 "

Alumina 326.950 "

Manganese 2.100 "

Phosphoric acid 9.900 "

Sulphuric acid 2550 "

Lime , .- 36.000 "

Lime, carbonate of 141.000 "

Magnesia, carbonate of... 34.200 "

Magnesia 16.200 "

Potash and soda 71.400 "

Total 3.01L500

Every bushel of wheafcjgrown removes .7109, or nearly three-fourths of
a pound of phosphoric acid. Of all the inorganic substances required for
the production of wheat, phosphoric acid is found in the smallest quan-
tity on this Breed farm; and yet small as the quantity is, there is sufii-
cient to grow 25 bushels of wheat per acre, for 557 years.

This soil has all the earthy or mineral matters required for growing
corn. The mean or average of many analyses of corn, is as follows:

Grains. Stalks.

Potash 26.63 36.3

Soda...i 7.54 1.2

Lime 1.59 10.8

Magnesia 15.44 5.7

370

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Grains. Stalks.

Oxideofiron 0.60 2.3

Phosphoric acid 39.65 8.3

Sulphuric acid 5.54 5.3

Silica acid .* ...., - 2.09 28.8

Ash. i.5l Ash 5.33

When the mechanical condition of this soil shall be in proper order for
the best growth of plants, then will this soil yield bounteous crops of
Kentucky Blue Grass (PoA pratense'), Timothy (Phletjm pratense), or
Bed Clover (Trifoletjm pratense). Analyses show that the ashes of
these plants consist of

Potash

Soda

Lime , r

Magnesia

Oxyd of iron

Phosphoric aoid

Sulphuric acid

Silioic acid

Chlorine

Ashes

Bine Grass.

38.45
0.69
5.65
2.76
0.28

10.06
4.20

33.08
6.16

5.92

Timothy.

25.73
1.79

15.57
5.52
0.28

11.76
5.06

32.41
2.40

5.08

Red Clover.

40.87
6.47

26.53
8.91
1.53
4.01
3,52
2.66

11.76

6.14

On the Breed farm is found a great variety of forest trees, chiefly of
such species, however, that require a large supply of moisture. The land
requires thorough under-draining as an initiatory or preparatory step to
successful cropping. The analysis of this soil certainly indicates that
there is a good supply of every essential ingredient in the soil to produce
largely all the crops generally grown in the State. The following is an
analysis of the soil of Mr. Graves' farm near Versailles, in Crawford
county, Kentucky, and which, it is asserted, has yielded 34 bushels of
wheat and 100 bushels of corn per acre. Analysis by Eobt. Peter, of the
Kentucky Geological Survey :

Organic and volatile matters

Carbonate of lime

Magnesia

Phosphoric acid .-

Sulphuric acid

Potash

Soda — not estimated

Sand and insoluble silieates

Alumina, oxyds of iron and manganese .

Totals

Per Cent.

5.513
2.734
0.333
0.306
0.037
0.205

77.194
13.344

100.066

Pounds in one

acre one foot

deep.

165,420

82,020

. 9,990

9,180

918

6,150

8,327,820
400,320

3,001,818

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 371

The soil of Tontogany Prairie exhibits the following composition :

Organic matter

Silica

Sesquioxide of iron.

Alumina

Phoshphate of lime
Lime

Per cent,
soluble in Hy-
drochloric
Acid, 6.31.

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of magnesia.

Magnesia

Sulphuric acid

Phosphoric acid

Potash and soda

9.18
0.04
2.03
1.65
.30

1.07
.91

.05

Per cent.

Insoluble in

Hydrochloric

Acid, 84.51.

66.37

14.75
0.98"

0.76

1.09
1.75

Total

Pounds per
acre.

275,400

1,992,300

60,900

492,000

34,200
32,100
27,300
22,800-
1,500
*7,470
52,500

2,998,470

* Including the phosphoric acid with the phosphate of lime.

This prairie soil shows less potash and soda, less phosphoric acid, and
less organic matter than the soil from Mr. Breed's farm, but has more
silica and alnmina. The timber on this prairie are oaks, chiefly, and
aspen. That these prairies are, in actual practice, the most valuable
farming lands in Wood county, is sufficiently proven by the value of
lands. The average value of lands in the county, as returned by the
county auditor, is $13.53 per acre. The townships of Plain, Washington:
and Weston, in which Tontogany prairie is situated, are valued at $16.15,.
$18.83 and $17.27 per acre; whilst Henry, Jackson and Portage town r
ships, destitute or nearly so of prairie, are valued at $9.33, $7.76 and'
$7.69 respectively per acre. Lake township, the north-west corner of
which is within three miles of Toledo, and has within its limits a railway
station on the Lake Shore roa'd, as well as five miles of the road itself, is
valued at $12.12 per acre, or 41 cents less than the average of the county.

In Wyandot county, the townships of Crane, Mifflin, Pitt, Salem and
Tymochtee, in which the greater portion of the Sandusky plains or prai-
ries is contained, are valued respectively at $26.82, $18.96, $19.01, $21.36
and $25.94. Jackson, Marseilles and Eichland townships, destitute or
nearly so of prairies, are valued at $14.60, $14.79 and $18.97 respectively ;
the average of the county is $22.19, showing that the good timber
land is valued higher than the prairies.

372

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The following is an analysis of Illinois prairie soil, taken opposite to
Keokuk. Analysis by Eobert Peter, of the Kentucky Geological Survey :

Per cent.

Pounds
per acre.

Organic and volatile matters

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of magnesia

Alumina

Potash

Soda

Silica and insoluble silicates.

•Oxide of iron

Phosphoric acid

Total

9.Q50
.890
.526

2.404

.197

.100

84.470

2.350
.175

270,000

26,700

16,786

72,150

5,910

3,000

2,534,100

70,500

5,250

3,003,390

According to this the Illinois prairie is much more sandy or silicious
than the Tontogany. Illinois has notably less potash and soda, as well
as less phosphoric acid — substances the small quantities of which, it is
believed, will not be compensated by the very large amount of silica and
silicates, at least in an agricultural sense.

The following analysis is from the soil on John Hiester's farm, situated
on the second ridge mentioned on page 324. This farm is located from
two to three miles south of Independence, in Defiance county, and is
famed throughout the county for its fertility. The analysis shows its
chemical composition, as follows :

Organic matter

Silica .'

Sesquioxide of iron

Alumina

Manganese

Copper

Lime

Lime, carbonate of

Magnesia, carbonate of

Magnesia

Potash and soda ...... .

Sulphuric acid

Phosporio acid

Soluble in
hydrochlo-
ric acid —
per cent.

0.97
.02

1.37
.40
.05
Trace.
.046
.27
.23
.09
.09
.052
.044

Insoluble in
hyrochlo*
ric acid —
per cent.

2.24

84.29

Trace.

7.34
Trace.
Trace.

1.29

.47
1.45

' 0.019

Pounds
per acre.

96,300

2,529,300

41,000

232,200

1,500

52,500
8,100
7,200
14,100
46,200
1,560
1,800

The ridge has a slight elevation only where this farm is situated, but it
is rather wide-spread j and Mr. Hiester's farming is perhaps the best

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 373

specimen of ridge farming in the county. His wheat crops are excellent,
especially in a wet season ; his corn good, and fruit, for beauty of form,
color, flavor, and exemption from scales, scabs, specks, etc., is the subject
of remark wherever known.

Of the twelve townships which constitute Defiance county, six, namely,
Adams, Richland and Highland, are traversed by the second ridge or
ancient beach, whilst Farmer, Hicksville and Milford townships are tra-
versed by the first or outer beach. The lands are valued as follows —
Adams, Richland and Highland, being the eastern range of townships,
are in proximity to the county town, Adams and Richland traversed by
the Wabash Railroad : Adams at $11.88, Richland $14.33, and Highland
$11.77 per acre. The townships of Farmer, Hicksville and Milford are
valued at $14.83, $13.41 and $13.76, although situated in the western end
of the county, and without any advantages of railways, canal, or even
the Maumee river. Mark township, which " corners 7 ' with Milford, and
is bounded by Farmer on the north and Hicksville on the west, is valued
at $5.83. The five remaining townships in the county, but which are en-
tirely destitute of ridges or beaches, are valued respectively, Defiance
(in which the county town is situated, a good railway and canal furnish
means for transportation) at $9.38 ; Delaware, between Defiance on the
east and Mark on the west, valued at $10 ; Xoble, north of and adjoining
Defiance — Richland bounds it on the east — is valued at $8.15; Tiffin,
north of Noble and west of Adams, $10.42 ; Washington, located between
Tiffin on the east and Farmer on the west, at $8.84. The townships of
Farmer, Hicksville and Milford, through which the first or outer ancient
beach or sand ridge passes, have an average valuation of $14 per acre ;
the townships of Adams, Highland and Richland, traversed by the second
or inner ancient beach, have an average valuation of '$12.35 per acre.
The six townships traversed by these ridges have an average valuation of
$13.18 per acre, whilst the remaining six townships have an average val-
uation of $8.88 per acre only — the latter six having the benefit of the
Maumee river, Auglaize river, canal, and one of them the county town ;
so that the estimated value of the ridge land is upon its intrinsic agricul-
tural value, and not upon any facilities of market, or other artificial
advantages.

In every county throughout the Maumee valley, or Black Swamp, with
the exception of Seneca, through which these ridges or beaches pass, the
townships which are traversed by the beaches are estimated at a greater
value than the land in the adjoining townships not traversed by the
ridges.

In Allen county, the townships of Marion, Sugar Creek, Monroe and
Richland are traversed by the first beach, and are estimated at $22.70,

374 GEOLOGICAL SUEVET OF OHIO.

$19.50, $20.52 and $22.84 per acre respectively. Amanda and Spencer
townships are south of and adjoining Marion, and are estimated at $10.75
and 10.25, notwithstanding either of them has the canal for a boundary
line. In Van Wert county the ridge passes through Harrison, Pleasant
Eidge and Washington townships, and the lands are estimated at $13.13,
$16.47, $14.64 and $14.67 respectively, being the central, east and west
tier of townships. The tier adjoining on the north are Tully, Union,
Hoaglin and Jackson, in which the lands are valued at $8.05, $6.02,
$6.74 and $3.99 respectively, the average for the county being $11.15 per
acre. Similar ratios to the aggregate already cited prevail in Putnam,
Hancock, Williams and Fulton counties.

Analyses have now been made and presented of the three prominent
and distinctive characteristic soils which occur in this valley, namely;
the soil of the Black Swamp proper, the soil of the prairies, and the soil
of the sand ridges. There are, as a matter or course, intermediate soils ;
soils partaking of the character of any two of these, as for example, there
are soils in Wood county partaking of the character of both prairie and
Black Swamp ; there are soils in Defiance county partaking of the char-
acter of sand ridge and Black Swamp ; there are soils Henry and other
counties, partaking of the character of sand ridge and prairie soils and
various other combinations forming the alluvions which are found in the
immediate vicinity of the banks of the streams. Perhaps as characteris-
tic a soil as any which could conveniently be given, showing the combin-
ation of the Black Swamp and prairie, is that of the farm of Mr. James
W. Boss, of Perrysburg, of which the following is an analysis.

Analysis of soil from the farm owned, by James W. Ross, Perrysburg.

Soluble in Insoluble in

Hydrochloric Acid. Hydrochloric Acid.

10.12 per cent 89.88 per cent.

Organic matter... 2.13 " » 6.11 "

Silicic Acid 03 " Silica 66.90 "

lofiron 1.53 " Trace.

Alumina 3.34 " 13.25 "

Phosphate of Lime .51 " Phosphoric Acid 096 "

Carbonate" " 58 " ' 95 "

" " Magnesia 1.00 " 71 "

Total Potash and Soda in Soil 1.80 "
Not examined for Manganese nor Copper.

The soils throughout the valley increase their proportion of organic
matter from the dividing ridge or water-shed as they approach the lake.

The organic matter in a soil taken from the summit of the water-shed
in Shelby county near Swander's station is as follows :

GEOLOGICAL SUJ4VEY OF OHIO.

375

Soil from cornfield northeast of, and adjoining Swander's station, on
Dayton & Michigan railroad, in Shelby county :

Soluble in Hydrochlorie acid, 5.768.

Insoluble in Hydrochloric acid, 94.232 per ct.

Organic matter 1.59

Silica 033

Sesquioxide of iron 2.55

Alumina .75

Manganese 19

Copper .*. trace.

Phosphate of lime 20

Carbonate of lime 43

Potash and soda 08

Sulphuric acid 05

5.883

Organic matter 3.92

Silica 74 71

Alumina 10.65

Manganese trace.

Copper trace.

Lime 96

Magnesia 94

Potash 2.04

Soda 72

Phosphoric acid 09

94.03

5.883

99.613

Showing about five and a half per cent of organic matter. The soil
taken from the bank of Hog creek or Ottawa river, east of Lima, in Allen
comity, shows a fraction over eight per cent, of organic matter, while the
prairies in the vicinity of the lake show nine and one fourth per cent, of
organic matter. The soil of the Black Swamp in the vicinity of the
lake, as for example that of Mr. Breed's farm, shows twenty-one and
three-fourths per cent of organic matter. This organic matter is chiefly
of vegetable origin, and performs a very important function in. practical
agriculture. It will be observed in all the analyses presented here, that
the supply of phosphoric acid is in every case fully equal to, and in most
cases in excess of the supply of phosphoric acid in the boasted fertile
soils of Kentucky.

Whilst the physiology of plant life will be discussed at length in the
final report, it is not out of place here to state that the phosphates per-
form as important a function as any other element or ingredient of the
soil in the production of cultivated crops. It is not exceeding the truth
to state that no crop can be grown in a soil absolutely destitute of phos-
phates. Tet the various crops require them in diverse proportions, and
hence the philosophy and great importance of rotation of crops. The
cereals and grasses require more silica. Turnips, potatoes and tuberous
root crops require more alkalies. Every one of the leguminous order of
plants, such as clover, beans, peas, etc., require more lime and sulphates
than the other crops. Hence it is that the cultivation of the same crop
for a series of years upon the same soil, renders the soil unproductive for
the continuance of that crop, except, indeed, such elements be restored
to the soil as have been abstracted by the crops. If leguminous plants

376 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

have been cultivated for several years successively upon the same soil,
then, in all probability the immediate available supply of lime and sul-
phates in their various forms may have been exhausted, and a serial crop
or grass crop, which require less of these but more silica and other in-
gredients, will grow as abundantly or as proliflcally as though no legumin-
ous plants had been grown upon it at all. These phosphates which are
really and absolutely indispensable to the growth of all vegetables, are
found universally diffused in rocks and in all soils, whether the soils are
formed in place, or whether they owe their origin to the drift. There are
very few rocks in which phosphates cannot be found in some form ; in
granite for example, they abounds in minute crystals of apatite, which, in
other words is phosphate of lime, can be seen with the aid of the micro-
scope. And it is safe to assert that iii every soil on which vegetation is
found, phosphates exist in some form other. The amount of phosphates
required in our cultivated crops far exceeds that in the wild plants, and
the supply required by the dense population must be restored to the soil
in some form or other, or else the fertility of the soil deteriorates.

Throughout the entire Maumee Valley, often obscured by the drifts,
are unlimited supplies of natural fertilizers. In the great prairies of
Wyandot county, or the Sandusky plains, as this prairie often is called,
at a depth of two or three feet from the surface, are inexhaustible sup-
plies of shell marl. In any event, large deposits have been found in the
south-west corner of Crane and Pitt townships, and as the prairie un-
doubtedly is of homogeneous formation, there is no doubt these supplies
exist everywhere to a greater or less extent. In Weston, Plain, Liberty
and Milton townships, in Wood county, marl has been found. In almost
every cat swamp or cranberry marsh, at the depth of several feet, shell
mail has been found to exist. It is found on Arrowsmith's farm, in
Defiance county. In Ottawa county, in Portage township, are the
well known plaster beds, or deposit of gypsum. A continuation of this
plaster bed, in all probability, has been reached, between Woodsville
and Bollersville, at the depth of twenty or more feet. In digging a
well, I failed to procure a sample, but from the description of reliable
parties, I feel satisfied that it was gypsum that was obtained. Then the
supplies of muck and peat are inexhaustible.

I do not propose to discuss in this report, the effect of manures, or
the kind of manures to be applied to the soil for the various crops, that
part is being reserved for the final report ; but in this preliminary report,
a general outline only can be presented of the labors performed. The
details of the economic value and application of natural manures discovered
in the course of the Survey, ought to be discussed at length, to be of value
to the practical agriculturist.

GEOLOGICAL SU.BVEY OP OHIO. 377

In Seneca connty more examinations have been made than elsewhere
with a view to ascertain the existence of muck, marl or peat, and upwards
of seventy-five or eighty points were examined. Peat is found in Seneca
county in the northeast corner, section twenty-nine of Clinton township, a
mile or two southeast of Tiffin, in a little swale on high ground north of
Mr. Shantz' house — muck and peat together — for it is difficulty to draw a
line of demarcation and indicate precisely where the one terminates or
the other commences — is a deposit nearly five feet thick and rests on a
light blue clay, which is inclined to be marly. In Coo's swamp, near the
swale just mentioned, at a depth of two feet, there is a deposit of about
three feet of peat, resting on a soft gray clay in appearace, but which is
really arenaceous. On the infirmary farm, in section 5, in Eden town-
ship, is a deposit nine feet thick of good peat resting on a bed of shell
marl. In Herold's hollow, about a mile south of Tiffin, on the Mohawk
r oad, is a deposit of seven feet of peat, the first of which is coarse and
fibrous, then farther down becomes fine and at the terminus of the seven feet
is so very fine that the water which accumulates in the boring washes it
nearly all out of the auger, when boring. Then in the swamp near
Dittoes, east of Lewis Smith's dwelling, is a swamp of perhaps four acres,
in which is a deposit of three feet of peat. On Honey creek bottom in the
southeast quarter of section 31, in Clinton township, is a marsh containing
upward of six acres. Its form is a narrow strip from north to south.
In this is a deposit of good peat, the first two feet of which is firm and
the vegetable matter not all decayed ; but from that down to the depth of
six feet is well decayed. A.t the depth of eight feet a deposit of shell marl
is found which continues on to a depth of twelve feet — as deep as ex-
amined. Xot far from this last swamp is another swamp of perhaps an
acre, covered with water almost the year round, ten inches or more in
depth. This contains from twelve to eighteen inches of peat.

In section 6 of Eden township, in a small swamp, there are about ten
inches of peat. Continuing along Honey creek and Brush's swamp, is a
deposit of muck. On brook's farm on Honey creek bottom, is a swamp or
marsh of twenty-five or thirty acres ; the soil in the immediate vicinity is
peaty and the marsh itself is covered with a brownish colored water in-
dicative of humic acid. In penetrating this marsh, a deposit of eight feet
of good peat was disclosed and between eight and eleven feet in depth
was a deposit composed of lime in calcareous mud intermingled with
stringy fibers of root. The above is sufficient to indicate the abundance of
peat and muck in Seneca county.

Seneca connty is a representative of two geological epochs, so far as
the surface geology is concerned. All west of the Sandusky river belongs
properly to, and is a portion of the Black swamp. All east of the San-
dusky river was high land at the time the western portion was submerged

378 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Therefore the eastern part of the county is a portion of the dividing ridge
which divides the waters of the Sandusky from those of the Huron and
Michigan. This dividing ridge extends southward through the eastern
half of Crawford county, thence sweeps suddenly around to the west
crossing the northern portion of Marion county and the northern portion
of Hardin county, or rather immediately north of Kenton, thence takes
a southwestern course, crossing the eastern portion of Auglaize county
and the southern portion of Mercer county. All this ridge was dry land
when the remaining portion of the north-west of the State was sub-
merged. Hence it is, that we find deposits of sand and gravel in the
high lands about Tiffin. The gravel bank immediately west of Crestline
belongs to this high land formation, and is, perhaps, the only gravel bank
of any considerable extent in the entire Maumee Valley.

It would involve a vast amount of labor to examine every one of the
swamps, swales and marshes throughout this valley, but examinations
have been made of quite a number of them, at least seventy-five in Seneca
county, and quite a number in Williams, Fulton, Allen, Auglaize and
Wyandot counties, and all of them with the same result, all of them con-
taining muck, peat, and in many instances marl, except where these
swamps are in the vicinity of sand ridges or dunes — there, as a matter
of course, they are filled with clay and sand.

In the whole Maumee Valley there is no deposit of gravel of sufficient
extent for road or any other practical purposes, but as the Sandusky
river, in Seneca county, appears to be following the'line of juncture be-
tween the Black swamp proper and the upland formation, upon examina-
tion it is found that almost every one of these peat, muck or marl beds in
the eastern part of Seneca county, rests upon a deposit of sand and gravel.
The marl, muck and peat deposits are found in various parts of the State,
and are by no means confined to the Maumee Valley alone. Specimens
of excellent peat have been obtained from Copley township, in Summit
county. Also in Portage county, near Eavenna, where a manufactory has
been established for putting the peat into a commercial form. Shell marl
is found in Summit county underlying the Tamarack swamp, in Norton
township, and in many places throughout the southern tier of townships
in Medina county. There is a deposit of it at Shreve's station, in Wayne
county. In various portions of Champaign, Union, Madison, Eairfleld,
Pickaway, Payette, Greene and Pranklin counties, peat, muck and shell
marl are found in considerable quantities.

The remains of the mastodon, an animal of gigantic size now extinct,
is found in many of the peat bogs and marshes throughout the State.
Eemains of this animal have been exhumed in Auglaize, Champaign,
Clarke, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Darke, Hardin, Montgomery, Pickaway and

GEOLOGICAL BUUVEY OF OHIO. 379

Pike counties within the past three years. "Whilst constructing the canal
in Stark county, the tusks of some huge extinct animal were exhumed in
a swamp or morass near Massillon. Tusks of great size have been found
in Erie county. The position in which the greater proportion of these
remains have been found, seems to indicate that the animal was " mired,"
or " swamped," and so died in an erect position ; and died in the place
where the remains are found.

In addition to the above natural manures, that is muck, peat and marl,
there is a deposit extending over thousands of acres in the western part of
Brie, and north-east part of Sandusky county, or rather in the township
of Margaretta, in Brie, and Townsend, in Sandusky. This deposit is
known to geologists as calcareous tufa, which is a deposit of the carbonate
of lime, which has been held in solution by the waters; now represented
by Castalia springs, in Margaretta township, Erie county. This deposit
is in places seven to eight feet in depth, and is throughout, unmixed with
any extraneous matter, such as mud, debris of trees, etc. In fact, at the
depth of about two and a half feet, the deposit becomes granular and is
very friable, and as easily handled as sand, and is familiarly known by the
diggers as " corn-meal." An attempt has been made to utilize this tufa
by Mr. Gamp, of Sandusky City. There have been four different analyses
made of this travertin or tufa, all which are here given.

Analysis of travertin, at Castalia Springs, made at School of Mines,
Columbia College, New York, March 19, 1869.

Silica , 175

Sulph. baryta 910

Iron and alumina 862

Carb. Lime 87.775

Carb. magnesia 2.209

Water and loss 8.069

100.000

Marl, Castalia Springs (in powder,) by same chemist as above.

No. 1. No. 2.

Silica 075 0.111

Snlph. baryta 356

Iron and alumina 362 0.012

Carb. Lime 97.726 92.410

Carb. magnesia 1.481 2.853

Water and loss 4.525

100.000 100.000

No. 1 is from a small enclosure of about 20 acres. No. 2 was taken
nearly a mile east from the present excavation on the large tract.

380 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

Sample from near the railroad station (Hoyt's paper mill), three feet
below the surface, where an excavation had been made to bury a cow ;
analyzed at Natrona Chemical Works, Natron, Pennysvania, September
12, 1870, H. Pemberton, Superintendent.

Sand and silex ; ,27.35

Iron and alumina 2.10

Carb. magnesia 4.35

Carb. of lime , 66.20

100.00

Analytical Laboratory No. 32 South Third St.,
Baltimore, August 31, 1870.

Eesult of analysis of unmarked sample in lumps and powder, received
August 27, 1870.

Moisture (at 100 C.) 1.06

Lime 28.25

Carbonic acid 31.33

Phosphoric acid 1.535

Sulphuric acid trace.

Insoluble residue' 36.54

98.715

The substance is principally carbonate of lime ; small quantities of
phosphate and sulphate of lime are also present. It might be used as a
lime dressing for land, if the cost of obtaining and grinding it was incon-
siderable.

WM. P. TONEY,

Analytieal Chemist.

It will be seen in the one analysis, that it contains one and a half per
cent, of phosphoric acid, which is equivalent to 46.050 pounds per acre to
the depth of one foot. The deposit will average six feet, which will
afford 276.300 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre. This travertin of
itself, is by no means a barren soil.

In 1870 Mr. Camp planted a portion of it in corn, several ears of which
were kindly given me as a sample, and I am confident that better corn, or
more to the acre, has not been grown on any fields which I have witnessed
during the season.

In 1862, in the annual Agricultural Eeport, I suggested that a good
article of fish guano might be manufactured from the refuse of fishes

GKOLOGICAI. STJBYET OF OHIO. 381

packed in Sandnsky City. I stated in detail what was being done in that
direction in other countries. I am pleased to note that the suggestions
embodied in that article were seed sown on a fertile soil, for there is now
in Sandnsky City, and has been daring the past several years, a manufac-
tory of fish guano, where it is manufactured to the extent of many tons
per annum, and the demand far exceeds the snpply. I learn that Mr.
Camp has become interested in the manufacture of fish guano, and intends
introducing this travertin or calcareous tufa in connection with it.

Nowhere throughout the valley do the underlying rocks exert any
chemical influence upon the soil. In fact, the only influence exerted by
the underlying rocks upon the soil is to give contour to the surface to a
very limited extent along the banks of some of the streams. The under-
lying rocks, as already stated, throughout the entire area is a lime rock.
This lime rock has in store for future ages a great abundance not only of
lime proper for agricultural purposes, but contains phosphoric acid and
magnesia as well. In fact, the entire belt of water lime contains magne-
sia — three elements, lime, phosphoric acid, and magnesia, essential to all
cultivated crops.

All the depressions, swamps, swales, marshes and ponds throughout the
entire Maumee Valley have in them muek, peat or marl, with the excep-
tion of those in the immediate vicinity of sand ridges.

Notwithstanding the soil in this Valley in its primitive condition, re-
quiring much toil and expenditure of capital in subduing the forests and
thorough drainage, yet it contains all the elements and in excellent pro-
portions, to grow the most prolific crops when the soil shall have been
properly prepared. As an evidence of the productive capacity of this
soil, there is here presented a statement of the wheat and corn crops in
every county in the Valley, for the years 1851, 1858 and 1869, together
with the average of twenty years ; showing the capacity to produce wheat
to be unsurpassed in the average of the Valley, by any other equal area
in the State.

382

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.
MAUMEB VALLEY.

Wheat.

Acres.

Bushels. Average.

Cohn.

Acres.

Bushels.

Average.

Allen— 1851

" 1858

" 1869

" 20 years' average

Auglaize — 1851

" 1858

" 1869 -

years' average ..

Crawford— 1851

" 1858

" 1869

" 20 years' average -

Defiance— 1851

" 1858

" 1869

" 2b years' average . .

Fulton— 1851

" 1858.....

" 1869

" 20 years' average

Hancock — 1851

" 1&58

" 1869

" 20 years' average ..

Henry— 1851

" . 1858

" 1869

" 20 years' average

Lucas — 1851

" 1858

" 1869.

' ' 20 years' average

Mercer — 1851

" 1858

" 1869

' ' 20 years' average ....

Ottawa— 1851

" 1858

" 1869

" 20 years' average . . . |

15,560
16,165
19,062

15,192

10,900
10,062
16,918

13,481

20,164
15,345

24,188

16,486

6,076

6,992

17,106

10,154

8,360

6,108

15,398

9,888

24,488
17,703
30,123

21,517

1,849

3,781

11,273

5,286

4,289
2,991
7,299

5,097

11,479
13,310
21,895

15,178

2,933
2,538
5,404

299,426
194,497
310,221

19.2
12.1
16.27

165,090

162,361
112,978
267,799

10.86

14.8
11.3
15.83

131,847

310,843
216,914
463,816

9.77

15.4
14.2
19.17

204,379

83,009

78,984

235,104

12.40

13.6
11.5
13,74

124,678

139,055

77,181

234,482

12.27

16.5
12.6
15.23

130,583

359,520
542,836
486,470

13.20

14.6
19.3
16.14

249,202

25,959

56,945

159,269

11.59

14.

15.1

14.13

65,909

83,189

42,688

116,929

12.46

19.3
14.2
16.02

70,285

203,749
125,348
324,393

13.80

17.7

9.3

14.82

163,899

52,702
30,073
85.114

10.86

17.9
11.9
15.75

3,785

49,225 | 13.00

11,326

12,781
20,122

19,599

9,105
11,300
20,349

15,919

14,780
19,549.
22,359

21,398

3,352

6,182
9,622

9,092

4,231

6,614

10,904

9,449

14,642
17,514
29,172

25,443

2,500
4,661
9,837

6,874

3,002

4,780
7,828

6,510

9,199

9,294

20,103

16,221

2,279
3,274

4,781

443,126
315,769
344,319

382,082

308,655
222,947

388,867

443,027

487,054
554,305
461,855

668,884

82,635
153,294
147,498

295,498

94,387
141,822
235,041

295,644

403,014
442,428
534,871

758,794

68,788
110,159
131,474

211,371

73,508
128,613
209,141

228,911

314,103

148,926
337,028

433,540

70,259

85,517

107,104

4,261 | 132,832

39.1
24.7
17.1

19.5'

33.8
19.7
18.87

27.84

32.9
28.3
20.65

31.26

24.6
24.8
15.33

32.49

22.3
21.4
21.56,

31.28

27.5
25-3
18.34

29.89

27,5

24.

14.13

30.73

24,4

27,

26,72

35.16

34.1

16.

16.81

26.72

30.8
26.1
22.4

31.16

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

383

MAUMEE VALLEY— Continued.

Wheat.

Corn.

Acres.

Bushels.

Average.

Acres.

Bushels.

Average.

Paulding— 1851

1,174
1,713
4,470

13,858
13,507
60,781

11.8

7.8

13.6

1,074
2,177
4,366

32,595
44,770
67,592

30.3

" 1858

20.5

" 1869

13.19

" 20 years' average. .
Putnam — 1851

2,351

8,471

8,261

14,224

25,783

127,328

99,061

213,540

10.97

15.
12.
15.

3,701

5,481
11,158
19,002

112,883

158,639
269,041
410,980

30.48
28.9

" 1858

24.1

" 1869

21.63

" 20 years' average. . -
Sandusky — 1851 ... ...

9,322

13,684
14,885
22,897

99,823

244,822
220,975
393,059

10.71

17.8
14.8
17.16

14,248

9,323
13,046
21,539

412,075

201,307
360,292
357,024

28.93
21.4

" 1858

27.6

" 1869

16.62

" 20 years' average .
Seneca — 1851 ......

17,001

40,160
30,340
44,174

227,668

725,513
477,539
867,792

13.39

18.

15.7

19.60

16,874

15,671
21.747
24,092

476,171

492,026

478,828
522,308

28.22
3j.3

" 1858

21.9

" 1869

21.68

" 20 years' average

Van Wert— 1851

33,766

5.519

6,888

10,044

457,181

78,950

78,138

141,064

13.85

14.3
11.3
14.06

24,726

3,337

5,732

13,223

718,920

72,941

82,003

143,513

29.07
21.8

" 1858

14.3

" 1869

10.84

*' 20 years, average.
WjlTiamn— 1851

7,705

8,241

8,986

21,138

79,442

105,272

96,765

273,860

10.31

12.7
107
12.96

9,204

3,181

6,528

14,089

240,378

64,732
142,266
274,933

26.1
20.8

" 1858

21.8

" 1869

19.57

" 20 years' average . .
Wood— 1851

13,219

5,580

6,757

13,161

155,927

88,274

92,506

234,806

11.80

15.8
13.7
17.84

11,075

5,333
10,294
20,524

309,893

163,774
210,076
256,230

27.98
30.7

" 1858

20.4

" 1869

12.97

" 20 years' average

Wyandot— 1851

8,406

9,914
11,639
21,368

104,378

141,226
179,133

386,833

* 12.40

14.2
15.4
18.1

15,608

9,790
16,886
32,255

427,000

289,591
423,639
405,289

27.37
29.5

" 1858

25.1

" 1869

12.55

" 20 years' average. .
Total Valley— 1851

12,034

198,841
184,464
320,242

153,156

3,245,056
2,536,518
5,255,332

12.72

16.32
13.75
16.41

19,188

127,606
183,517
291,098

534,430

3,821,134
4,314,695
5,474,219

27.86
29.94

" 1858

23.51

" 1869

18.80

219,868

2,658,455

12.09

249,390

7,082,333

28.40

384 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OP OHIO.

The population of the Maumee Yalley for the decades terminating in
1840, 1850 and 1870 respectively, are given on page 352. It may not be
improper to assume that the agriculture of the Valley has been inaugur-
ated and brought to its present state of development within the past
thirty years. The period selected for the twenty years average, is that
which presents perhaps the most reliable average of the natural produc-
tiveness of the soil, under the present and past mode of cultivation.
Prior to 1840, the agricultural products were necessarily inconsiderable,
the residents of the Valley being engaged in removing the forest trees,
and otherwise making preparations for the future cultivation soil j so that
the decade commencing in 1850, may be regarded as the commencement
of an agriculture in the Valley conducted for the purpose of growing
breadstuffs for export.

The counties of Allen, Auglaize, Mercer, Paulding, Putnam and Van-
wert, having a greater altitude above the lake than Defiance, Fulton,
Henry, Lucas, Ottawa, Sandusky or Wood, yet do not produce as much
wheat per acre as the latter. It is very natural to suppose that the area
having the greater altitude, would have the least moisture, or in other
words be the best drained naturally ; but the former six counties, are not
so well drained, and have besides much more moisture than the six
located on the floor of the depression, or former lake bed. The latter
counties abound in oak openings, and have a much larger proportion
of arenaceous matter, spread over their surfaces. Whilst this arenace-
ous (or sandy) matter retains less moisture than the vegetable mould
and alluvium, it at the same time has the practical effect of a partial
drainage. But the counties of Fulton, Henry, etc., are naturally better
drained than Mercer, Allen, Auglaize, etc., are; and the difference in
actual productiveness is due to differences in drainage rather than to any
differences of absolute fertility in soils, other than mechanical conditions.
Paulding and Putnam counties are the ©nly ones of the first six enumer-
ated, that produce a greater average of corn, than the lowest of the six
counties mentioned as having the least altitude.

When thoroughly underdrained and otherwise properly prepared, there
is no doubt that the productive capacity of the Maumee valley can easily
be doubled, at least so far as the wheat crop is concerned.

The average corn crop, although not equaling the Scioto or Miami val-
leys, nevertheless falls very little short of their averages. There are no
accessible statistics of the other cultivated crops extending back so far as
these two principal ones for consecutive years, but for the periods during
which they have been collected and recorded are here presented, and,
upon comparison with the products of other valleys in the State, will be

GEOLOGICAL STTEVET OP OHIO.

385

found not to be relatively less, except in the tobacco crop. There is pre-
sented also, in connection with this, a statement of a few maximum or
prize crops grown in this valley, showing the producing capacity under
more than ordinary favorable circumstances. Certainly, if the productive
capacity of any soil is so much greater under any peculiar or given cir-
cumstances, than the general average, the maximum amount may always
be obtained by producing the same conditions under which the first maxi-
mum was obtained.

From the tables on pages 382 and 383 the following table of the com-
parative productiveness of the several counties is made :

WHEAT.
Comities yielding an animal average of
less than 10 bn. per acre, during a period
of 20 years :
Auglaize 9.77

Counties yielding between 10 and 11 bn.
per acre:

Allen 10.86

Mercer 10.86

Putnam 10.71

Paulding 10.97

Van Wert 10.31

Counties yielding between 11 and 12 bn.
per acre :

Hancock 11.59

Williams 11.80

Counties yielding between 12 and 13 bu.
per acre :

Crawford 12.40

Defiance - 12.27

Henry 12.46

Wood 12.40

Wyandot 12.72

Counties yielding between 13 and 14 bn.
per acre :

Fnlton 13.20

Lucas 13.79

Ottawa 13.00

Sandusky 13.39

Seneca 13.85

COEN.

Counties yielding less than 20 bu. per
acre:

Allen 19.50

Counties yielding between 26 and 28 bu.
per acre :

Auglaize 27.84

Mercer 26.72

Tan Wert 26.10

Williams 27.98

Wood 27.37

Wyandot 27.86

Counties yielding between 28 and 30 bu.
per acre :

Hancock 29.89

Putnam 28.93

Sandusky T 28.22

Seneca 29.08

Counties yielding over 30 bu. per acre :

Crawford 31.26

Defiance 34.49

Pulton 31.28

Henry 30.73

Lucas 35.16

Ottawa 31.16

Paulding 30.47

Counties in Maumee Valley.

Rye.

Average acreage and product for
twelve years, from 1858 to 1869
inclusive.

Acres.

Bushels.

Average

bushels

per acre.

Barley.

Average acreage and product for
twelve years, from 1858 to 1869 in-
clusive.

Buckwheat.

Average acreage and product for
twelve years, from 1858 to 1869
inclusive.

Acres.

Bushels.

Average

bushels

per acre.

Acres.

Bushels.

Average
bushels
per acre.

o
t- 1
o

a
w

H
o

Allen

Auglaize

Crawford

Defiance

Fulton

Hancock ...

Henry

Lucas

Mercer

Ottawa

Paulding

Putnam

Sandusiy ..

Seneca

Van "Wert..
"" Williams . . .

Wood

Wyandot -

Totals

760
783
609
159
284
534
135
207
914
43
100
524
294
5181
649
383
276
410.

7,589.
7,657
6,399
1,819
3,200
4,991
1,461
2,241
8,930
479
1,039
5,688
3,706
6,145
6,471
4,394
3,036
4,620

9.72

9.77
10.50
11.44
11.26

9.34
10.81
10.82

9.77
11.
10.39
10.85
12.61
11.86

9.97
11.47
11.
11.26

282

1,886

1,118

114

123

361

258

903

113

290

895

181

173

414

473

4,134

28,631

19,540

1,875

2,437

6,218

1,211

4,714

13,934

2,030

258

1,304

•4,026

15,668

2,938

2,848

7,183

8,120

14.88

15.12

17.47

16.44

19.

17.22

15.72

18.27

15.43

17.91

13.57

13.89

13.88

17.50

16.23

16.46

17.35

17.16

669
620
563
715
933
727-
438
701
561
255
303
581
670
528
646
759
1,697
489

8,059

7,265

8,620

9,523

13,092

10,996

6,217

9,388

6,675

3,460

3,567

6,092

9,119

7,152

8,455

10,279

32,805

7,013

12.

11.71

15.13

13.31

14.

15.12

14.17

13.39

11.89

13.56

11.77

10.48

13.61

13.54

13.

13.54

18.74

14.54

7,582i

79,865

10.53

7,774

127,069

16.34

11,855

167,777

14.40

Counties in the Maumeo
Valley.

Allen

Auglaize . .
Crawford....

Defiance

Fulton

Hanoook

Henry ,

Luoas

Meroer ,

Ottawa ,

Paulding

Putnam

Sandusky ..,

Seneca ,

Van Wert . . .

Williams

Wood

Wyandot . . .

Totals

Oats.

Average acreage and produot for

twelve years, from 1868 to 1869,

inclusive.

Acres.

5,566
6,792

11,757
4,898
4,144
8,460
8,286
3,225
6,348
1,552
776
3,109
8,905

14,669
2,218
5,652
7,045
5,111

101,913

Bushels.

132,229

152,175

334,803

102,146

111,476

211,388

51,430

88,409

136,351

41,981

14,881

64,060

223,659

408,407

46,661

148,614

182,268

125,671

2,576,609

Average of
oats — l>u.
per acre.

23.75
22.39
28.49
23.75
26.88
24.97
22.49
27.41
21.47
27.05
19.17
20.60
25.11
27.85
21.03
26.29
25.86
24.57

25.28

Clovek.

Average acreage and product for seven years,
from 1863 to 1869, inclusive.

Acres.

5,982
2,295
7,041
3,692
5,060
6,785
1,671
1,905
4,455
964
601
2,464
7,329
10,613
2,773
7,838
3,117
3,073

77,658

Tons hay.

4,243
2,045
7,902
4,092
5,856
7,482
1,936
2,359
3,954
1,293
635
2,752
6,461
10,681
2,979
9,012
3,686
3,187

80,555

Bushels
seed.

2,039

925

3,797

1,364

2,319

3,983

894

1,314

1,445

528

1,524

4,175

5,067

1,164

2,993

2.275

1,473

37,338

Acres plow-
ed under
for manure.

287
312
169
401
261
345
178
192
470
79
69
164
261
537
154
431
229
240

4,779

Sweet Potatoes.

Average acreage and

produot for two years,

1868 and 1869.

AcreB.

9
14}

61
37*

5 3-16

7 3-16
104

8i
20

179*

Bushels..

1,228
261
654
423
626

1,066
214
315
699
347
139
459

1,155
874
619
855
312
117

10,363

--1

Counties in Maumee Valley.

Average acreage and product for
twelve years, from 1858 to 1869,
inclusive.

Allen

Anglaize .
Crawford .
Defiance . .

Fulton

Hancock..
Henry....

Lucas

Mercer

Ottawa ...
Paulding .
Putnam...
Sandusky .

Seneca

Van Wert.
Williams .

Wood

Wyandot .

Totals

Meadow.

Acres.

10,922

7,475

19,731

8,278

13,323

14,763

4,722

13,095

7,554

4,955

2,728

7;828

13,340

23,480

6,186

11,076

12,399

13,530

195,385

Tons hay.

11,614

8,403

25,676

9,580

17,485

19,065

7,648

17,329

8,307

8,104

3,284

8,950

17,217

28,995

6,968

13,891

16,761

18,745

248,022

Tons hay
per acre.

1.06
1.12
1.30
1.15
1.31
1.29
1.61
1.32
1.11
1.63
1.20
1.14
1.29
1.23
1.12
1.25
1.35
1.33

1.27

Flax.

Average acreage and product for
eight years, from 1862 to 1869,
inclusive.

Acres.

2,447

1,209

447

246

1,415

601

2,667

109

306

143

1,944

769

511

109

12,578*

Bushels
seed.

14,391

6,314

3,123

1,592

353

9,802

518

443

14,706

558

1,753

405

991

10,191

5,865

3,473

542

75,034

Pounds
fiber.

5,164

2,849

2,316

6,942

2,452

5,057

4,207

9,494

2,935

679

2,073

1,214

3,073

1,433

931

22,049

50,402

822

124,092

Potatoes.

Average acreage and product for
ten years, from 1860 to 1869,
inclusive.

Cheese.

Acres.

570
699
868
721
803
749
540

1,356
610
483
255
666

1,371

1,148
421
704

1,046
646

13,656

Bushels.

41,943
36,333
68,426
58,411
65,520
61,920
46,333

119,777
33,414
38,118
19,457
38,864

110,979
96,747
26,317
64,853
89,573
46,110

1,063,095

Average
bushels
per acre.

73.58

51.98

73.99

81.

81.59

82.67

85.80

88.33

54.77

78.91

76.30

58.35

80.94

86,

63.46

92.

85.63

71.36

77.84

Av. for ten
yrs., from
'60 to '69,
inclusive.

Pounds.

12,148
1,805
5,108
9,751

60,498

10,565
5,949

13,062
6,848
3,547
973
2,933
3,611
7,969
4,440

10,431
9,300
4,172

173,110

CO
GO

Butter.

: — ~ : — : , t — i^ ~

Tobacco.

SORGHO.

Maple Sugar.

Counties in Manmoo Valley,

Aver, for ten years,
from 1860 to 1869,
inclusive.

Aver, acreage and products for seven
years, from 1863 to 1869, inclusive.

Average acreage and products
for eight years, from 1862 te
1869, inclusive.

Average for eight y'rs,
from 1862 to 1869,
inclusive.

Pounds.

Acres.

Founds.

l^junds of

tobacco per

aoro.

Acres.

Pounds
sugar.

Gallons
syrup.

Pounds
sugar.

Gallons
syrup.

Allen

329,493
196,601
407,652
260,269
354,962
482,011
171,089
182,144
222,097
96,668
79,423
221,890
282,724
522,904
193,035
402,911
348,866
259,510

10
17

63-7
96

51-7

57-10

4*
19
127-10

45-7
11

94-7
14 2-7

64-7

83-7

5,522
7,532
3,341

61,755
4,254
1,243
2,351

10,026
5,698
1,150
2,123
4,153
1,996
4,532

10,412
2,563
2,150
2,867

552
443
519
630
827
218
522
527
448
191
450
377
332
473
728
390
238
340

330

336

150|

281

204

250

210

103

352

83J

90
223*
287
274
1091 .
195
316
122

203
214

82
4
218
340
480
277

69
356

14
8J
536
699

25,386
20,286
12,362
30,336
20,301
18,386
16,785
9,973
27,560
6,370
6,953
17,535
27,873
25,964
15,952
15,959
30,752
10,620

46,970
29,502
42,143
31,152
10,884
106,003
10,413

2,224
20,915

3,291
10,911
28,038
14,006
57,668
17,183
52,300
22,337
24,296

3,578
1,673
3,621

669

538

6,473

1,290

1,401

345

790

1,485
956

3,492

908

2,124

Wood

1,617

3,151

Totals

5,014,249

254

133,668

526

3,917

3,711

339,353

530,233

34,183

o
2

Counties in tie Manmee Valley.

Allen

Auglaize ..
Crawford..
Defiance ..

Pulton

Hancock ..
Henry ....
Lucas .....

Mercer

Ottawa ...
Paulding . .
Putnam ...
Sandusky .

Seneca

Van Wert .
Williams .,

Wood

Wyandot.

Totals.

Grapes and Wine.

Average acreage and products for three years,
from 1867 to 1869, inclusive.

Acres

planted in

1869.

2 7-10
1*

2*
2H
14-10
123

141

4-10

104

204

*Whole No.
of acres in
vineyard.

27f
51
27
f

4
49

6
829
i

24
92f
31£

11-12

6 2-9

1,138

Pounds of

grapes
gathered.

2,733
870
4,357
5,571
3,754
3,757
3,654
17,810
3,914
863,267
1,093
2,483
3,852
6,880
2 406
2,802
5,906
2,217

937,326

Gallons of

wine

pressed.

97
111

77
375
345
323
426
8,591
304
16,504

53
144
148
706

86
415
240

Orchards.

Average acreage and products for three yearB, from
1867 to 1869, inclusive.

28,964

Acres.

3,553
2,014
3,965
2,371
3,735
4,781
2,080
3,505
2,396
1,200
810
2,173
4,739
5,588
1,959
3,897
3,517
4,288

56,571

Apples —
bushels.

139,152

69,976

204,508

62,690

118,660

206,733

37,994

69,865

55,864

22,050

14,515

64,831

148,192

222,339

34,136

80,309

96,742

72,520

1,721,076

Peaches-
bushels.

2,946
1,287
2,584
7,725
8,816
5,932
7,372
4,597
1,180
1,217
1,108
4,619
10,804
3,020
2,774
3,808
8,155
2,981

80,925

Pears —
bushels.

871
281
987
563
299
697
248
175
281
203
95
169-
363
1,493
301
283
633
793

8,735

o
t-"
o

' Imperfect returns in regard to acres.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

391

PEIZB CROPS m THE MAUMEE VALLEY.
PRIZE WHEAT CROPS.

Counties.

Names.

Acres.

Bu. per acre.

Tear.

H. T. Rinehart

8
7
5
8*
2
1
2
22
2
2
4f

20i

31.32

32i

38J

40J

19i

28f

36.9

1866

1867

1869

1851

1853

T.Hawkins--"-

1852

John Maidlaw ....

1856

1853

Van Wert

H. H. McCoy

1866

1867

John Will *

1860

PRIZE CORN CROPS.

Counties.

Names.

Allen.

Auglaize .
Crawford.

Hancock

Henry...
Mercer ..

Putnam .
Williams

Jas. Cunningham. .

A. Kessinger

J. & C. S. Dickey .

A. Standiford

Aaron Osman

B.E. Graham

Philip Reed

C. Bitter

Col. Robinson

C. Keller

Linus Ross

E.Barritt

S. S. Caldwell

Joseph Kerr

Abel Dewalt

Abram Eckart

Abel Dewalt

J. H. Cox

A. J. Ensign

J. R. S. Hasler ....

: Dan'l Gonchee

; D. Hewett -

J. Van Heming . . ,

Wm. Hays

W. Dine

John Maidlaw . . .
Do
Do

Kersey Raley

John Will

Acres.

Bu. per acre

Year.

110i

1852

85J

» «

73|

1853

84i

80*

1869

114*

1870

123i

1849

88J

1851

126

1852

129i

1853

124J

128

1859

117i

117

131

1860

152£

138

160

72*

1853

95f

1855

137i

1853

97f

1852

83i

1870

88£

1858

109

1859

88i

1860

1861

1859

392

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

PRIZE POTATO CROPS.

Counties.

Names.

Acres.

Bu. per acre.

Year.

Crawford

John Burnside

i
i
i
i
i
i
i

300
200
376
208
294
168
162

1852
1853
1856
1859

Putnam ....

Sandusky

Van Wert -•

J. T. Shultz

1853

A. -F.. Hoffman ,

1866

1867

PRIZE OATS CROPS.

Counties.

Names.

Acres.

Bu. per acre.

Year.

A. P. Rinehart

10
1
6*

46i
64
51.4
67.2

1866

Crawford

1852

Mercer

John Will

1859

PRIZE CROP OF BUCKWHEAT.

County.

Name.

Acres.

Bu. per acre.

Year.

34*

1849

PRIZE HAY CROPS.

County.

Names.

Acres.

Tons.

Year.

J. G. Stough

1
1

3i
6 63-100

1853

1860

GEOLOGICAL. SUBVEY OF OHIO.

393

MABKET FACILITIES.

The facilities for shipping agricultural products to market is certainly
a feature not to be overlooked in an agricultural survey of any region.
Next in importance to the fertility of the soil of a country is the facility
with which the products of that fertility may be placed at the disposition
of the consumers. The Maumee Valley is as well provided with facilities
for the transportation to market of the products of the field and forest as
any other portion of the State, in proportion to its population. There
are 497 miles of railway in active operation in the valley, and, perhaps,
200 miles projected and in course of construction. The railways in opera-
tion are distributed as follows :

Allen county 43 miles — Viz: 26 miles Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago; 17 miles

Dayton & Michigan.
12 " Dayton & Michigan.
35 " Viz : 20 Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago; 8 C. C. & C. ;

. 5 A. & G. W. ; 2 C. C. & C. I.
14 " Toledo, Wabash & Western.
24 " Air Line.

26 " Viz : 15 Findlay & Fremont ; 11 Findlay & Carey.
20 " Toledo, Wabash & Western.

53 " Viz : 17 Air Line; 20 T. W. & W. ; 10 Mich Sonthern; 9
Toledo & Detroit ; 2 Dayton & Michigan ; 2 Lake Shore.
Xone.
10 miles — Lake Shore.

Auglaize county.. .
Crawford county..

Defiance county.. .

Fulton county

Hancock county. . .

Henry county

Lucas county

Mercer county ...
Ottawa eounty —
Paulding county .
Putnam county . . .
Sandusky county.

Seneca county . - .
Van Wert county.
Williams county .

Wood county

Wyandot county .

19 " Toledo, Wabash & Western.

20 " Dayton & Michigan.

53 " Viz: 11 Fremont & Findlay; 84 Lake Shore; 14 Cincin-
nati & Sandusky.

36 " Viz : 10 Fremont & Findlay; 26 Cincinnati & Sandusky.

26 " Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago.

25 " Air Line.

41 " Viz : 34 Dayton & Michigan ; 7 Lake Shore.

40 " Viz : 20 Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago ; 15 Cincinnati
& Sandusky; 5 Carey & Findlay.

497 miles.

The valley comprises 7,554 square miles ; the number of miles of rail-
way in operation throughout this area is equal to one mile of railway to
every 15.2 square miles of territory. In addition to 80 miles of Bay and
Lake Shore enjoyed by Lucas, Ottawa and Sandusky counties, the follow-
ing counties, viz: Allen, Auglaize, Defiance, Henry, Lucas, Paulding,
Putnam and Van Wert, have 139 miles of canal. Every one of the coun-
ties bounding the valley on the east and south have one or more lines of

394

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

railway traversing them, so that agricultural products are not a drag for
want of facilities for transportation, as they once were in this valley, and
that, too, within the memory of others than u the oldest inhabitant."

The following table exhibits the annual average uumber of acres in
cultivated crops in the Valley; also the average annual products and
estimated average value of them. The Valley produces annually 15,689,-
675 bushels of such articles grown on the farm as are measured by the
bushel, and 3,458 tons of articles other than hay, the quantity of which
is determined by weight, together with 328.577 tons of hay. These pro-
ducts become valuable in proportion as they may be sent cheaply and
quickly to the highest market :

Wheat

Corn

Eye

Barley

Buckwheat

Oats

Potatoes

Sweet potatoes.

Clover

Flax ....

Meadow .
Tobacco .

Sorgho . .
Grapes ..

Orchards

Total acres in cult'n.

Maple sugar

Maple syrup

Butter

Cheese

Acres.

219,868

249,390

7,582

7,774

11,855

101,913

13,656

179*

77,658

12,578

195,385
254

3,917
1,138

56,571

959,718*

Bushels.

2,658,455

7,082,333

79,865

127,069

167,777

2,576,609

1,063,095

10,363

; 37,338

i 80,555

i 75,034

• 124,092

" 248,022

133,668

; 3,711

> 339,353
[ 937,326

> 28,964
I 1,721,076

80,925
1 8,735

seed.

tors of hay.
hush els seed,
pounds fiber,
tons of hay.
pounds,
pounds sugar,
gallons syrup,
pounds of grapes
gallons of wine,
bushels apples,
bushels peaches,
bushels pears.

Bu. per acre,

12.09

28.41
10.53
16.34
14.40
25.28
77.84

1.27
526

Annual average value of farm crops.

530,233 pounds.

34,183 gallons.

5,014,249 pounds.

173,110 pounds.

Total annual average of farm and dairy products .
Value of annual product per acre

Value.

$3,324,318

2,832,933

59,448

95,301

83,888

772,982

531,547

15,544

224,028

483,330

112,551

1,240

1,984,176

10,693

371

135,741

4,686

14,482

516,322

80,925

17,470

111,301,976

42,418

17,091

752,137

17,311

$12,130,933

$12 64

No rational or well regulated system of agriculture in Ohio can dis-
pense -with live stock. Live stock, or domestic animals, compact many
agricultural products, and very greatly reduce their bulk and weight
without reducing the value, whilst, on the other hand, they not unfre.
quently greatly enhance the value. A crop of corn is sent to New York
in the shape of sugar-cured hams or mess pork at considerably less cost

GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OP OHIO. 595

for freight than the same crop of corn, in the ear, could be transported —
grass-fed fat cattle can be shipped to New York for a much smaller amount
of freight than the crop of grass which fattened the cattle. In both cases —
the swine and the cattle — the droppings, or manure, from both are left at
home upon the farm, not only to enrich but to ameliorate and mellow the
soil for future crops. The following table exhibits the number and value
of the live stock in the valley for a period of 13 years, with the exception
of dogs :

CO
05

Counties in Maumee Valley.

Hohses.

Average number and value
for thirteen years, from 1858
to 1870, inclusive.

Number.

Value.

Mules

Average number and value
for thirteen years, from 1858
to 1870, inclusive.

Number.

Value.

Cattle.

Average number and value for
thirteen years from 1858 to
1870, inclusive.

Number.

Value.

H
O

O
Q

O
W

Allen

Auglaize ...
Crawford ..
Defiance ...
Fulton ....
Hancock...

Henry

Lucas

Mercer

Ottawa

Paulding...

Putnam

Sandusky . .

Seneca

Van "Wert..
Williams ..

Wood

Wyandot . .

Total

7,125
6,218
8,234
4,557
4,787
9,631
3,091
4,393
5,981
2,685
1,779
5,097
7,968
10,881
3,997
5,775
6,525
6,445

$333,473
303,564
466,925
220,808
184,354
419,726
123,398
210,387
290,041
141,914
83,628
223,242
387,392
585,655
184,138
288,643
281,672
382,713

160

284
79
36
46

126
26
46
80
7
24
73
41
69
61
35
75

176

$7,375
14,135
4,567
1,781
1,729
5,566
1,008
2,637
3,666
468
1,378
2,990
2,074
3,796
3,439
1,639
3,134
7,840

15,473
13,455

18,685

11,380

15,738

22,153

7,377

8,509

12,220

5,406

5,340

13,567

16,728

21,622

9,786

13,792

15,927

14,681

$141,496
141,161
220,582
111,999
125,437
208,706

71,930
104,844
111,058

78,778

62,560
125,752
180,951
227,886

98,524
160,021
170,700
196,030

105,169

45,100,673

1,444

$69,222

241,839

$2,538,415

Counties in Maumee Valley.

Allen

Auglaize.
Crawford
Defiance
Fulton ..
Hancock
Henry ...
Lucas ...
Mercer ..
Ottawa . .
Paulding
Putnam .
Sandusky
Seneca ...
Van Wert
"Williams ,

Wood

Wyandot

Sheep.

Average number and value

for thirteen years, from 1858

to 1870, inclusive.

Number.

35,869
23,480
77,210
19,099
32,994
57,424
10,254
13,910
20,862
15,741
4,717
20,668
42,081
94,961
15,596
34,444
28,540
75,206

623,056

Value.

$56,676
35,455

178,480
32,732
41,795
94,563
16,343
21,076
32,581
27,542
7,368
33,048
68,344

192,510
24,699
58,870
41,969

186,125

$1,150,176

Hogs.

Average number and value

for thirteen years, frdm 1858

to 1870, inclusive.

Number.

337,437

Value.

26,672

$50,827

22,984

45,835

28,380

73,097

15,205

28,019

10,995

19,193

34,363

67,987

8,780

14,513

7,134

12,980

27,642

47,993

7,629

16,067

7,213

11,629

19,854

35,245

20,597

43,929

29,163

69,986

17,578

29,730

17,033

35,861

15,921

26,587

20,294

52,129

081,607

Dogs.

Average num-
ber for eight
yrs., from 1862
to 1869, inclu-

1,915

1,893

1,819

1,328

1,095

2,311

892

970

1,894

564

628

1,417

1,391

2,116

1,322

1,357

1,474

1,378

%
O

o
W

25,764

-4

398

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The following table exhibits the Dumber of animals, together with the
assessed and the approximate market value of the domestic animals in
the valley.

If it is assumed that 25 per cent, of the entire number of domestic
animals may be sent to market annually ; that the valley disposes of an
annual average of $5,411,119 worth — being equal to $5.63 per acre for
every cultivated acre of the average series.

No. of
animals.

Assessed
value.

Approximate
market value.

105,169
1,444
241,839
623,056
337,437
25,764

$5,100,673

69,222

2,538,415

1,150,176

681,607

$10,516,900
115,520

Cattle

7,255,170

1,246,112

2,530,777

Totals

1,334,709

$9,540,093

$21,664,479

This is, in very brief terms, the status of the Maumee Valley: the
underlying rocks planed down ; the surface of these rocks is obscured —
first, by a glacial deposit ; second, by a deposit of the Erie clays ; third,
by an iceberg deposit. On all of these deposits a vast lake rested, and
deposited in places more or less sediment. The entire Maumee Valley
may be regarded as a large farm, formed from the bottom of the lake, the
ponds, marshes and swamps left by the retiring waters of which are not
yet "dried up." This farm consists, then, of a soil more uniform in its
chemical and physical characters than any soil extending over such an
area formed from underlying rocks possibly could have. The farm con-
sists of 4,834,813 acres, which, in 1870, was divided into —

Acres.

Forest 2,845,690

Plow-land 1,415,123

Meadow 188,380

Clover 103,586

Pasture , 282,034

Total 4,834,813

GEOLOGICAL STJBYEY OF OHIO.

399

Allen

Auglaize ..
Crawford .
Defiance ..
Fulton ....
Hancock ..

Henry

Lucas

Mercer

Ottawa ..
Paulding .
Putnam ...
Sandusky

Seneca

Van Wert
Williams .

Wood

Wyandot .

Counties.

Acres of j
plow land Meadow
in 1870. I in 1870.

86,638
88,158

138,368
58,912
73,758

111,542
45,816
53,603
84,649
25,755
21,443
61,651

110,841

171,591
51,142
68,390
78,085
84,781

11,749

8,631

15,383

7,363

11,901

14,208

6,063

12,621

7,809

6,448

3,985

9,020

10,595

18,599

8,483

8,226

14,821

12,475

Pasture
in 1870.

Totals ! 1,415,123

188,380

23,360
10,159
11,498
10,317
13,995
39,010
2,973

V,e52

10,150

2,909

.10,453

14,209

23,171

9,875

28,708

16,633

50,702

282,034

Clover.

4,772
2,819
9,593
7,117
8,784
9,214
2,957
2,990
4,358
911
658
3,300
9,060

13,391
2,684

12,724
4,360
3,894

103,586

The forest is very valuable. The growth of many species of forest trees
is immense — many an oak or walnut being worth as much as an entire
acre costs. The oaks are worked up into cooper stuff; the hickories and
ashes into material for agricultural implements an d machines ; the beech and
some other species are sawed for building and other general purposes. The
elms in all probability will be found to be far superior to pine for Nichol-
son or wooden block pavements. The walnuts, cherries and poplars are
nsed for furniture, whilst from the undergrowth the supply of hoop-poles
is almost exhaustless.

The soil, when thoroughly drained and otherwise properly ameliorated,
will be found to be fully equal in fertility to that of the far-famed Scioto
and Miami vallies. There is deposited on this farm all the natural fer-
tilizers necessary for many ages to insure remunerative crops, namely,
vast deposits of marl, muck, peat, gypsum and calcareous tufa. The
statistical tables demonstrate its natural fertility under such conditions as
would render many really productive soils infertile. The tables of prize
crops demonstrate what increased crops improvement in the condition of
the soil produces.

Whilst this soil is well adapted for a system of mixed agriculture, it is
at the same time well adapted for dairying, and it is possible that future
generations may convert it into agf eat fruit and dairy region, to the exclu-
sion of a mixed system of agriculture. Wherever the soil has become suffi-
ciently dry the Kentucky blue grass becomes the predominating grass.

400 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

All the cultivated grasses succeed very well in this valley. The fruits
grown in this valley have no superior in the State ; the climate north of
the water-shed being more favorable for them than that south of it.

The population has nearly quadrupled since 1840, and is now increasing
in a greater proportion. Active, energetic, enterprising, thrifty and indus-
trious as the population of this valley is, it cannot fail, with a proper
application of science and art to agriculture, to become the favorite agri-
cultural region of the State.

PART Y.

REPORT OF CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT,

By T. G. WOEMLET.

Prof. J. S. Newberry, State Geologist :

Sib: — I herewith furnish a Eeport of the Chemical Deparnment of the Survey, setting
forth the methods employed for the principal analyses required, and giving in condensed
form, the results of most of the analyses made.

It is with pleasure I state that it was only possible to perforin the number of analyses
here presented, through the constant and untiring labors of my assistants, Mr. Henry
Weber and Mr. Leo Mees, tha former of whom has been in the Laboratory since its open-
ing for State workj July 1st, 1869; and the latter, since April 1st, 1870.

I may state that there is now in the Laboratory sufficient material waiting examination
to require our constant attention for at least several months.

Very truly yours,

THEO. G. WORMLEY.

Columbus, Ohio, November 10th, 1871.

OOALS

SECTION 1. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS.

In the examinations of coals, a comparatively large representative
sample, including -as far as practicable a vertical section of the sample
and excluding the surface coal, was reduced to a very fine powder, and
the whole thoroughly mixed. In most instances, separate analyses w r ere
made of the different layers forming the coal deposit.

In the proximate analysis of the coal, the constituents always deter-
mined were : water or moisture ; ash ; volatile combustible matter ; and the
fixed carbon; also, the sulphur present in the coal. In many instances,
the amount of permanent gaseous" matter evolved from the coal, was also
determined. For these determinations, the following quantities are
weighed off from the thoroughly mixed powder :

10 grains for estimation of moisture and asli.
5 " " " volatile matter and fixed carbon.

5 " " " sulphur.

It might perhaps be objected that some at least, of the quantities thus em-
ployed, were too small for the p i irpose ; but, obviously, if the powdered mass
be thoroughly mixed, it will be of uniform composition. A number of com-
parative experiments with five grains, fifty grains and one hundred grains
of the powdered coal, for the determination of the percentage of volatile
matter and fixed gaseous matter, showed practically, and in some instances
identically, the same results for these different quantities.

1. Determination of Moisture and Ash. — The ten grains of powdered
coal, weighed off in a small glass boat of known weight, are placed in a
water-oven at 212° F., for one hoar. The boat with its contents is then
quickly transferred to a small, perfectly dry and warm glass tube, the
mouth of which is then closed with a rubber stopper, the weight of the
stopper and that of the tube being also known. When the temperature
of the tube and its contents has fallen to that of the surrounding air, the
stopper is withdrawn for a moment to permit the atmospheric pressure
to re-establish itself — then replaced and the whole weighed. The loss of
weight of the coal, will represent the amount of water or moisture
expelled.

404 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The residue, after the expulsion of the water, is transferred to a light
porcelain crucible and gently heated, till the volatile matter has entirely
escaped, after which the crucible is placed upon its side and a piece of
heavy platinum foil so placed as to reach some distance within the lower
portion of the month of the crucible, and thus conduct a current of air
upon the carbonaceous mass, which is then maintained at a red heat until
the carbonaceous matter is entirely consumed. The color of the ash is
now noted, and its weight determined.

2. Volatile Matter and Fixed Carbon. — The powder, placed in a porcelain
boat, is heated in a combustion tube connected with a bulbfcd delivery
tube bent at an angle of about forty-five degrees and made to dip in
water and open under a graduated tube filled with water, the heat being
gradually increased to redness and continued till no more bubbles of gas
make their appearance.

On cooling of the apparatus, a quantity of water equal in volume
to the air expelled from the combustion tube, will ascend into the bulbs
of the delivery tube. The temperature is noted before the operation of
coking is commenced and again when the apparatus has perfectly cooled.
As soon as the temperature is fully equalized, the volume of gas collected
in the graduated tube is read off, care being taken to immerse the tube
into the water until the liquid within and without the tube stand upon
the same level. The tube is now emptied and the water that ascended
into the bulbed delivery tube tansferred into it and the volume noted.
On deducting this volume from the total volume of gas that collected in
the graduated tube, the difference will represent the volume of permanent
gas evolved from the coal operated upon. The proper corrections are
now made for any difference of temperature observed, and the final vol-
ume calculated at a temperature of 60° F. If the quantity of gas, ex-
pressed in cubic inches, evolved from five grains of the coal, be multi-
plied by 0.8101, the product will represent the number of cubic feet per
pound of coal.

The combustion tube, for the above process, may be of hard glass, such
as employed in organic analysis; but, especially if a large number of an-
alyses have to be made, an iron tube is preferable. The tube should be
carefully burned out after each operation. The iron tubes employed had
an internal diameter of five eights of an inch and a length of about
twelve inches. When introducing the powdered coal into the tube, it is
well to have a small wire attached to the eye of the boat, to facilitate its
introduction and withdrawal after the operation. The most convenient
method of heating the tube, is by means of a gas furnace, consisting of a
series of Bunsen burners. The furnace employed consisted of twenty-
five burners, and permitted two analyses of this kind, to be carried on at

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 405

the same time. On placing the tube in the furnace, after the introduc-
tion of the coal, it is so arranged that it projects about four inches beyond
the end of the furnace. The projecting portion of the tube is wrapped
in a piece of cloth, which, during the operation, is kept wet by water
allowed to fall upon it drop by drop. During the process of coking, care
is required in the management of the heat, especially towards the end of
the operation, to prevent the redistillation of a portion of the tarry mat-
ter that has condensed in the outer end of the combustion tube.

The delivery tube is connected to the combustion tube by means of a
hard rubber stopper.* The capacity of the bulbs of the delivery tube
should, obviously, be about two-thirds that of the combustion tube.

If it be desired to purify the evolved gas, one hundred grains of the
coal are employed, and, as first advised by Dr. Richardson, the products
from the combustion tube are first passed through a small Wolfe's bottle,
then through a tube containing chloride of calcium; next through a
Liebig's bulb apparatus, containing a solution of caustic potash, in which
some oxide of lead has been dissolved ; then through a tube partly filled
with dry caustic potash and partly with solid chloride of calcium ; and,
finally, it is collected in a graduated bell-jar, in which it is measured.

The residue remaining in the porcelain boat, after the process of coking,
is transferred to an equipoised watch-glass and weighed. The loss
of weight experienced by the coal will represent the total amount of
volatile matter. On deducting from this amount, the quantity of moisture
present, as already determined, the difference will represent the amount
of volatile combustible matter present in the coal.

So, also, on deducting the amount of ash present in the coal from the
weight of the residue remaining in the boat, the difference will represent
the amount of fixed carbon.

3. Sulphur. — For the determination of the sulphur present in the coal,
the following method was generally pursued. Four parts of carbonate of
soda and twelve parts of nitrate of potash, both salts being free from
sulphur, are separately weighed out. About one-half of the carbonate
of soda, and two-thirds of the nitrate of potash, are introduced into a
small, thin, porcelain dish, which is deeply imbedded in a sane* -bath, just
sufficiently large to receive it, and the mixture is then heated to fusion.
The balance of the soda and potash salts, finely pulverized, and the given
quantity of powdered coal, are very thoroughly mixed in a glass mortar,
and small portions of the mixture added at a time to the fused mass in
the dish, with constant stirring, until the whole is added, and the carbon-

* Rubber stoppers, or corks, may readily be cut from pieces of rubber of the proper
thickness, with a thin, sharpened tube, even of tin, by wetting the sharpened end with
water, or, better still, with alcohoL

406 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

aceous matter is entirely destroyed. This operation will, ordinarily, in
the case of bituminous coals, require about half an hour.

When the above mass has cooled, the heat being withdrawn gradually
. — in order to save the dish-»-it is covered with pure water and allowed to
digest until the soluble matter is entirely taken up ; the solution is fil-
tered, the filtrate acidulated with hydrochloric acid, an i heated in a
beaker on a sand-bath until effervescence has entirely ceased ; then, while
still hot, an excess of chloride of bavium solution is added, and the mix-
ture allowed to cool and stand for twenty-four hours. The precipitate
thus obtained is collected upon a filter of known ash, v ashed, and ignited
in a platinum crucible. In order to purify the sulphate of baryta, the
ignited residue in the crucible, is treated with a drop or two of hydro-
chloric acid and a little water, the mixture warmed, and the liquid de-
canted upon a very small moistened filter, placed in the funnel of a
small Bunsen filtering apparatus ; * the residue is washed with a fresh
portion of- water, and the washings decanted in a" similar manner. The
washed filter, with any contents, is added to the residue in the cruci-
ble, ignited, and the whole weighed. The weight of pure sulphate of
baryta obtained from the sulphur of five grains of coal, when multiplied
by 2.746, will represent the percentage of sulphur in the coal.

Sulphur in Coke. — The sulphur present in coke may, under certain cir-
cumstances, be determined in the same manner as just described for its
determination in coal ; if, however, the coke is very hard, this method
will not answer. Under these circumstances, the pulverized coke may be
mixed directly with the whole of the carbonate of soda and nitrate of
potash, and the mixture heated to fusion in a covered platinum crucible,
care being taken that the heat is gradually applied.

BemarTcs in regard to the Moisture. — The relative amount of moisture
found in the coals examined from this State, varied from 1.10 per cent, to
9.10 per cent, of the coal. As a general rule, the coals from the northern
portion of the State contain, relatively, less moisture than those from the
southern portion.

On exposing these coals, in their freshly powdered state, to a tempera-
ture of 212° F., they quickly lose in weight, and this loss generally reaches
its maximum within an hour or less, after which, if the heat be continued,
the weight remains constant, or very slowly increases.

* In this operation, as well as in many other nitrations, it is most convenint to exhaust
the flask of the Bunsen apparatus, by means of the mouth, through a small rubber tube
the end of which is then closed by a short glass rod, or by a Moines compression-cock.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

.407

In parallel experiments upon two coals, Eos. 1 and 2, the following re-
sults were observed :

10 grains of the powder, heated at 212° F., for i hour, lost, in grains
u ' tt a 1 " " "

" " " li hours, " "

a tt a o tt a a

a tt tt 5 it a tt

No. 1.

No. 2.

0.78

0.73

0.765

074

0.77

0.73

0.77

0.715

0.77

0.702

It is a singular fact, true at least of most Ohio coals, that at a temper-
ature of 240° F., the powdered coal generally loses less in weight, in a
given time, than at a temperature of 212°. If, therefore, a coal be thor-
oughly dried at 212°, and then be exposed to a heat of 240°, it will gen-
erally quickly increase in weight, due to the absorption of oxygen. When,
however, the coal is heated at 240° in an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas,
the loss is generally a little greater than that experienced at 212°.

The foregoing may be illustrated by the following results obtained from
the lower and second layers of the Straitsville coal, and a sample of coal
from Jackson county, the quantities for the different experiments being
weighed out from the respective samples at the same time :

Bottom.

Sec'nd layer.

Jackson Co.

1 hour at 212° — loss, percent

8.10

8.90

8.50

1 hour at 240° — loss, percent

7.90
7.90
7.50
7.50

8.30
8.70
8.40
8.35

8.10

2 hours " " "

g « it tc CC

8.00

K CC tc tc tt

1 hour at 240° in carbonic acid gas.....

8.50
8.35

9.10
8.90

8.35

3 hours " " "

8.50

Similar experiments were made upon a sample of Youghiogheny coal,
with the following results :

At 212° for

At 240° for

At 240° in carbonic acid.

1 hour — loss, per cent.. 0.90

1 hour — loss 1.10

3 hours— " 0.95

1 hour — loss 1.05

3 hours— " 1.03

On withdrawing the heat, the powdered coal immediately begins to re-
absorb moisture, and — at least when it contains several per cent, in its

408

GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY OF OHIO.

original state — soon increases three or four per cent, in weight ; after this
it increases more slowly, until nearly the whole of the original weight is
regained. After thus regaining nearly the whole of its weight, it again
begins to slowly part with a portion of its moisture.

These transitions in weight are not always continually progressive,
since, during the process of re-absorption, the coal may temporarily lose a
portion of the moisture absorbed ; and, on the other hand, during the
process of drying, it may for a time regain a portion of the moisture lost.
These interruptions seem to be due, in part at least, to changes in the
hygroscopic condition of the atmosphere.

.From a number of experiments upon this subject, the fcllowing may be
cited:

Two coals, which on exposure to a temperature of 212° for 1 hour, lost
respectively 7.70 and 7.40 per cent, in weight, regained, after withdrawal
of the heat, in 2 hours, 2.80 and 3.10 parts of the weight thus lost ; in 5
hours, 4.20 and 4.50 parts; and in 20 hours, 4.70 and 5.10 parts.

A more extended series of experiments with the lower and second lay-
ers of the Straitsville coal, gave the following results. During the period
of observation, the powdered coal was preserved under a small bell glass :

Lower.

Seo'nd layer.

Lost at 212°, for 1 hour

8.10

8.90

5.00
4.10
4.40
3.60
3.90
2.90
1.80
2.30
2.60
3.00
3.50
3.95
4.30
3.50

5.70

]£ >( « a « «

4.50

QA It it tt tl it

4.90

2 days " " " "

3.95

4 << ii « tt tt

4.30

r it It tl it u

3.10

a tt ' tt tt tt tt

1.95

7 tt tt tt tt it

2.20

Q tl It tl it t.

2.85

in It il it tt it ,
■f-i tl tl tl ll 11

3.35
3.70

JO It ll tl It It

4.35

jo ll ll ll it tl

4.70

15 " " " " "

3.90

It thus appears in these instances, that the re-absorption reached its
maximum in about six days — when the whole of the moisture, excepting
1.80 parts in one instance, and 1.95 parts in the other, was re-absorbed —
after which the powders slowly parted with a portion of the moisture ab-
sorbed during this period.

In like manner, powdered coal which has not been heated, when ex-
posed to the air, sooner or later parts with a portion of its moisture.
The three following coals, the first and second from Jackson county, and

GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OP OHIO. 409

the third from Wayne county, having been examined in their freshly pow-
dered state, the balance of the respective powders was carefully preserved
in paper and examined at the expiration of two months, with the follow-
ing results :

2. •

8.70
5.10

7.50
4.50

350

2.00

3.60

3.00

1.20

Analyses of the powders thus preserved, indicated that the only
change that had taken place was tae loss of moisture, the combustible
volatile matter and fixed carbon being relatively increased in proportion
to the loss of moisture.

After a longer period, however, the loss of moisture is attended by a
change in the nature of the volatile combustible matter. Thus, the analy-
ses of two coals, the powders of which had been carefully preserved for
seven months, indicated not only less moisture, but absolutely less vola-
tile combustible matter than they contained at the time of the first exam-
ination, the fixed carbon being increased above its relative proportion

It is well known that masses of coal when exposed to the action of the
atmosphere may very soon undergo change. For this reason, in the se-
lection of samples for analyses, they should be fresh, and the surface coal
should be rejected.

Ash of Goals Examined: — The relative proportion of ash found in the
bituminous coals of the State thus far examined has varied from 0.77 of
one per cent., found in a coal from Jackson county, to 17.10 per cent.,
present in a coal from Holmes county. The mean average of ash found
in eighty-eight bituminous coals from that portion of the State south of
the line of the Central Ohio Railroad was 4.718; that of sixty-four similar
coals north of said line was 5.120 per cent.

The mean average ash of the one hnndred and fifty-two Ohio bitumin-
ous coals examined was 4.891 per cent. Of these one hundred and fifty-
two coals, the ash of ten each exceeded 10 per cent. Omitting these
coals from the list, the average amount of ash present in the remaining
coals amounts to 4.280 per cent.

The mean average per centage of ash found in eleven Ohio cannel coals
examined was 13.827 per cent.

Volatile Combustible Matter. — The amount of volatile combustible mat-
ter found in the different bituminous coals examined varied from about
28 per cent, to something over 40 per cent, of the native coal.

410

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

The amount of fixed gaseous matter evolved from coal is not always in
direct proportion to the amount of volatile combustible matter present.
Thus, a coal which contained only 27.70 per cent, of volatile combustible
matter evolved 3.32 cubic feet of fixed gas per pound, whilst another,
which contained 38.80 per cent, of volatile combustible matter, evolved
only 3.03 cublic feet per pound.

We herewith exhibit in a tabular form the relative proportion of vol-
atile combustible matter present in and the amount of fixed gaseous mat-
ter evolved from a number of different coals, the list embracing the
extremes Of results observed :

Volatile com-

Fixed gas — cubic

Volatile combustible

Fixed gas — cubic

bustible matter.

feet per pound.

matter.

feet per pound.

27.70

3.32

35.20

3.42

28.45

3.44

36.75

3.16

28.90

3.36

37.20

3.12

29.10

3.12

38.00

3.65

29.20

3.11

38.80

3.03

30.70

3.51

38.80

3.16

31.60

3.54

39.25

3.35

The amount of fixed gaseous matter here represented . is something
below that obtained in the practical manufacture of illuminating gas. A
fair average sample of Toughiogheny coal furnished us only aboct 3J
cubic feet of gas per pound, whereas, in the ordinary manufacture of
illuminating gas, this coal, as is well known, yields about four cubic feet
of gas per pound.

This difference seems to be due in part to the re-distillation of tarry
matters which condense in what is known as the "stand-pipe" of gas
works, from which they drip back into the retort and there undergo re-
distillation, with the evolution of a fresh quantity of fixed gas. It may
also be partly due to the increased temperature at which the gas is
usually measured. We have found by experiment that if the tarry mat-
ter evolved from a coal be only in part re-distilled, the amount of fixed
gas obtained from the coal may be increased in some instances even as
much as 20 or 25 per cent. In regard to the effects of temperature, it is
well known that a difference of five degrees changes the volume of a gas
about one per. cent.

Fixed Carbon. — The per centage of fixed carbon found in the bitumin-
ous coals of the State varied from 34.10 to 65.90, the former being the
amount found in an upper coal from Holmes county, and the latter that
present in a sample of Steubenville shaft coal.

GEOLOGICAL, STJBVEY OF OHIO. 411

The average per centage of fixed carbon found in sixty-four bituminous
coals from the northern portion of the State was 56.267 ; that of eighty-
eight similar coals from the southern portion, 57.158. The average
amount of fixed carbon found in the one hundred and fifty-two bitumin-
ous coals examined was 56.782 per cent, of the native coal.

Sulphur. — The average proportion of sulphur present in the Ohio bitu-
minous coals examined was 1.551 per cent. ; that of the coals from the
lower half of the State being 1.229 per cent., and that of the coals from
the upper half 1.836 per cent.

The smallest amount of sulphur found in these examinations was in a
sample of coal from Columbiana county, in which it amounted to only
0.11 per cent, of the coal.

It has generally been assumed that in the process of coking about
one-half of the sulphur present in the coal passes off with the volatile
matter. This, however, is by no means always the case, since in some
instances very nearly the whole, even to the merest trace, of the sulphur
may be thus evolved, whilst in others very little of the sulphur may
escape with the volatile products.

Thus, in the lower and second layers of the Straitsville seam of coal
there are present, respectively, 0.49 and 0.93 per cent, of sulphur, of
which there remain in the coke only 0.082 and 0.015 parts; that is, of the
0.49 parts of sulphur present in the first-mentioned coal, about 0.41 parts
pass off with the volatile matter, whilst of the 0.93 parts present in. the
second named, about 0.90 parts are eliminated in the process of coking.
Again, the lower part of a coal from Jackson county contains 0.91 per
cent, of sulphur, the whole of which, to the merest trace, is evolved with
the volatile matter. The upper part of this seam of coal contains 0.68
per cent, of sulphur, of which 0.30 parts remain in the coke.

On the other hand, a sample of Jackson county hill coal contained 0.57
per cent, of sulphur, of which 0.43 remained in the coke. So, also, a
sample of Briar hill coal, from Toungstown, contained 0.56 per cent, ot
sulphur, of which 0.46 parts were retained by the coke. A sample oi
Youghiogheny coal examined, contained 0.98 per cent of sulphur, 0.66 ot
which remained in the coke.

412

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

These results may be exhibited as follows :

Straitsville.

Jackson County.

6
O

a
o
ta

Xocality.

Lower.

Second
Seam.

Lower.

Upper.

0.49
0.082

C.93
0.015

0.91
0.007

0.68
0.30

0.57
0.43

0.56
0.46

0.98
0.66

These facts show that in determining the relative value of a given coal,
at least so far as the sulphur is concerned, either for gas-making or fur-
nace purposes, it is not enough to m know, simply, how much sulphur it
contains in its native state, but we should also know how much of the
sulphur will be evolved during the process of coking. For example, the
second coal given above, if employed for gas-making, would yield about
0.90 per cent., of the coal, of sulphur, with the volatile products ; whilst,
on the other hand, in the case of the Briar hill coal examined, only about
0.10 per cent, of sulphur would be eliminated in the process of coking.

On the other hand, in the application of these respective ccals, in the
raw state, for furnace purposes, in which the coal is coked before coming
in contact with the hot iron, the first would, during the process of coking,
part with very near the whole of its sulphur, whilst the other would
retain in the coke about 0.46 per cent, of sulphur, calculated upon the
raw coal. Thus, then, so far as sulphur is concerned, a given coal may
be well suited for furnace purposes, but objectionable for gas-making ;
whilst another, with even a greater percentage of sulphur, may be better
suited for gas-making, but objectionable for furnace use.

In the report for last year, Prof. Andrews drew attention to the fact
that our analyses had shown, contrary to the usually received opinion,
that the sulphur present in coals was not always, at least, wholly in com-
bination with iron. A number of additional examinations have been
made, all of which confirm this view.

A sample of Straitsville coal contained 0.57 per cent, of sulphur, of
which 0.26 were left in the coke. Of iron, the coal contained, only 0.075
per cent. This amount of iron would require, to form bisulphuret of the
metal, only 0.086 parts of sulphur, thus showing that about 0.48 of the
0.57 parts of the sulphur present in the coal, were in some other combina-
tion than with iron.

Again, another sample of coal containing 0.98 per cent, of sulphur, of
which 0.66 parts remained in the coke, contained only 0.086 per cent, of
iron, which would require only about 0,097 parts of sulphur, leaving about
0.90 parts of sulphur uncombined with iron.

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF OHIO. 413

The following table exhibits the amount of sulphur and of iron found
in several different coals, and the proportion of the sulphur that could
have been combined with iron :

Sulphur in coal 0.57

Iron in coal 0.075

Sulphur required by iron . . 0.086

We will now append, in tabular form, the composition of the various
Ohio coals thus far examined.

1.18 0.98 2.00

0.91

0.86

0.57

0.74

4.04

.742 .086 .425

.122

.052

.102

2.05

.848 .097 .486

.139

.06

.116

2.343

TABLE I.— BITUMINOUS COALS.
Proximate composition, including Sulphur.

Locality.

Perry county, McGinnis' bank, lower part

" " " upper part

Perry county, B .Saunders' bank, upper seam •..

" " " lower seam

Washington county sandstone coal

Washington county limestone coal

Nelsonville coal, W. B. Brooks

Straitsville coal, upper part, S. Beard

Perry county, McGinnis', upper part, upper seam...
" " middle part, upper seam

" " lower part, upper seam . .

" " middle seam

" " lower seam

Briar Hill coal, Chestnut Eidge

Blue Chippewa coal, Canton, Ohio

Perry county, Stallsmith's coal

Zanesville, O., Caldwell's coal

Jackson-Shaft coal

Jackson Hill coal

Sunday Creek, Sands' bank, No. 1, from bottom

No. 2
" " No. 3, "

" " No. 4,

" " No. 5, "

" " No. 6,

" " No. 7,

3 U

£>

en 43

3 a

a
xi

02 60

GQ
-4

eS -+a

"3 s S3

o
H

1.244

7.55

1.94

35.61

54.90

100

1.05

w
o

1.241

8.15
dried at

2.66

27.46

61.73

100

0.78

1.294

212°

2.80

41.70

55.50

100

2.56

1.300

5.60

2.03

29.92

62.45

100

0.81

dried at

1.352

212°
dried at

12.95

37.50

49.55

100

3.26

1.244

212°

6.20

38 20

55.60

100

2.18

1.259

6.80

2.46

33.28

57.36

100

0.74

1.288

5.05

8.88

28.67

57.40

100

0.99

1.248

5.35

6.96

30.48

57.21

100

1.22

1.247

6.00

2.44

32.15

59.41

100

0.498

1.307

7.60

9 98

29.65

52.77

100

0.68

1.239

7.20

1.07

32.29

59.44

100

0:73

1.291

7.90

3.18

34.67

55.25

100

0.98

1.284

3.60

1.16

32.58

62.66

100

0.85

1.247

6.95

3.18

32.38

57.49

100

0.88

1.254

3.80

4.14

40.41

51.85

100

2.62

1.252

6.15

4.41

30.97

58.47

100

0.41

1.282

7.75

2.03

31.27

58.95

100

0.53

1.336

7.60

3.79

30.96

57.65

100

6.49

1.272

6.65

3.83

36.22

53.30

100

2.00

1.318

5.65

7.07

30.01

57.27

100

0.67

1.274

6.10

4.93

33.43

55.54

100

1.46

1.287

5.85

5.32

35.21

53.62

100

0.51

1.311

6.00

2.92

39.10

51.98

100

0.51

1.348

6.55

11.26

29.72

52.47

100
100 1

0.47

1.288

8.15

3.44

33.43

54.98

0.64

Muskingum county, J. Porter's miuo

Hay denville mine, bottom seam

" middlo seam

" " upper seam

Cambridge, O., Williams', G inches from top

" " 20 inches from top

" " centre of souui :

" " G-10 inches from bottom

Jackson county, Enoch Canter

Harrison township, Stevens' cut

Jackson Furnace coal

Vinton county, Austin Thompson ,

Salineville, strip voiu

" big vein, lower bonch

" big vein, top bench

" lowest seam

Waynesburgh, Stark county, K. D. Hyming

dried at

1.294

212°

7.70

38.60

53.70

100

2.74

1.271

6.45

2.25

32.74

58.56

100

1.19

1.258

5.30

1.09

30.12

63.49

100

0.64

1.340

5.45

9.36

29.88

55.31

100

1.63

1.294

2.50

4.34

31.59

61.57

100

2.48

1.299

3.10

7.32

27.90

61.68

100

2.94

1.295

3.00

6.94

32,69

57.37

100

3.96

i.a:«3

3.00

3.98

35.60

57.42

100

1.06

1.298

8.55

5.20

25.25

61.00

100

0.58

1.319

4.40

5.75

34.20

55.65

100

0.63

1.29(i

5.30

3.10

32.60

59.00

100

0.78

1.262

6.80

1.50

30.80

60.90

100

1.08

1.299

1.70

4.50

34.30

59.50

100

1.62

1.277

1.10

1.95

35.70

61.25

100

0.86

1.280

1.40

4.45

34.60

59.55

100

2.11

1.304

1.65

7.20

, 37.25

53.80

100

2.03

1.262

2.60

2.40

36.10

68.90

100

1.94

TABLE II —BITUMINOUS COALS
Proximate Composition, including Sulphur and Fixed Gas.

Locality.

Jackson county Shaft coal, H. F. Austin .

Vinton county, Dr. Wolfs coal, No. 1

" " No.2

Pigeon Creek, Scott's coal, bottom of seam

" " • middle "

" " top "

Lawrence county, Oak Hill, bottom of lower vein

" " top "

" Oak Eidge, upper part

Sheridan coal, near bottom of vein

" two-thirds up from bottom

Jackson county, Pine Hill

Lawrence county, Haskin's, Greasy Eidge

Jackson, McClintock's bank, bottom vein

" " middle "

" " top "

Vinton Furnace, Shaft coal, bottom "

" " middle "

Sunday Creek, Grisby's farm, bottom of middle seam .

" " top

Cincinnati Furnace coal

Vinton county, E. P. Stokely's coal

" J.CoiFs coal

Tuscarawas county, Mineral Point, Tunnel seam

Summit county, Greentown, coal No. 2, (mixed)

Tuscarawas county, New Castle

1.281
1.317
1.280
1.305
1.284
1.300
1.292
1.333
1.347
1.384
1.275
1.301
1.296
1.345
1.285
1.295
1.319
1.321
1,281
1.277
1.307
1.350
1.277
1.348
1.375
mixed
1.369

7.10
7.40
7.50
5.40
9.10
8.35
8.85
5.65
5.15
5.35
5.05
5.65
3.70
3.45
6.60
6.80
8.40
4.60
4.90
3.80
3.80
5.30
3.90
5.10
3.20
3.25
3.20

2.46
4.31
1.60
6.20
1.20
1.35
0.85
6.75
9.90

15.90
U

4.20
5.05
6.40
2.40
3.50
8.00

10.60
6.60
4.60
6.30
4.85
3.05
9.25
4.15
2.95
7.95

£ s
>&

30.70
35.00
32.20
28.20
31.60
29.45
29.75
35.15
36.85
32.05
33.35
32.65
28.10
36.75
29.60
30.80
25.60
29.00
30.70
38.80
37.00
36.50
35.90
27.50
39.70
38.75
33.00

a
o

59.74
53.29
58.70
60.20
58.10
60.85
60.55
52.45
48.10
48.80
59.80
57.50
63.15
53.40
61.40
58.90
58.00
55.80
57.80
52,80
52.90
53.35
57.15
58.15
52.95
55.05
55.85

Pt
CO

to -£

.a-g

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

0.91

2.73.

0.63

0.66

0.82

0.77

0.67

1.35

2.28

2.22

1.00

1.89

1.40

2.55

0.70

0.96

0.82

1.30

0.65

3.59

4.89

1.31

2.00

1.11

3.64

173

2.26

3.24

" aT.il

3.11
3.05
2.90
2.98
2.97
3.32
3.40
3.48
3.48
2.67
3.16
3.16
3.32
2.83
2.92
2.99
3.03
3.08
3.24
2.92
2.75
3.31
3.81
2.24

Holmes county, Strawbridge coal

Chapman coal

Holmes county, Saunder's coal, lowest bench
" " middle "

to » " top "

Summit county, Johnson's shaft, Blook coal .
" Franklin Coal Co., coal No. 1

Holmes county, Daggin vein, bottom coal —

coal, lower benoh.

" Bennington & Druard, coal No. C

" Smith's bank, upper bench

" " lower "

" Taylor's ooal

" Adam Lear's coal

" Mast's bank, bottom coal

" " top "

" " N, E. corner Hardy township.
Columbiana county, Dyke's coal, top bench

" " " lower benoh

" " Acker coal, No. 456

" " " No. 462

New Lisbon, W. Nelson's mine

Stark county, John Farber, upper bench „

" " lower "

Wayne county, Geo. Matthews mine

Stark county, Waynesburgh Coal Co

" Hanak's bank

" Langston's bank

Wayne county, Kirkendale's coal

1.370

2.15

1.381

5.90

1.395

2.75

1.369

5.10

1.328

2.75

1.256

2.70

1.271

3.40

1.248

6.65

1.428

4.20

1.345

2.30

1.335

4.30

1.312

3.85

1.269

7.30

1.277

3.85

1.282

4.20

1.359

5.05

1.305

3.85

1.266

1.35

1.286

1.70

1.293

2.00

1.343

1.85

1.250

1.70

1.263

2.90

1.294

3.60

1.279

3.90

1.294

3.60

1.429

3.60

1.305

2.60

1.314

3.20

16.50

12.45

9.65

4.20

.8.05

2.00

1.80

4.10

17.10

10.60

15.40

12.00

3.40

2.90

7.00

C.80

5.80

2.50

1.71

2.55

9.55

1.70

2.70

4.45

3.20

5.10

2.65

5.65

8.60

28.65
33.50
43.75
39.00
42.95
37.30
36.10
34.35
22.40
29.30
45.70
40.15
34.90
34.65
32.20
33.95
33.95
34.15
42.70
34.00
28.55
35.90
38.30
34.80
37.10
36.00
38.40
36.00
39.00

52.70
48.15
43.K>
51.70
46.25
58.00
58.70
54.90
56.30
57.80
34.10
44.00
54.40
58.60
56.60
54.20
56.40
62.00
53.85
61.45
60.05
60.70
56.10
57.15
55.80
55.30
55.35
55.75
49.20

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

2.13

3.40

2.49

2.83

6.19

2.26

3.40

4.85

0.93

3.08

0.80

0.90

2.87

0.54

2.24

4.42

2.87

1.62

2.67

1.83

2.32

2.14

3.20

2.66

2.96

3.34

3.32

2.03

2.96

2.06

3.24

1.45

2.92

1.26

2.99

0.11

3.16

0.77

1.93

3.40

2.52

3.08

2.81

3.24

1.93

3.08

1.72

3.16

1.63

3.16

3.10

2.64

TABLE III.— BITUMINOUS COALS..

Proximate Composition, including Sulphur present and amount left in'GoTce, amount of fixed gas evolved, and Iron present.

Locality.

Hocking county, Ward's Dank, lower seam

■" " " " middle seam

" " Clark's bank, bottom of upper seam ....

" " Ward's bank, middle of upper seam

" " Clark's bank, 2d from top of upper seam .

" " " " top of upper seam

Washington county, Bear Creek coal.

Jackson county, Anthony's bank

Gallia county, Jacob Webster, top seam

" " " " middle seam

" " " " bottom seam

Jackson county, Stephenson Hill coal....

" " Star Furnace shaft coal

Nelson-yille, Brook's bank, middle of lower seam

" " " center of "

" top of "

New Straitsville, lower seam ,

" " 2d " ,

" " 3d "

" " 4th " ,

Jackson county, Jacob Sell's lower seam ,

" " " " upper seam

New Lisbon Coal Co., Coal No. 5 ,

Columbiana county. Wm. and Jno. Burt's mine

" " Durk & Burson's "

" " Isaac Dike's mine

.278
.290
,257
,284
,287
,274
,325
,239
.307
,295
.309
,281
267
285
272
,284
260
.281
262
.276
,298
,271
,474
270
260
.267

7.15
6.80
5.85
6.15
5.80
3.05
2.00
5.25
4.05
6.00
5.15
8.70
7.50
6.20
6.65
5.00
7.70
7.40
7.20
5.30
8.50
8.65
1.15
1.10
1.50
1.85

•a

2.41

2.05
1.93
4.88
7.63
11.05
5.24
1.50
7.60
4.65
4.60
1.50
4.16
2.70
1.90
9.05
2.60
2.95
5.15
7.95
2.35
0.77
4.65
4.40
3.80
2.30

t>£

35.28
36.16
37.10
33.22
35.42
38.39
33.76
29.75
34.35
31.20
29.65
28.30
30.90
31.30
33.05
32.80
30.70
29.20
30.10
31.00
32.20
28.45
40.45
35.30
33.40
32.75

55.16
54.99
53.12
55.75
51.15
47.51
59.00
63.50
54.00
58.15
60.60
61.50
57.50
59.80
58.40
53.15
59.00
60.45
57.55
55.75
56.95
62.13
53.75
59.20
61.30
63.10

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Sulphur —

1.35
1.07
1.42
1.88
1.01
4.04
3.33
0.98
1.15
0.86
0.82
0.57
0.74
0.97
0.41
0.94
0.49
0.93
0.57
1.18
0.91
0.68
3.51
3.21
1.17
1.36

■a -3

0.75
0.74
0.48
0.94
0.47
1.96
1.80
0.37

0.07
0.43
0.74
0.22
trace.

0.082

0.015

0.26

0.082

0.007

0.30

2.06

0.62

0.78

ft q

1.31
1.30
0.85
1.56
0.81
3.35
2.82
0.57

0.11
0.68
0.34
0.13
trace.

0.13

0.023

0.41

0.128

0.11

0.54

3.52

0.95
1.19

DO +3

a <s>
bc<g

©.2
to ©

3.00
3.48
3.07
3.24
2.67
2.51

3.24
2.81
3.51
3.11
3.08
3.01
3.44
3.44

3.00
2.

0.72

0.53

0.36

1.33

0.085

2.05

0.38

0.102
0.102

0.075
0.742
0.122
0.052
1.86

Columl>iiMiii county, Booth & Kinto's mine

" " Isaac Booth's mine

" " Carbon Hill coal ..'

" " Joy, Rook & Burnett's mine .

YonghoigUcny coal

Athens county, Mookor linn

Cambridge, A. Nicholson's, bottom of seam

« " middle of "

" " top of "

Baylies' Run, bottom

" middle

" top

Youngstown, Veatoh's mine

Steubenville, shaft ooal

Book Run. Muskingum Valley Coal Co., bottom ..

" " " " top

Coshocton oounty. Prosser's Vein, lower benoh

" " " " upper " ....

Stark oounty, Lawrence Coal Co", lower " ....

" " " " nppcr " ....

Mahoning county, Walworth's abaft

Coshooton county, Homo Co.'s miuo

Holmes oounty, Motos' mine

Coshocton county, Coal l'ort, nppor bench

" " Keith's now mine

" " Wm. Parker

Waynesburg, 5 milos wost

tJriehsvillo, Andreas Mine

New Lisbon Coal Co,, top

" " " middle

" " " bottom

1.402

1.270

1.280

1.302

1.309

1.338

1.318

1.283

1.272

1.301

1.264

1.381

1.260

1.305

1.322

1.264

1.296

1.253

1.269

1.323

1.303

1.300

1.357

1.339

1.296

1.322

1.294

1.301

1.291

1.205

1.60
1.40
1.60
1.40
0.90
4.30
4.20
3.90
3.80
5.00
4.80
4,50
2.47
1.40
2.15
4.80
3.70
4.30
7.00
5.60
3.90
3.80
7.20
3.60
4.00
3.80
7.00
3.20
1.30
1.30
1.55

2.90

3.60

4.00

5.00

3.3i

0.20

6.10

3.80

3.00

7.40

3.40

1.45

1.80

8.80

1.90

2.20

1.40

1.00

3.90

6.60

1.90

0.60

6.20

5.10

2.90

2.70

4.00

4.4r

(5.40

l.r

34.60
32.80
29.90
36.80
28.90
34.80
31.60
29.70
34.70
32.30
35.20
37.50
3183
30.90
39.25
36.50
36.10
■ 38.00
31.00
30.30
29.10
37.00
32.10
37.20
36.20
38.80
30.80
34.20
37.10
38.00
40.85

60.90
62.20
04.50
50.80
66.85
54.70
58.10
02.(50
58.00
55.30
56.60
54.60
64.25
65.90
49.80
56.80
58.00
56.30
01.00
60.20
00.40
57.20
54.10
53.00
54.70
54.50
59.50
58.00
57.15
54.30
56.05

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

1.49
1.07
2.80
2.00
0.98
2.14
1.26
1.04
1.11

l.sr

1.26
2.90
0.56
0.98
2.73
1.74
2.77
1.61
0.49
0.19
0.82
1.75
3.76
3.34
2.69
1.12
0.65
1.54
1.95
1.87
2.65

0.74

1.208

0.97

1.05

0.60

1.19

0.42

0.65

0.83

0.42

0.69

1.89

0".48

0.38

0.65
0.90
0.38

traoo.

trace.
0.00
0.11
1.86
2.08
0.80
0.82

traoe.

1.26

1.19
1.83
1.41
1.69
0.81
1.95
0.65
0.94
1.34
0.07
1.15
3.25
0.73
0.56

1.10
1.47
0.05

trace.

traco,
0.89
0.18
3.05
3.51
1.34
1.42

traoe

2.04

3.08

3.60
3 3(

SM
2.98
3.58
3.27
3.42
3.12
3.11
3.26
3.35
3.42
3.42
3.65
3.42
3.50
3.12
3.42
2.85
3.08
3.23
3.16
3.50
3.20

0.425
0.086

o
o

TABLE IV.— CANNEL COAL.

Locality.

Licking county, Flint Ridge, Cannel coal

Jackson " Jackson Gillard, " "

" " Jacob Sells' " "

Canton, O., Cannel coal

Holmes county, Strawbridge seam, Cannel coal
" Seam No. £, " "

" " Gloscen Cannel coal

" " Cannel coal, Gloscen's vein

Licking connty, Flint Eidge, Jndge Barr

Coshocton " Jno. Taylor's Cannel coal

1.298
1.276
1.292
1.200
1.394
1.293
1.292
1.388
1.431
1.418

(Dried
at 212°)
4.30
6.40
3.05
1.65
1.30
3.90
2.45
2.60
1.35

19.95

6.25

5.20

6.00

16.35

15.90

5.65

9.90

13.20

19.70

OB'

36.80
37.70
38.40
31.45
37.35
41.60
40.50
44.75
40.20
36.35

43.25
51.75
50.00
59.50
44.65
41.20
49.95
42.90
44.00
42.60

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

■a

1.31
1.25
1.27
3.09
1.70
1.55
155
2.58
1.34
1.89

3.05
3.44
3.81
2.31
2.35
2.92
2.75
2.93
3.42

It"

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 421

SECTION 2.— ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL.

The sample is prepared in the same manner as already described for
proximate analysis of coal, and from the freshly pulverized mass there
are weighed out :

5 grains for determination of carbon, hydrogen and ash.
10 " " moisture and nitrogen.

5 " " sulphur.

Carbon, Hydrogen and Ash. — A number of experiments were made to
determine the carbon, by burning the coal by means of oxide of copper,
and with ehromate of lead, as in the ordinary method of carbon deter-
minations, but the results, especially in the case of the more dense coals
and with cokes, were not satisfactory. We then adopted the method of
burning them in an atmosphere of oxygen gas, in connection with oxide
of copper, which is not only more satisfactory, but, also, much more expe-
ditious, at least when a number of analyses are required.

For this purpose, an iron tube about 40 inches in length and having an
internal diameter of half an inch, may be employed. To charge the tube,
place in it a plug of recently ignited asbestos, about twenty-six inches
from its mouth; upon this fill the tube for about eight inches with pure
oxide of copper, and upon this introduce another plug of asbestos ; now
nil in about eight inches of ehromate of lead, and upon this place a third
asbestos plug ; finally, introduce three or four inches of copper turnings.
The object of the ehromate of lead is to retain any sulphurous acid formed
during the operation. A few gentle taps are given the tube, while in a
horizontal position, to clear a passage for the gas.

The charged tube is now so placed in a gas furnace that it projects
about six inches beyond the end of the furnace. To the outer, or ante-
rior, end of the tube, an unweighed chloride of calcium tube is attached ;
the inner end of the tube is connected with the supply of oxygen gas.

The oxygen employed must, of course, be perfectly free from carbonic
acid and moisture. For this purpose, it is passed through a charged
potash apparatus, then through a U-tube filled with small fragments of
pumice stone moistened with sulphuric acid, and finally through a chloride
of calcium tube, from which it is conducted, by means of rubber tube, to the
combustion tube, the end of which is closed by a perforated rubber cork,
carrying a small glass tube to which the rubber tube is filled.

■ The combustion tube being thus connected, it is moderately heated and
a slow current of the dried oxygen passed through it, until its contents
are perfectly dry, when it is allowed to cool.

422 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

The powdered coal, contained in a small porcelain boat, is now intro-
duced through the inner end of the tube and pushed up to within half an
inch or less, of the asbestos plug. To facilitate the introduction and
withdrawal of the boat, a copper wire of the proper length, is attached to
the eje of the boat. The boat being introduced, the inner end of the
tube is again connected with the supply of oxygen. The chloride of cal-
cium tube attached to the outer end of the combustion tube is now re-
placed by one that has been accurately weighed; and this, in its turn, is
connected with a properly filled Liebig's potash apparatus. It is well to
have the potash apparatus connected with a small chloride of calcium
tube, of known weight, to arrest any moisture that might be carried out
of the apparatus by the gas passing through.

It is now essential to ascertain that all the joints of the apparatus are
perfectly tight. For this purpose, the stop-cock of the gasometer is
opened sufficiently to cause a few bubbles of gas to pass through the
potash bulbs. If, on closing the cock, the column of liquid in the outer
limb of the apparatus remains permanently at a higher level than that in
the inner, the joints may be considered sufficiently closed.

Heat is now applied to the anterior part of the tube and gradually
carried back along the tube as far as the anterior portion of the oxide of
copper. To prevent the charring of the cork, a narrow slip of moistened
cloth may be placed around the end of the tube, care being taken that the
end of the tube be not so far cooled as to cause the condensation of mois-
ture. One or two burners are now opened under the inner portion of the
tube at some inches back of the portion occupied by the boat.

When these portions of the tube are red hot, a feeble current of oxy-
gen is turned into the tube, and the heat gradually approached to the
boat, both from before and behind. As soon as the coal begins to coke,
the bubbles of gas cease to pass through the potash apparatus, the car-
bonic acid formed being absorbed by the potash solution. The supply of
oxygen is now increased to a pretty rapid current, care being taken, how-
ever, that it be not forced through the potash bulbs. When the volatile
matters of the coal have been about consumed, that portion of the tube
containing the coal is heated to redness and the heat continued until the
coke is entirely consumed, and the oxide of copper reduced by the opera-
tion is completely reoxidised.

The complete combustion of the coke, is marked by the gas suddenly
ceasing to appear in the potash apparatus. When the reduced copper
has been completely reoxidised, the g%s again appears and now passes
through the potash solution.

As soon as the reduced copper has been reoxidised, the heat is with-
drawn and the supply of oxygen reduced to just sufficient^ compensate

GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY OP OHIO. 423

for the contraction of the gas within the tube daring the operation of
cooling, when it is entirely cut off.

When the tube has sufficiently cooled, the potash apparatus and chlor-
ide of calcium tube are detached, and the mouth of the tube closed with
the unweighed chloride of calcium tube before employed. The openings
of the potash apparatus and of the chloride of calcium tube, should
always, when not attached to the apparatus, be closed with small rubber
plugs. When the potash apparatus and chloride of calcium tube have
completely cooled, they are again carefully weighed.

The increase in weight of the potash apparatus, with that of the small
chloride of calcium tube attached, will represent the amount of carbonic
acid evolved, from which the amount of carbon is readily calculated. The
increase in weight of the chloride of calcium tube, will represent the
amount of water formed, from which the hydrogen is calculated.

The amount of ash present in the coal operated upon, is determined
by carefully withdrawing the boat and weighing it, first with its contents,
and then alone.

The combustion tube is now ready for a second operation, simply by
introducing afresh supply of coal.

Moisture and Nitrogen. — The moisture present in the coal is determined
in the manner already described, when considering the proximate analyses
of coals.

The nitrogen is determined by* heating the dried coal, which has served
for the estimation of the moisture, with soda-lime, and collecting the
ammonia, formed by the nitrogen present, in a solution of oxalic acid of
known strength.

For this purpose, the dried coal is intimately mixed, in a warm mortar,
with a quantity of warm soda-lime sufficient to half fill the combustion
tube about to be employed. 2sow introduce into the combustion tube a
layer of about two inches of recently heated soda-lime, then the mixture
of soda-lime and coal, rinse out the mortar with a fresh portion of soda
lime and add this to the tube, and finally fill the tube to within about two
inches of its mouth with soda-lime and introduce a plug of asbestos. A
few gentle taps are now given the tube, to clear the beak of the tube and
form a passage for the gas.

Two hundred fluid-grains of a decinormal solution of oxalic acid are now
measured off into a small beaker, and drawn from this, as far as practi-
cable, into a Wills bulb apparatus. Any liquid adhering to the tube of
the apparatus, is washed back into the beaker, which is put aside in a
safe place.

The bulb apparatus thus charged is connected with the combustion
tube by means of a tightly fitting rubber cork, and the tube then so placed

424 GEOLOGICAL STJEVEY OP OHIO.

in a combustion furnace that it projects about one and a half inches be-
yond the end of the furnace.

The tube is now heated to redness, the heat being first applied to the
anterior end and gradually carried back along the whole length of the
tube. During the combustion, care should be taken to keep up a regluar,
but not too rapid, evolution of gas. When the evolution of gas has com-
pletely ceased and the liquid within the bulb begins to recede, the tip end
of the tube is broken off, and a volume of air equal to two or three times
the capacity of the tube, is drawn through the apparatus, in order that
the last traces of ammonia may be brought in contact with the oxalic acid
solution.

The heat is now withdrawn, the bulb apparatus detached, and its
contents washed back into the beaker. A few drops of a neutral solution
of litmus are now added to the liquid, and the amount of free oxalic acid
remaining in the solution, determined by titrating the mixture back with
a decinormal solution of soda. Every 100 fluid-grains of the oxalic acid
solution neutralized during the combustion, represents 0.14 grains of
nitrogen.

Preparation of the Decinormal Solutions. — A normal, or standard solution
of oxalic acid, is prepared by dissolving 63 grains (one equivalent) of the
pure, dry crystallized acid in pure water and diluting the solution to ex-
actly 1000 fluid-grains.

For the preparation of a normal solution of soda, a freshly-made solu-
tion of caustic soda, free from carbonic acid, is diluted first to a density
of about 1.05, which corresponds to about 3.6 per cent, of soda. 100 fluid-
grains of the normal oxalic acid solution are now measured out into a
beaker, a few drops of a neutral tincture of litmus added, and then the
soda solution gradually added, from a burette, with constant stirring of the
mixture, till the last drop causes a permanent, faint blue coloration. The
strength of the soda solution is now read off, and it is then so diluted that,
when tested, in the manner just described, 100 fluid-grains exactly corres-
pond to a similar quantity of the acid solution.

The decinormal solutions of oxalic acid and soda, are formed by diluting
100 fluid-grains of the respective normal solution to exactly 1000 fluid-
grains.

Sulphur. — The surphur is determined in the manner already described,
in the consideration of the proximate analysis of coal.

The carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash, having been deter-
mined, the oxygen present in the coal, is determined by difference.

ULTIMATE COMPOSITION OF COALS.

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Sulphur

Oxygen

Ash

Totals

Moisture, included in above
Composed of {Hydrogen^-.

75.00
5.80
1.51
0.64

15.96
1.09

100

5.30
0.59
4.71

73.80
5.79
1.62
0.41

16.58
1.90

100

0.65
0.74
5.91

71.48
5.47
1.26
0.57

16.07
5.15

100

7.20
0.80
6.40

81.27
5.66
1.66
6.98
7.08
3.35

100

0.90
0.10
0.80

70.46
5.69
1.82
0.91

18.77
2.35

100

8.50
0.94
7.56

73.48
5.48
1.40
0.68

18.19
0.77

100

8.65
0.98
7.69

79.28
5.92
1.62
2.00
6.18
5.00

100

1.40
0.15
1.25

78.99
5.92
1.58
0.56

11.50
1.45

100

2.47
0.27
2.20

81.24
5.71
1.72
0.98
8.55
1.80

100

1.40
0.15
1.25

50.56
6.43
1.23
0.33

34.85
6.60

100

10.40
1.15
9.25

100

82.31

70.42

0.55

6.50

....

1.65

2.24

1.34

«...

6.89

14.90

13.20

100

2.60
0.29
2.31

No. 1, Haydenvillo Mine, middle seam.
" 2, Nelsonville, O., Brooks' Bank, middle of oentre seam.
" 3, New Straitsville, Perry county Straitsville Mining Co., 3d scam.
" 4, Youghoigheny coal — from Columbus Gas Works.
" 5, Jackson Co., Pigeon Creek, Jacob Soils' lowor seam.
" 6, " " n ' " " " npper "

No. 7, Columbiana county — Joy, Rock & Burnett's Mine.-
" 8, Youngstown, O., Briar Hill ooal, Veatoh's Mine.
" 9, Steubenville, Shaft ooal.
" 10, Peat — Coventry Peat Co., Summit county.
" 11, Coke from " Big vein" coal, Salineville, 0.
" 1,2, Cannel coal, Flint Ridge, Judge Barr's, Licking county.

426 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

SECTION 3. ANALYSIS OP COAL ASH.

For the preparation of the ash, a quantity of the coal sufficient to fur-
nish at least 50 or 60 grains of ash, is burned in a muffle, or large Hessian
crucible, placed obliquely in the furnace, at about the lowest temperature
at which the carbon can be consumed. Excessive heat not only retards
the burning, but also tends to volatilize any alkalies present in the coal.
When the ignition is completed, the ash is finely pulverized and thor-
oughly mixed. There will be required, of the ash :

20 grains for estimation of silica, iron, etc.

5 " " " " sulphuric acid.

5 " " " • " sulphur.

10 " " " " chlorine.

10 " " " " alkalies.

Silicic Acid. — The 20 grains of ash are intimately mixed with two parts
each of pure carbonate of soda and of carbonate of potash, and the mix-
ture fused in a platinum crucible, first over a Brunsen burner, then over
a blow-pipe flame. The crucible, with its contents, is then placed in a
small beaker, covered with water, an excess of Hydrochloric acid added,
and the mixture allowed to digest. When the fused mass has become
disintegrated, the mixture is transferred to an evaporating dish, a few
drops of nitric acid added, and the solution evaporated to dryness on a
water bath. The residue is moistened with a few drops of hydrochloric
acid, allowed to digest half an hour, then treated with four or five fluid
ounces of Water, the mixture gently heated, the liquid filtered, and the
contents of the filter well washed with water, the washings being col-
lected with the first filtrate. The contents of the filter, when ignited,
will represent the amount of silicic acid present in the ash.

The above filtrate and washings may now be diluted to exactly 4,000
fluid-grains.

Sesquioxide of Iron. — From 1,000 fluid-grains of the above solution, the
iron may be determined volnmetrically, by means of a solution of sub-
chloride of copper of known strength, as pointed out hereafter in the anal-
ysis of iron ores.

Alumina. — The alumina may be determined from 1,000 fluid-grains of
the above solution, by the method of Weeren, as detailed hereafter. (See
iron ores).

Lime and Magnesia. — From the remaining 2,000 fluid-grains of the
above solution, the iron and alumina are precipitated by acetate of soda,
(see iron ores) the solution filtered, and the lime and magnesia deter-
mined in the filtrate, in the usual manner.

GEOLOGICAL STXBVEY OF OHIO. 427

Phosphoric Acid. — The foregoing precipitate, caused by the acetate of
soda, is dissolved by nitric acid, and the phosphoric acid precipitated
from the solution by means of a nitric acid solution of molybdate of am-
monia. (See iron ores).

Sulphuric Acid. — For the determination of the sulphurie acid, 5 grains
of the ash are boiled for about half an hour, with two or three ounces of
water containing a few drops of hydrochloric acid. The sulphuric acid
is then precipitated from the filtered solution by excess of chloride of
barium, and the precipitated sulphate of baryta washed, dried and ignited
in the usual manner.

Stdphur. — Five grains of the ash are fused in a platinum crucible, with
a mixture of 2 parts of carbonate of soda and 2 parts of nitrate of pot-
ash ; the fused mass is digested with warm water, and the solution fil-
tered. The filtrate is acidulated with hydrochloric acid, and any sulphuric
acid present precipitated by chloride of barium.

From the amount of sulphate of baryta thus obtained, deduct the
amount obtained in the preceding operation, and from the difference cal-
culate the amount of sulphur present as such.

Chlorine. — This is determined by boiliDg 10 grains of the ash, for about
half an hour, with two or three ounces of water containing a few drops
of nitric acid. The solution is filtered and the chlorine precipitated, from
the cold filtrate, by excess of nitrate of silver. After the addition of the
re-agent, the mixture is moderately heated, to facilitate the separation of
the precipitate.

Soda and Potash. — Ten grains of the ash are fused with 1 part of chlo-
ride of ammonium and 8 parts of carbonate of lime, and the fixed alka-
lies determined in the manner pointed out hereafter in the analysis of
fire clays.

ANALYSES OF COAL ASHES.

#*
§

Pr. cent,
of ash.

Pr. cent,
of coal.

Pr. cent,
of ash.

Pr. cent,
of coal.

Pr. cent,
of ash.

Pr. cent,
of coal.

Pr. cent.
of ash.

Pr. cent,
of coal.

Pr. cent,
of ash.

Pr. cent,
of coal.

Pr. cent,
of ash.

Pr. cent,
of coal.

58.75
2.09

35.30
1.20
0.68
1.08
0.13
0.24
0.41
trace.

3.026
0.108
1.819
0.062
0.035
0.056
0.007
0.013
0.022
trace.

55.10

13.33

27.10

1.85

0.27

1.00

0.41

0.58

0.22

trace.

4.380
. 1.060
2.155
0.147
0.022
0.079
0.033
0.046
0.018
trace.

49.10
3.68

38.60
4.53
0.16
1.10
2.23
0.07
0.14
trace.

1.645
0.123
1.293
0.152
0.005
0.037
0.075
0.002
0.005
trace.

44.60
7.40

41.10
3.61
1.28
1.82
0.29
0.58
0.03

1.048
0.174
0.965
0.085
0.030
0.043
0.007
0.014
0.0007

37.40
9.73

40.77
6.27
1.60
1.29
0.51
1.99
0.08

0.2880
0.0749
0.3139
0.0483
0.0123
0.0099
0.0039
0.0153
0.0006

46.52

12.15

36.80

1.59

0.12

1.86

0.25

0.10

0.35

trace.

2.326

0.608

1.840

0.079

0.006

0.093

0.012

0.005

0.018

trace.

Total

99.88

5.148

99.86

7.940

99.61

3,337

100.71

2.3667

99.64

0.7670

99.74

4.987

No. 1. New Straitsville, Perry co., Straitsville Mining Co., 3d layer,

2. " " " " " 4th layer.

3. Youghiogheny coal, Columbus Gas Works.

No. 4. Jackson co., Pigeon Creek, Jacob Sells, lower layer.

5. " " " upper layer.

6. Columbiana co., Joy, Rook and Burnett's Mine.

o
o

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

429

Composition of the Aqueous extract of Goals.

1,000 grains each of the following coals were finely pulverized and
digested at the boiling temperature for five hours, with 5,000 fluid grains
of pure water. The aqueous solution contained for 100 parts of coal :

Sesquioxide of iron.
Lime

Potash and soda .
Phosphoric acid .
Sulphuric acid...
Chlorine

Total.

0.0008
0.0120
0.0128
0.0100
0.0025
0.0096
0.0052

©.0529

0.0170
0.0180
0.0083
0.0095
trace.
0.0364
undetermined.

0.0892

No. 1. Straitsville Mining Co., New Straitsville, 3d layer.
No. 2. Straitsville Mining Co., New Straitsville, 4th layer.

IRON OEES.

METHOD OP ANALYSIS.

Before proceeding with the analysis of the ore, the specific gravity of
an average portion may be determined. This is most conveniently done
by means of Nicholson's hydrometer.

Preparation of the sample. — A comparatively large quantity of the ore,
so taken as to represent the average quality of the sample, is coarsely
powdered in a steel (not iron) mortar, and the whole intimately mixed.
About 100 grains or more of the mixture are now finely pulverized in the
mortar, after which a portion of the mass, not less than fifty grains, is
thoroughly ground in an agate mortar. The ground powder is then dried
at 212° F.

Of the dried powder there will be required :

25 grains for solution.

10 grains for estimation of hydratic water and sulphur.

10 grains for estimation of carbonic acid, when present.

1. Determination of SUiea. — Treat 25 grains of the dried powder with
excess of pure hydrochloric acid, and allow the mixture to digest for
some hours, or longer if required to effect solution. This digestion may
be done either in a flask, or, which will save evaporation of the liquid
necessary to wash out the flask, in an evaporating dish kept covered with

430 GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OF OHIO.

a glass plate. Solution of the mineral may be hastened by gently heating
the mixture.

In the case of some ores it is exceedingly difficult, or even impossible,
to effect complete solution of the iron by means of hydrochloric acid
alone. Ores of this character may be fused with about three times their
weight of anhydrous carbonate of soda, the fused mass digested in water,
and the solution acidulated with hydrochloric acid.

The acid mixture obtained by either of these methods is new evaporated
to dryness on a water bath, first adding, in case any of the iron exists as
protoxide, 30 or 40 drops of nitric acid. Moisten the dry residue with
hydrochloric acid, add sufficient water, filter and thoroughly wash the
residue, taking care to preserve the filtrate and washings. The contents
of the filter may now be dried, ignited and weighed. This weight will
represent the amount of silica present.

The above filtrate and washings may now be diluted to exactly 2500
fluid-grains. Bach 100 fluid-grains will then correspond to 1 grain of the
dried ore, less the silica.

(A). Treat 1000 fluid grains of the diluted filtrate (=10 grains of ore)
in a beaker, With a solution of carbonate of ammonia until the mixture is
perfectly neutral and the precipitate produced by the last drop of the
reagent very slowly disappears. The mixture will now have a deep claret
color. Now heat the mixture on a sand bath to the boiling temperature
and add excess of a fresh solution of acetate of soda, to precipitate the
iron, alumina and phosphoric acid. Then diminish the heat somewhat
and allow the precipitate to subside, when, if the operation has been suc-
cessful, the supernatant liquid will be perfectly colorless. As soon as the
precipitate has subsided, and while the mixture is still hot, decant the
clear liquid upon a filter, wash the precipitate in the beaker With hot
water, then transfer it to the filter and again wash with hot water.

The filter will now contain the iron, alumina and phosphoric acid pres-
ent in the ore, whilst the filtrate will contain any manganese, lime and
magnesia present.

2. Phosphoric Acid. — Dissolve the contents Of the filter, while still
moist and on the filter, in diluted nitric acid, collecting the solution in a
small beaker; concentrate the solution to 200 or 300 fluid grains, then
add excess of a nitric acid solution of molybdate of ammonia containing
1 part of molybdie acid in 25 parts of liquid ; 100 fluid grains of such
solution will precipitate about 0.325 grains of phosphoric acid, corres-
ponding to 1.25 per cent, of the ore. Now gently warm the mixture to
about 100 deg., and then allow it to stand from 12 to 24 hours. To make
sure that the whole of the phosphoric acid has been precipitated, a drop

GEOLOGICAL STJBTEY OP OHIO. 431

or two of the clear liquid is gently warmed in a small test tube with sev-
eral drops of the molybdic acid eolation.

Collect the phosphoric acid precipitated on a filter, and wash it with
water containing a little of the molybdic acid solution, then dissolve it,
on the filter, in diluted ammonia, and wash out the beaker, in which the
phosphoric acid had been precipitated, with water containing a little am-
monia, which is also passed through the filter. The ammoniacal solution
is now heated in a small beaker to the boiling temperature, the phos-
phoric acid precipitated by the ordinary magnesian mixture (prepared
according to Fresenius), and the whole allowed to stand 24 hours. The
precipitate is then collected on a filter and washed with water containing
a little ammonia, then dried and ignited, when the phosphoric acid will
remain as pyrophosphate of magnesia. On multiplying the weight of the
ignited precipitate by 6.396, the product will represent the per cent, of
phosphoric acid present in the ore.

3. Manganese. — Concentrate the filtrate, from the precipitate produced
by acetate of soda, on a sand bath to about 1000 fluid grains, then trans-
fer it to a small flask, add ammonia in excess, then excess of a yellow
solution of sulphuret of ammonium, to precipitate the manganese as
sulphuret ; cork the flask and allow it to stand until the precipitate has
completely subsided. Collect the precipitate on a filter and wash it with
water containing sulphuret of ammonium, reserving the filtrate and
washings for the determination of lime and magnesia. Dissolve the
washed precipitate in water containing sufficient hydrochloric acid to
effect solution, and to the clear solution add excess of carbonate of soda,
which will precipitate the manganese as carbonate ; heat the mixture to
the boiling temperatuae for a few minutes, allow the precipitate to sub-
side, then collect it on a filter, wash, dry and ignite. The ignited residue
will contain the manganese as protosesquioxide.

4. Lime. — Treat the above filtrate and washings, obtained from the
salphuret of manganese precipitate, with slight excess of hydrochloric
acid, and heat the mixture until it no longer evolves the odor of sulphur-
etted hydrogen. Filter off the separated sulphur, treat the filtrate with
slight excess of ammonia, then heat it quite hot, and to the hot solution
add excess of oxalate of ammonia. Allow the mixture to cool and stand
for from 12 to 24 hours, that the oxalate of lime may completely subside ;
collect the precipitate on a filter and wash it, reserving the filtrate and
washings for the determination of any magnesia present.

Dry the washed precipitate, and separate it, as far as practicable, from
the filter ; burn the filter, with any adhering salt, and moisten the ash
with carbonate of ammonia solution, then gently heat, to expel any excess
of the ammonia salt added. Now add any of the precipitate separated

432 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

from the filter to the contents of the crucible, and carefully heat to very
dull redness, until the whole of the lime salt is converted into carbonate
of lime. The crucible is then allowed to cool, and the weight of its con-
tents determined.

5. Magnesia. — Evaporate the above filtrate, from which the oxalate of
lime was separated, to about 1000 fluid-grains, and, when cold, render it
strongly alkaline with ammonia ; then add excess of phosphate of soda,
to precipitate the magnesia as ammonia phosphate of magnesia. Allow
the mixture to stand until the precipitate has completely separated, which
will require from twelve to twenty-four hours. Collect the precipitate on
a filter of known ash, wash it with water containing ammonia, then dry,
ignite and weigh.

If the weight of the pyrophosphate of magnesia thus obtained, be
multiplied by 7.567, the product will represent the percent, of carbonate
of magnesia in the one, when present as such.

(B). 6. Alumina. — The small amount of alumina usually present in
iron ores may be estimated by means of hyposulphite of soda, as first
advised by Chancel. In the presence of larger quantities of alumina,
however, this method is not satisfactory, at least not according to our
experience, as will be pointed out hereafter.

For this purpose 500 fluid-grains of the original solution (=5 grs. of ore)
are rendered perfectly neutral with carbonate of soda ; then a solution of
hyposulphite of soda (1 : 5) is added in just sufficient quantity to reduce
the peroxide of iron present, when the mixture becomes colorless ; a drop
or two more of the carbonate of soda solution are now added, and then
slight excess of the hyposulphite of soda. The mixture is now heated and
kept at about the boiling temperature, in a covered beaker on a sand-
bath, for several hours, a little water being occasionally added, if necessary,
to compensate for that evaporated.

The alumina will now be precipitated in the form of a granular powder,
together with some sulphur resulting from the decomposition of the re-
agent ; the alumina may, however, carry down a little sulphuric acid. The
hot solution is filtered and the precipitate washed with hot water, then
dried, ignited and weighed.

(C). 7. Iron. — 250 fluid-grains of the original solution may be em-
ployed for the determination of the iron present. This may be estimated
volumetrically, either (a) by means of a standard solution of sub-chloride
of copper, as advised by Winkler ; or (b) by a standard solution of per-
manganate of potash, as first proposed by Marguerite.

(a). Sub-chloride of copper method. — To apply this method, dilute the
250 fluid-grains, of the original solution, with from ten to twenty parts of
water (1 to 2 of iron in 5000 liquid), add three or four drops of a solution

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 433

of sulphocyanide of potassium (1:100), then add the standard solution of
sub-chloride of copper from a burette, until the red color of the solution
has entirely disappeared and a permanent turbidity of sub-sulphocyanide
of copper appears, the mixture being freely stirred during the operation.

Knowing the strength of the sub-chloride of copper solution employed,
the amount of iron present is readily calculated. It is, of course, neces-
sary that all the iron present be in the state of sesqui-chloride before
titration.

The standard copper solution is prepared by dissolving sheet-copper in
nitric acid, expelling the excess of acid by heat, and dissolving the residue
in water containing hydrochloric acid. This solution is mixed in a capa-
cious flask with a quantity of common salt something more than equal the
weight of the copper salt present, and some slips of copper added. The
liquid is then boiled until the solution is nearly colorless, and all the
chloride of copper has been changed to sub-chloride. The flask is then
corked, allowed to cool, and then the solution diluted with water contain-
ing hydrochloric acid, until about 160 fluid-grains correspond to one grain
of iron, its exact strength being carefully determined by titration with a
solution of iron of known strength each time it is used.

The solution should be preserved in a bottle containing a spiral of thick
copper wire, the bottle being tightly closed and excluded from the light.
For use it is convenient to have a portion of the solution in a bottle
mounted similar to an ordinary wash bottle, keeping the apertures well
closed when not in use.

(6). Permanganate of potash method. — This method requires the iron to
be present in the form of a proto-combination. For this purpose treat 250
fluid-grains of the iron solution with excess of sulphuric acid, and evaporate
the mixture to dryness on a water-bath, to entirely expel the chlorine ;
re-dissolve the residue in water containing sulphuric acid; then place the
solution in a long-necked flask provided with a tightly-fitting cork and
bent tube, suspend in the liquid, by means of a platinum wire, a piece of
zinc free from iron, and conduct the hydrogen evolved into water, to pre-
vent the ingress of air into the flask. Allow the decomposition to proceed
until the liquid has become colorless, and the whole of the iron has been
reduced to the state of protoxide. The action of the zinc may be hastened
by the application of a gentle heat.

When the reduction is complete, withdraw the zinc and wash it, by
means of a wash-bottle, adding the washings to the contents of the flask,
which again close, and allow to cool. As soon as the solution has cooled,
it is, if not already so, rendered very strongly acid with dilute sulphuric
acid ; then, if necessary, it is so diluted as to contain about one grain of

434 GEOLOGIOAIi SURVEY OP OHIO.

iron in 1000 fluid-grains of liquid. A solution of permanganate of potash
of known strength is now added, from a burette, to the liquid in the flask
until the last drop occasions a distinct red coloration. From the amount
of the permanganate solution required, the quantity of iron present is
readily determined.

From the per cent, of metallic iron indicated by either of the above
methods, the amount of sesquioxide of the metal present in the ore, if it
exists wholly as such, is readily determined by multiplying the amount of
iron found by ten and dividing the product by seven.

If the iron exists partly in combination with c*bonic acid, the quantity
of the latter is determined, and after satisfying any lime and magnesia
present in excess over the phosphoric acid found, the amount of iron re-
quired by the remaining carbonic acid may be calculated as protoxide and
any excess of iron put down as sesquioxide. It is readily admitted that
this arrangement may not always represent the true form of combination
of these different constituents.'

Gravimetric method. — If it be desired to estimate the iron gravimetri-
cally — which is sometimes necessary, and always, perhaps, more satisfac-
tory — the filtered liquid from which the alumina was precipitated by
hyposulphite of soda, may be gently boiled with slight excess of nitric
acid, to decompose any excess of the hyposulphite added and peroxide the
iron present ; the solution is then filtered, and the sesquioxide of iron pre-
cipitated from the filtrate by ammonia. The precipitate is now collected,
washed, ignited and weighed. Since, however, as intimated above, the
hyposulphite of soda may fail to precipitate the whole of the alumina
present, the precipitate produced by ammonia may contain some of that
base, and thus the amount of sesquioxide of iron be over-estimated.

A number of comparative experiments were made with the method of
precipitating alumina, in the presence of iron, by means of hyposulphite
of soda, the conditions being variously changed in regard to degree of
dilution and in other respects ; but in all cases, when a not inconsiderable
quantity of alumina was present, the filtrate would become turbid, from
the separation of fresh portions of alumina, as often as it was heated.
When the solution was left slightly acid before the addition of the re-
agent, the precipitation of the alumina was less complete and the precip-
itate carried down more sulphuric acid, than when a perfectly neutral
solution was employed.

From these experiments, the three following, in which the solution was
first neutralized, may be cited. The first column of the table gives the
amount of alumina present in the solution; the second, the length of
time the mixture was heated ; third, the weight of the precipitate after
ignition over a Brunsen burner ; and the fourth, its weight after expul-

GEOLOGICAL STXBVET OP OHIO.

435

sion of the sulphuric acid, by ignition over blow-pipe flame. The second
portion of the table gives the results of the examination of the filtrate
obtained from the precipitate :

Heated
for:

Wt. of
precipit'e.

Wt. after
sulphuric
acid ex-
pelled.

Filtrate.

Quantity of
alumina present.

Heated
for:

Wt. of
precipit'e.

Wt. after
sulphuric
acid ex-
pelled.

Total
alumina
recov'd.

1. 0.048 grains .-

2. 0.48 " ..

3. 1.44 " -

9 hours.
9 hours.
9 hours.

0.043

0.50

1.468

0.042

0.42

1.29

6 hours.
6 hours.

0.07
0.095

0.055 0.475
0.095 j 1.385

From these experiments, it would appear that the method was not
adapted for the precipitation of alumina when the solution contains over
about half a grain ; and even then, it requires prolonged digestion for its
complete separation. It would also appear that the precipitate first pro-
duced may carry down a quantity of sulphuric acid about equal to the
alumina left in the solution, which, in fact, we found to be the case in
several instances. In cases in which this method is adapted, it is very
convenient, on account of the ease with which the granular precipitate is
washed, and the facility with which the iron may be recovered from the
filtrate.

For the separation and estimation of iron and alumina, we have found
the following method, first in principle advised by Weeren, very satis-
factory :

Place the solution in a flask, and add sufficient tartaric acid to prevent
the precipitation of the iron and alumina by ammonia; now add chloride
of ammoninm, then excess of ammonia, and finally excess of sulphuret of
ammonium, to precipitate the iron as sulphuret. Tightly cork the flask,
which should be filled to the neck, and allow it to stand until the precip-
itate has subsided and the supernatant liquid has become perfectly clear
and colorless. Xow transfer a portion, of the clear liquid to a filter,
placed in a ground-edged filtering funnel, close the mouth of the funnel
with a glass plate pierced in its center with a small opening, through
which pass the stem of a small funnel-tube sufficiently long to reach near
the bottom of the filter ; through this small funnel add the balance of the
liquid and the precipitate, and wash the precipitate with water contain-
ing sulphuret of ammonium. In this manner" the precipitate may be
transferred and washed without at any time being brought in direct con-
tact with the air. It is well, however, to collect the washings separately,
in case any of the iron should become oxydized and color the liquid.

436 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

By this method, the whole of the iron will be collected upon the filter,
in the form of sulphuret; whilst any alumina present will be in the
filtrate.

To recover the iron, dissolve the precipitated snlphuret in hydrochloric
acid containing a little nitric acid, heat the mixture until complete oxida-
tion has been effected, then filter the solution, and precipitate the iron
from the filtrate by ammonia. The precipitated sesquioxide of iron is
then washed, dried, ignited, and weighed.

To recover the alumina from the above filtrate and washings, concen-
trate the liquid, in a porcelain dish, to a small volume, then transfer it to
a platinum dish, add excess of about equal parts of carbonate of soda
and nitrate of potash, cautiously evaporate to dryness on a sand-bath,
and fuse the residue, to destroy the carbonaceous matter. Dissolve the
fused mass in water containing a little hydrochloric acid, filter if neces-
sary, add chloride of ammonium, then excess of ammonia to precipitate
the alumina, which dry, ignite, and weigh.

8. Combined Water. — When the ore is a pure hydrated sesquioxide, the
combined water may be estimated by heating 10 grains of the powder,
thoroughly dried at 212°, to dull redness for ten or fifteen minutes, when
the loss of weight will indicate the amount ' of hydratic water present.
When the ore contains any of the iron in the form of carbonate, or there
are present any earthy carbonates, the combined water should be esti-
mated directly, by heating the dried powder in a hard glass tube, in a
slow current of perfectly dry air, and collecting the expelled water in a
chloride of calcium tube of known weight.

9. Sulphur. — Fuse the 10 grains of the dried ore employed for the esti-
mation of the combined water, with twice its weight each of carbonate
of soda and nitrate of potash, in a platinum crucible ; extract the fused
mass with water, filter, acidulate the filtrate with hydrochloric acid, and
digest on a sand-bath until the oxides of nitrogen are entirely expelled,
then precipitate the sulphuric acid present by chloride of barium. When
the precipitate has completely subsided, collect it on a filter, wash, and
ignite, with the filter ; wash the residue, first with a few drops of diluted
hydrochloric acid, then with a little water, and again ignite. If the
weight of the sulphate of baryta thus obtained be multiplied by 1.373,
the product will represent the per cent, of sulphur present in the ore.
It must be borne in mind that the sulphur may be present in the ore, in
part at least, in the form of sulphuric acid. When it exists in this form,
the amount of the acid is determined, and also the total quantity of sul-
phur present, and the excess of the latter, over that required for the
sulphuric acid, calculated.

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF OHIO. 437

10. Carlonic Acid. — This, when present, is very readily determined,
from 10 grains of the dry ore, by means of Rose's carbonic acid appara-
ratus, the weight of the charged apparatus being carefully ascertained,
and its weight again determined after the entire expulsion of the car
bonic acid, the last portions of which are removed from the apparatus by
drawing a proper quantity of air through it.

In the case of some carbonated ores, it requires fully twenty-four hours,
or even longer, for the complete elimination of the carbonic acid. The
end of the exit tube should be so fused as to leave only a very narrow
passage for the escape of the carbonic acid, and the apparatus should be
occasionally weighed until it no longer loses its weight. In an experi-
ment in which the results were very closely observed, the apparatus did
not reach its maximum loss until the end of forty hours ; its weight then
remained about constant for several days, varying at most only a few
hundredths of a grain.

We will now append, in tabular form, the results of the analyses of the
iron ores thus far examined. Of 82 Ohio ores examined, 35 were hydra-
ted sesquioxides ; 43 carbonates, and 4 black-band ores. The amount of
metallic iron found in the sesquioxides varied from 37.17 to to 61.52 per
cent., the mean average of 30 samples being 47.82 per cent. In the ores
classed as carbonates, the metallic iron varied from 21.48 to 45.09 per
cent., the mean average being 33.65 per cent. The mean average iron
found in the black-band ores was 31.06 per cent.

438

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

TABLE I.— IRON OEES.

Hydrated Sesquioxides.

Specific gravity

Combined water

Silicious matter

Sesquioxide of iron

Alumina

Oxide of manganese . . .

Phosphate of lime

Carbonate of lime

Phosphate of magnesia
Carbonate of magnesia
Sulphur

Total

Metallic iron. . .,

Phosphoric acid

2.529

10.10

12.44

64.59

2.60

5.90

2.95

1.00

99.58

45.20
1.

2.653

13.42

24.40

60.75

trace,

trace.

0.89

trace.

0.38

99.84

42.53
trace.

3.708

2.78

26.14

60.75

3.30

trace.

2.32

4.69

trace.

99.98

42.53
trace.

4. 5.

2.685

8.40

38.06

49.34

0.90

1.40

0.75

0.11

trace.

99.71

34.54
0.76

2.796

11.70

26.64

56.75

1.40

1.46

0.75

100.10

39.73
0.67

4.554

1.20
10.60
78.90

7.70

00
"66
0.25

55.23
00

3.260

7.80

0.37

66.87

trace

2.92

7.81

12.62

1.47

trace.

99.61

46.81
3.5£

3.018

10.60
1.55

78.75
2.64
0.80
2.88
00
0.98
0.63
0.12

98.95

55.12

1.85

2.714

8.90

25.60

59.03

*2.15

2.40

1.10

0.70

trace.

99.88

41.31
1.21

* Alumina, 1.56; Phosphate of Alumina, 0.59.

. 1.

Ore two miles south-west of Jackson C: H.

Hocking county, Union Furnace, supposed to eontain phosphorus.

Guernsey county, Batesville, upper seam.

Jackson county, G. W. Parsons' conglomerate ore.

Holmes county, Washington township.

Washington county, Dutton's farm.

Vinton county, lands of Vinton Furnace Company.

" 9. Perry county, Latta farm, Great Vein Mining Company.

TABLE II.— IRON ORES.
Hydraied SesqitioxUlen.

Vinton county, Wm. Craig's ore

MoArthur, E. Time's black ore

Star Furnace, limestone oro No. 1

" " blook ore No. ;i

Buckeye Furnace, Dr. Williams' best limestone ova

" " " good "

" " " dark roil "

" " " shaly "

Vinton Station, Pat McAllister's limestone ore, bottom block
" " " " middlo "■

" •' " " top "

" '• " fine block ore

" " " little line block oro

" " " rod block oro

Lawrence county, Vesuvius Furnace, limestone ore

Jackson county, J. Anthony, ore on blue limestone

New Lisbon, II. C. Bowen, shell of oro

Tuscarawas Iron and Coal Co., calcined mountain ore

" " " " shell ore

Millorsbnrgh, oro ovor Saunders' coal

Tuscarawas Iron and Coal Co., calcined black band oro

Fossill ore, Wisconsin

S P

CO M)

2.814
3.182
3.268
2.774
2.980
2.868
2.983
2.704
2.709
2.307
3.333
3.018
2.287
2.682
3.066

3.211
3.311
4.076
2.272
3.411
3.031

7.50

10.20

10.50

.11.30

10.40

11.90

7.40

11.10

12.65

8.90

7.50

7.75

11.60

8.75

5.60

12.20

10.55

2.65

2.28

11.4E

0.25

9.85

la*

6.49

21.71

5.90

9.16

5.84

1.02

3.44

23.64

17.26

22.16

(5.04

10.04

13.08

43.46

2.00

7.64

11.25

13.08

8.46

30.18

17.02

5.39

oa 3

83.74
65.00
79.70
74.63
79.40
72.01
87.89
62.69
65.65
60.86
79.37
78.74
72.43
45.95
77.70
72.20
71.88
42.50
75.00
50.96
75.00
71.26

0.70
0.20
0.04
1.20
0.40
0.40
00
0(1

o.or

0.30

3.20

1.20

trace.

0.60

2.8(1

0.60

4.80

traoe.
0.95
1.15
1.15
1.9C
l.Of
0.10
0.07
1.40
3.95
1.75
1.75
1.10
0.50
1.90
2.15
1.90
2.20
1.85
1.20
1.65

traco.

g
II

0.12

0.39
0.97

[0.52
0.40
9.75

trace.

traco.

0.55

0.12

2.9!:

0.51

0.20

12.76

1.30

1.96

31.85

5.94

1.30

2.80

4.1

3 S

o a

0.30
0.7C!

0.52
0.76
0.68
1.59
0.62
0.75
1.28
0.83
0.56
0.64
83
0.50
traco,
0.72
0.31
5.63
3.64
0.76
1.48
0.97

1
-a

00 •
©rrf

P-4 CS

0.95
00
0.38
0.83
0.64
0.46
0.41
0.75
0.21
2.52
0.91
0.22
0.25
0.97
00
0.83
0.51
0.05
1.26
0.64
0.77
3.23

u
I
1

0.06

traoe,

trace,

trace.
0.12
0.14

trace.

trace.
0.10

trace.
00
00

trace.

trace.
0.21
0.08
0.22
0.12

trace.

traco.
0.10

99.86
99 29
99.16
99.55
99.88
99.52
99.86
99.00
99.15
99.34
99.68
99.44
99.84

100.33
99.9C

100.45
99.64
98.23

99.ir
99.29
99.57
99.77

58.62
45.50
55.79
52.24
55.58
50.83
61.52
43.88
45.95
42.60
55.5(5
55.12
50.70
32.17
54.39
50.54
50.32
29.75
52.50
35.67
52.50
49.90

o
o

TABLE III.— IRON ORES.
Carbonates.

Br
OQ

43
4*
03

_o
[o

a
o

■s

a
o

-2

cS
O

as R

1
pi

i— 1

■

3 »
O a

o5
.|

a
o

■g

c ■

43 13

li
Si

□

o
O

o
H

a
2

• tH

■a

o
.4

Gebhatt's Station, ore in conglomerate shales

3.321
3.31?

3.439
3.583
3.585
3.1^5
318"

14.60

18.17

26.32

7.52

15.42

0.62

9.00

6.62

18.86

31.64

61.92

28.02

9.66

11.94

10.72

18.80

22.72

18.84

33.68

13.28

42.58
64.70
40.91
68.44
63.27
58.39
66.01
68.53
35.51
38.74
18.82
42.34
E9.79
56.23
54.59
36.98
47.48
55 36
32.29
52.07

10.50

9.18

24.37

13.51

7.72

22.79

5.35

5.31

17.48

6.66

5.83

12.18

10.02

12.34

20.91

23.13

15.81

13.53

18.44

25.40

1.50
0.60
0.60
0.59
0.75
3.03
1.40
1.90
2.10
0.20
0.30
0.90
0.80
0.50
00
00
2.00
0.90
1.00
0.10

trace.
1.40
1.05
0.13
1.55
3.10
3.45
3.10
0.25
3.35
0.14
1.15
0.40
1.70
0.80
1.50
0.80
1.25
1.50
0.40

13.40
0.24
trace.
0.76
0.87
1.24
4.19
7.11
9.02
0.71
0.61
2.49
1.11
1.74
1.13
7.97
6.55
1.53
0.32
0.06

10.04
4.60
4.20
6.12
5.40
6.00
4.05
4.63
6.67
8.16
1.86

11.78
8.59
6.23
7.46
2.16
2.72
1.30
1.19

2.73
1.97
2.65
2.11
3.44
3.12
2.27
1.44
3.63
4.81
2.19
2.87
6.39
5.33
5.45
2.12
1.74
5.14
1.59
0.64

0.10

trace.
0.15
0.12
0.95
0.43
0.35
0.18
0.96
0.16
1.20

trace.

0.07

0.14

0.78

4.65

""66
1.10

3.77

6.25
4.85
8.11

8.76

0.78
00

1.89

*8.73

6.12

100.00
99.96

100.10
99.33
99.70
99.24
99.92
98.99
99.86

100.08
99.94
99.91
99.95
99.15
99.83
99.83
99.33
99.41
99.63
99.26

26.69
37.18
36.81
41.89
38.91
44.14
35.61
36.01
29.46
23.23
12.30
28.97
35.88
35.88
40.99
34.03
34.00
36.19
28.50
42.91

6.14
0.11

Lawrence Co., Vesuvius Furnace, blue limstone ore

trace
0-35
0.38

" " brown "

0.57

1 99!

" No. 2

3.529
2.360
3.000
3.666
3.207
3.188
2.539
3.275
3.692
3428
3.298
3.296

3.26

" No. 3

413

" block ore No. 4

0.32

" Little Beaver black band ore

Aster Farm, kidney ore in black band

0.28
1.14

New Lisbon, McClymond ore over coal . .

0.51

Washingtonville, Whittler's nodular ore

0.79

Wayne Co., ore above Kirkendale's coal

0.52

Holmes Co., ore under Mote's coal No. 2

3.64

" " " in ravines

" " Uhl'scoal

3.00
0.70

015

" Ellison

3.692

0.03

o
o

"Organic matter.

TABLE IV.— IRON ORES.

Carlonatoa.

Locality.

a
1

«M
O

■a
§

•8
•3
P

m H
a) 9

o §

6
J

■s

■a
§

«H

□

,2 cB

TO rt)

o a

1
o

<o
<u
■oS
P

.a
1

■a

■8

§
o

Vinton county, Wm, Craig's oro, lower 5 in. of 15 in. soam
G-ephart's Station, just above Conglomerate ore

3.516
3.000
3.1C9
3.551
4.872
3.375
3.245

"3.058
3.342

3.184
3.339
3.254
3.132

2-984
3.22fi

3.93
57.58
11.47

7.54
31.5C

8.84
23.36

8.56

9.20
12.23

8.96
26.22
15.00

1.72
17.28
45.30
19.02

70.10
10.20
64.09
73.38
34.01
55.99
48.44
25.68
68.08
70.68
64.17
27.99
32.40
3C.33
38.38
32.00
51.78

11.16
26.66
13.98

9.66
13.55
13.91
13.16
46.65

7.60

"V.66
19.84
21.57
34.05
19.59
8.43
11.00

0.0
traco
trace
0.24
2.60
0.30
0.80
1.00
1.60
0.40
2.60
2.90
5.30
0.60
1.10
0.60
1.20

trace
0.70
0.65
2.00
0.45
0.55
0.25
1.45
2.80
1.65
1.35
0.90
1.60
0.40
0.90

traco
2.55

4.10
trace
3.31
2.50
9.25
4.70
4.90
3.57
5.20
7.00
7.35
8.75
15.15
7.86
8.93
6.50
5.70

6.17
0.48
5.50
2.04
1.40
2.38
0.81
5.60
4.76
5.54
6.50
5.41
3.52
5.37
6.13
3.40
1.82

0.42
0.07
0.10
0.21
0.89
0.53
0.06
0.38
0.59
0.01
0.86
1.53
4.37
0.57
0.99
0.48
0.70

0.03

0.59
0.36
0.12
*8.33
0.16
2.53
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.14
0.40
2.20
0.02
0.09
0.22

1.77
4.10

1.24
3.25
3.33
3.20
4.38

2.C5

5.46

"8.75
6.10
3.39

5.88

98,18
99.87
99.69
99.17
97.08
98.86
95.14
99.80
100.03
100.33
99.57
99.13
99.32
98.45
99.42
99.35
99.93

42.00
23.62

Jackson county, Star Furnace, Blue oro

40.68

" " " • '< Kidnoy ore

42.29

Buckeye Furnace, Dr. Williams, Blue carbonate

25.91

" " earthy Blue carbonate

36.77
32.59

Zaleski Furnace ore, exposed 2 years!

New^Lisbon, H. C. Bowen, nucleus of oro

Summit county, Greentown, on limestone over Coal No. Si

Columbiana county, Lesley's Bun

45.09
38.21
34.18
30.31
27.40

Wayne county, in Coal Measures

30.74

41.80

Tuscarawas county, Fairfield Mountain oro

32.23

New Lisbon, Daniel ] Iarbaugh

21.48

32.56

Sulphuric acid (Sulphur=3.33).

442

GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OP OHIO.

TABLE 5.— IKON ORES.
Carbonates.

3.540

3.833

2-.675

3.200

3.600

3.118

39.62
15.07

7'.07
0.60
0.38
6.95
24.21
0.48
0.18
3.70
1.74

40.67

8.54
0.54

i'.oe

1.33

21.72

20.80

0.75

040
I 4.19

19.48
4.01

62"60
7.15

L55

37.22
3.64

1.20
0.60
2.40
2.16
18.82
27.00

440
2~56

37.36

13.30

4.30

2*90

2.77

5.32

28.10 '

Trace

5.70

0.25

Totals

100
41.37

100
37.59

17*99

100
31.50

100

38.87

27.04

No. 1, Perry county, Henry Hazleton's first layer.
" 2, " " " " second"

" 3, " " " " third "

" 4, Snow Fork, James Hawkin's farm, below Nelsonville coal.
" 5, Perry county, Ed. Davison's land, on top of Maxville limestone.
" 6, " " Henry Welch's landed layer..,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

413

TABLE 6.— IROX OEES.
Black-band Ores.

Specific gravity

Volatile matter

Silicious matter

Carbonate of lime

Sesquioxide of iron

Alumina

Oxide of manganese ..

Phosphate of lime

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of magnesia
Sulphur

Totals

Metallic iron

Phosphoric acid

2.494

30.50

11.84

43.26

8.94

Trace

1.00

Trace

1.8:

2.03

0.18

2.321 I 2.341

:e I

21.10

26.22

34.69

10.42

0.70

1.70

1.07

2.00

1.84

0.11

99.62
27.12
Trace

99.85

24.06

0.49

11.70

30.32

39.31

9.50

i'io

1.20
2.86
2.50
0.31

99.00

25.63

0.55

3.371

16.28

4.30

20.59

53.54

0.30

1.80

Trace

1.78

1.36

Trace

99.95
47.42
Trace

Xo. 1, Mahoning county, Mineral Point, Black-band ore.
" 2, Tuscarawas " Canal Dover, " "

" 3, " " Fairfield, " "

" 4, Holmes " John Simmons, 8 ft. vein.

FUEXAOE SLAGS.

The chemical analysis of furnace slags, or cinders, may be conducted
in essentially the same manner as that of iron ores. Twenty-fire grains
of the finely pulverized slag are fused with two parts of carbonate of
soda and two parts of carbonate of potash, and the fused mass employed
for the determination of the silica, iron, alumina, manganese, lime, mag-
nesia and phosphoric acid.

Ten grains of the powder are fused with two parts of carbonate of
soda and two parts of nitrate of potash, for the determination of any
sulphur present.

For the determination of the fixed alkalies, if present, ten grains of the
powder are fused with carbonate of lime, in the manner pointed out here-
after, under the examination of fire-clays.

FURNACE SLAGS.

*■

54.50

trace.

15.60

3.10

28.00

1.94

trace.

0.53

52.00

8.88
18.40

2.20
16.24

1.25
trace.

0.48

52.50

trace.

18.40

2.40

21.78

1.65

trace.

1.12

30.00

65.04

.1.20

1.60

0.20

trace.

1.24

trace.

29.60

*67.02

2.40

trace.

0.44

trace.

.0.54

trace.

34.80
0.56

23.00
1.15

38.19
1.37
0.32
1.01

39.12
0.35

22.40
1.10

34.78

1.66

0.25

trace.

44.68
0.55

22.40
1.30

29.23
1.08
0.24
0.05

51.75
1.57

19.97
1.70

19.81

1.95

0.43

trace.

2.42

37.30
0.85

20.36
trace.

26.54

12.38
0.04
1.24
0.61

41.50

2.25

21.90

25.31

7.03

0.50

1.50

Totals

100.67

99.45

98.85

99.28
50.59

100.00
52.65

99.90

99.86

99.53

99.90

99.32

99 79

Metallic iron.

No.

1. Bnekeyc Furnace, cinder No. 1, best.

2. " " " 2, poorest.

3. " " " 3, yellow — contains sulphur.

4. Ironton Rolling Mill, fix cinder.

5. " " flue cinder.

6. Star Furnace cinder, producing No. 1 grey iron.

64.67 protoxide plus 2.35 metallic.
No.

7. Star Furnace cinder, producing No. 2 iron.

8. " " " mottled iron.

9. Washington Furnace cinder, produced in making mill iron.

10. Newberg Furnace, slag No. 1. "

11. " " 2.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 445

FIEE-CLAYS.

METHOD OF ANALYSIS.

An average portion of the clay is reduced to very fine powder, and
dried, at 212° F. Of the dried powder, there will be required 10 grains
for the determination of the silicic acid, and the metals present ; and 10
grains for the estimation of the combined water and fixed alkalies.

Silicic acid. — Fuse 10 grains of the dry powder with twice its weight
each of carbonate of soda and carbonate of potash; treat the fused mass
with water, add excess of hydrochloric acid, .and allow the mixture to
digest. Now add a few drops of nitric acid, evaporate the liquid to dry-
ness, moisten the residue with hydrochloric acid, add sufficient water
to take up the soluble matter, and gently heat the mixture. Filter the
solution, and wash the residue, which then dry, ignite, and weigh. The
weight of the ignited residue, will represent the amount of silicic acid
present.

Alumina and iron. — The above filtrate, with the washings, is divided
into two equal parts, from both of which the alumina and iron are pre-
cipitated by acetate of soda, in the manner directed in the analysis of
iron ores. The respective precipitates are then collected and washed.
The contents of one of the niters are dried, ignited, and weighed, when
the weight will represent the total amount of alumina and iron present.

The precipitate upon the other filter, whilst still moist, is dissolved by
means of hot diluted hydrochloric acid, and the diluted solution filtered,
if necessary, and the iron present, determined volumetrically, by means
of a standard solution of sub-chloride of copper. By now deducting the
iron thus found, from the total amount of alumina and iron present, the
difference will, of course, represent the quantity of alumina present.
Since the amount of iron present in fire clays, is always very small, gen-
erally not exceeding a trace, this method for the determination of alumina,
may be considered satisfactory.

Lime and magnesia. — The two above filtrates are united, concentrated
to a proper volume, and any lime and magnesia present, determined in
the usual manner.

Combined water. — Heat 10 grains of the dried powder to dull redness,
in a platinum or porcelain crucible, for ten or fifteen minutes, or longer if
necessary, when the loss of weight will indicate the amount of combined
water present.

Soda and potash. — The alkalies are most conveniently and satisfactorily
determined according to the method of Prof. J. Lawrence Smith. For

446 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

this purpose, the 10 grains of clay employed for the determination of the
combined water, are intimately mixed in a mortar, with one part (10
grains) of pure chloride of ammonium, after which 8 parts of carbonate
of lime, free from fixed alkalies, are gradually added, and the whole
thoroughly mixed.

The mixed mass is transferred to a large platinum crucible, and care"
fully heated, until the salts of ammonia have been expelled; the crucible
is then covered, and the heat gradually increased, until the lower three-
fourths of the crucible are red hot, at which temperature it is kept for
forty or fifty minutes, when the heat is withdrawn. If the heat be
pushed too high, some portion of the alkalies may volatilise. The mass
should not be fused, but «nly sintered together.

The sintered mass is transferred to a glass mortar, moistened with
water, and then rubbed with the pestal, until it has become perfectly dis-
integrated. The whole is now washed into a beaker, and the crucible and
its lid, well washed, the washings being added to the contents of the
beaker ; the mixture is gently boiled, on a sand-bath, for about a half an
hour, and the solution filtered. The filtrate is treated with excess of car-
bonate of ammonia, then concentrated to about 300 fluid-grains, after
which some more carbonate of ammonia and a little caustic ammonia are
added, to precipitate the last traces of the lime. The cooled solution is
filtered, the filtrate collected in a platinum dish, a few drops of sulphuric
acid added, and the liquid evaporated to dryness, on a water-bath.

The residue, in the dish, is now cautiously heated over a direct flame,
until the salts of ammonia have volatilised ; it is then moistened with a
solution of carbonate of ammonia, after which it is heated to quite dull
redness, to expell the excess of the ammoniacal salt and convert the bi-
sulphates of the fixed alkalies into proto-sulphates. When treated in
this manner, the residue still contains, besides the proto-sulphates of the
alkalies, about 0.03 of a grain of sulphate of magnesia, if this base was
present in the clay. It is rather troublesome to separate this small
quantity of the magnesian salt, especially if it be desired to determine
the respective quantities of the fixed alkalies.

The respective quantities of the potash and soda, may be determined
by dissolving the residue in water, acidulating the solution with hydro-
chloric acid, and precipitating the sulphuric acid, by means of chloride of
barium, and determining its quantity. If a deduction of 0.03 grain was
made for sulphate of magnesia, a corresponding deduction must, of
course, also be made from the amount of sulphuric acid found. The
quantities of the respective alkalies may then be readily deduced by the
following formulae :

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

447

x = KO

y = laO

s = SO s

a = Sum of alkalies.

x = a X 2.9135 — s X 2.258
2/ = — a X 1.9135 + s X 2.258

Fire-Clays Examined.

Cambridge, under A. Nicholson's coal

Scioto county, Sciotoville, top of 3} ft. vein

" " 3 to 6 "

" " top of 21 "

Summit county, Magadore

Tuscarawas county, Mineral Point

" " Port Washington ;..

Daniel Harbaugh's clay No. 1

New Lisbon, D. Harbaugh's clay No. 2

" Robinson's Farm

Fredericksburg, Alexander's clay No. 1

» " " No. 2

Tuscarawas county

Niagara, Highland county

60.55
61.90
57.90
54.15
59.30
70.70
49.20
59.95
60.70
52.10
58.25
58.30
69.80
52.50
45.60

27.50
22.80
26.60
23.30
24.10
21.70
37.80
33.85
37.20
38j50
27.19
30.74
22.76
34.78
38.40

3
2 2

^•s

trace.

trace

trace.

.3.26

2.46

1.09

0.27

trace.

0.50
0.05
0.25
1.25
0.80
0.40
0.40
2.05
1.55
1.60
1.10

^ "5>

■a

a .
o o

1.36
0.70
0.60
trV
1.15
0.37
0.10
0.55
0.36
0.51
0.97

2.10
0.90
1.15
0.90
0.95

7.90
12.90
13.00
10.30
13.25

5.45
11.70

5.34

7.25
8.55
6.80
4.80
11.70
16.20

99.91
99.25
99.50
99.90
99.55
98.62
99.20
99.94
99.81
99.96
99.32
98.30
98.45
99.25
100.02

Brick Clays Examined.

5. j 6.

44.93

18.37

2.33

24.08
4.77
1.30
2.10

34.92
21.38
3.10
28.13
8.03
1.40
2.50

35.56
19.64
3.00
29.18
7.04
0.80
2.35

43.17

26.20

trace.

11.44

5.45

3.50

59.40J 59.10

30.20' 27.62

trace.! 2.38

1.07 0.53

1.10
4.95

2.65

4.60

Total

97.88

99.37

*97.57

99.76

*96.72

*96.88

F Balance undermined.

No. 1. Milwaukee brick clay.

" 2. Clarke county brick clay.

" 3. Clay used by Miamisburg Paint Company.

" 4. Clinton clay.

" 5. Williamsburg, Hecker and Burnet's clay, over limestone.
6. " " " fireclay.

448 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

LIMESTONES.

METHOD OF ANALYSIS.

For the determination of the constituents of limestone, treat five grains
of the finely powdered sample, in a flask placed obliquely, with excess of
concentrated hydrochloric acid, and when there is no longer any efferves-
cence, transfer the contents of the flask to an evaporating dish, and
evaporate the liquid to dryness, on a water-bath. Moisten the residue
with hydrochloric acid, add sufficient water, and, when solution has been
effected, filter the liquid and wash, ignite and weigh any remaining tili-
cious matter.

Treat the above nitrate with a little chloride of ammonium, if neces-
sary, then add excess of ammonia and moderately heat the mixture.
Allow the precipitated alumina and iron to subside, then collect the pre-
cipitate on a filter, wash, dry and ignite. Since the amount of alumina
and iron present in limestones is usually quite small, they may, for all
practical purposes, be estimated together.

To the foregoing filtrate, concentrated to about 1000 fluid-grains, add a
little ammonia, then about 150 fluid-grains of a solution of oxalate of
ammonia (1:24) and allow the mixture to stand at least twelve hours.
The precipitated oxalate of lime is collected on a filter, washed, and con-
verted into carbonate of lime in the usual manner.

The filtrate from the oxalate of lime precipitate, is concentrated, if nec-
essary, and from the cold solution, rendered strongly alkaline by ammonia,
the magnesia is precipitated by excess of phosphate of soda. When the
precipitate has fully separated, it is collected, washed, and ignited. If
the weight of the ignited precipitate be multiplied by 15.135, the product
will represent the per cent, of carbonate of magnesia present in the lime-
stone.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.
Limestones Examined.

449

Muskingum county, J. H. Roberts' Buff Limestone .
Hocking county, Union Furnace Blue Limestone...

Cambridge, Scott's Limestone

Yellow Springs Limestone

Miami Valley Blue Limestone

Valuable for general masonry, southern Ohio

Ciinton Rock, sample A

Clinton Rock, sample C

"Clinton," of Adams county

Brown's Limestone, Clinton, hot Lime

" Cliff," of West Union, Adams county

Moore's Quarry, below Springfield

Bierley's Quarry, Greenville

Gard's Quarry, Greenville

Northrop's Quarry....

Yellow Springs Limestone

Fire-stone, Preble county

Eaton, Preble county

Lexington Limestone, Wright's

Fire-stone, Fayette county, Boater's Qaarry.

Comiferous, Sandusky, Hartshorn's

" Bellefontaine, Scarfs

Niagara, Sidney, Dugan's ,

Clinton, Ludlow Falls, Smith's

Niagara Limestone, Trimbles', Hillsboro

Water Lime Group, Buckskin Creek, Ross county.

Xenia, McDonald's Quarry

Frey's best Limestone, Springfield

Peticrew'8 best Limestone, Springfield

Holcomb's best Limestone

Caprock, Peticrew's Quarries, Springfield

" Frey's " ,?

Bottom roek, Frey's " "

Tuscarawas coal, Iron Co. used at furnace

SQ-3

a <d

9 °

a'ii

15.20

36.89

30.20

0.40

0.40
'1.50
0.85
2.00
trace.
18.80

«ri ® U

4.40
9.20
3.60
2.00

0.90

0.40

1.60

0.40

2.20

4.80

4.60

2.20

2.70

5.40
0.35
9.40
1.60
6.00
2.70
2.80
2.70
trace.
0.20
0.30
13.30
0.10
2.20
0.10
1.30
0.10
1.40
1.50
3.10
1.00

1.40
0.80
4.40
2.20
2.30
3,30
1.30
2.10
1.60
0.50
120
2.00
1.00
2.00
0.20
1.80
1.70
2.70
1.00
0.30
3.30

o
o

a
o3

49.80
52.60
64.60
54.75
91.50
54.25
84.40
86.30
93.00
95.60
42.80

46.40

44.60

51.30

51.70
51.10
85.21
49.75
54.10
52.40
65.80
55,10
55.00
55.00
54.40
91.30
35.57
55.00
84.50
54.70
55.40
55.10
53.90
54.70
53.70
93.70

30.65

1.21

1.20

42.23

5.06

43.23

12.98

11.34

3.04

3.93

34.79

47.53

50.11

45.72

45.26
41.12
13.5ff

35.87J

41.77;

38.73i
27.95!

100.05
99.90
99.6o
99.83

40.11
39.74'
42.92
44,58!

6.511
49.00:
43.74/
11.16'
44.93
41.48
43.05
41.90
42.37
43.13

1.82

99.68
99.78
98.89
99.64
99.93
98.59

98.83

99.31

99.21

99.66
99.02
99.92
99.42
99.67
99.43
99.75
99.31
99.54
99.52
99.68
99.81
99.87
99.84
99.86
99.93
99.98
99.95
99.90
99.57
100.23
99.82

Limestones containing Silicates.

10.

11.

12.

13.

19.10

1.00

5.40

• 5.20

0.72

1.00

54.90

43.35

1.00

1.44

1.30

53.67

42.42

1.30
2.17
0.55
90.03
5.71

1.45

2.98

1.00

49.70

44.87

0.69
,2.88

0.90
49.76
45.77

36.60
5.69
8.28

49.35

7.10

1.00

86.60

1.89

1.45

3.90

Silicates of lime and magnesia -
Alumina and sesquioxide of iron

7.70

8.56
47.70'
19.40

2.50

6.80

88.80

1.20

1.80

1.00

94.20

0.76

2.90

2.00

88.00

1.51

2.90

1.80
79.65
10.30

2.30

0.70
50.90

Carbonate of magnesia

39.77

Totals

97.35

99.60

99.86

99.81

99.25

99.97

99.83

99.76

100.00

99.92

98.04

99 63

No. 1. Buff limestone, Pigeon Branch Whipple's run, Washington

connty.

No. 2. Gray limestone, lower part of vein, Star Furnace.
No. 3. " upper " "

No. 4. Blue limestone, Star Furnace.

No. 5. Limestone found below peat bed.

No. 6. Cedarville, best Cincinnati limestone.

No. 7. Water Lime Group, Greenfield, Highland county, Ohio.

No. 8. Dayton Limestone.

No. 9. Greenfield limestone, Wright's.

No. 10. Leesburg limestone, Pope's.

No. 11. Concord, Muskingum county, lowest limestone.

No. 12. Gray limestone, flecker & Burnett, Millersburg.

No. 13. Thompson's best Springfield limestone.

O
g

GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY OP OHIO.

451

Water Idmes Examined.

a <o

OS'S

<3'R .

-S-2

2 S
339

.9 2 h

-aj m o

a «
O o

4.80

2.60

53.60

38.30

3.60

2.20

54.00

39.50

2.80

2.90

53.60

40.28

5.80

*22.70

60.30

1.86

16.76

2.24

46.60

32.69

19.40

1.82

44.40

32.69

5.00

- 1.60

52.80

39.65

29.80

13.80

41.20

15.36

30.60

13.00

. 40.60

15.18

24.00

7.00

37.90

30.47

17.40

6.20

51.80

23.94

8.60

4.90

80.70

5.69

31.20

6.60

37.80

23.89

Rittenhouse cement, Fayette county, No. 4

" " No. 5

" " " No. 6.

Water lime, New Lisbon, H. Bowman

Hydraulic limestone No. 1, Toledo, Ohio

" " No. 2, "

" " No. 3, "

Barnesville, Parker's cement limestone

Cement limestone near Wornock's Station, B. & O. E.K
Belmont county, Wegee cement, 18'-' from bottom

" " " u near top

Limestone 18" above cement ..

Cement limestone, Jos. F. Hutchinson, Putterey .

99.30
99.30
99.38
99.66
98.29
98.31
99.05
100.16
99.38
99.37
99.34
99.89
99.49

' Alumina 8.20, plus carbonate of iron 14.50.

ANALYSIS OP SOILS.

SYLLABUS OP METHOD EMPLOYED.

After a number of experiments upon different methods that may be
pursued in the analysis of soils, we finally adopted the following, in
which the relative proportions of the soil soluble and insoluble in hydro-
chloric acid are first ascertained, and then the composition of these re-
spective portions determined. The demands upon this department did
not permit any attempt to determine the exact nature of the organic
matter present.

For the analysis, crush the air-dried soil in a mortar, pass through a
sieve of l-40th inch meshes, and dry not less than about 600 grains of
the mixed powder, at 212°, until it no longer loses in weight, which will
generally require some days. Weigh off 600 grains for general determin-
ation, and 10 grains for total organic matter and combined water.

Total Organic Matter and Combined Water. — Moderately ignite the 10
grains of dried soil, until the carbonaceous matter is entirely destroyed ;
moisten the residue with carbonate of ammonia, then very gently ignite,
allow to cool, and weigh. Loss of weight equals amount of organic mat-
ter, with any combined water present.

Digest the 500 grains of powder, with 1500 fluid-grains of pure hydro-
chloric acid, sp. gr. 1.50, at the ordinary temperature, for forty-eight
hours ; dilute the liquid with an equal volume of water, filter, and wash
the residue, finally with hot water. Keserve the filter, with its contents,
for the determination of the matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid, the
filtrate being employed for the determination of the matter soluble in
that acid.

A. — Portion Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silicic Acid. — Evaporate the filtrate to dryness, moisten the residue
with hydrochloric acid, dissolve in water, and filter. The contents of the
filter will represent any silicic acid present.

Precipitate the iron, alumina and phosphoric acid, from the last filtrate,
by acetate of ammonia, and filter,, reserving the filtrate for the estimation
of manganese, etc.; dissolve the washed residue on the filter by the aid of
nitric acid, and dilute the solution to 2500 fluid-grains. Of this solution,
take for the estimation of:

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 453

a. Phosphoric acid, 500 fluid-grains (= the extract from 100 grains of
the soil), the acid being precipitated from the concentrated solution by
molybdate of ammonia, and estimated in the usual manner. If only a
very minute quantity of phosphoric acid be present, 1000 fluid-grains of
the solution should be employed.

o. Iron, 100 fluid-grains, which evaporate to dryness, moisten the res-
idue with hydrochloric acid, re-dissolve in sufficient water, and determine
the sesquioxide of iron by a standard solution of subchloride of copper.

c. Alumina, 100 fluid-grains, precipitating the base by means of hypo-
sulphite of soda.

Manganese. — Neutralize the filtrate from the precipitate produced by
acetate of ammonia, with carbonate of ammonia, precipitate the manga-
nese by excess of sulphuret of ammonium, filter, dissolve the sulphuret
of manganese, on the filter, with hydrochloric acid, and determine the
metal as protosesqnioxide of manganese. If the soil contains copper,
traces of it may remain, as sulphuret, on the filter from which the sul-
phuret' of manganese was dissolved.

Lime. — Acidulate the filtrate from the manganese sulphuret with hy-
drochloric acid, heat the mixture until the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen
has entirely disappeared, and filter. Should any sulphuret of copper sep-
arate from the acidulated solution, before filtering saturate the warmed
solution with sulphuretted hydrogen, to make sure the precipitation of
the whole of the copper, which otherwise would be deposited on the pla-
tinum dish in which the alkalies are determined. Neutralize the filtrate
with ammonia, and precipitate the lime by oxalate of ammonia.

Sulphuric Add. — Acidulate the filtrate from the oxalate of lime with
hydrochloric acid, add slight excess of chloride of barium, filter, and
determine the sulphuric acid, from the sulphate of baryta, in the usual
manner.

Fixed Alkalies. — Evaporate the foregoing filtrate, in a platinum dish, to
dryness, expel the ammonical salts present by heat ; add to the residue
finely powdered oxalic acid, moisten the mass with water, dry, and gently
ignite. Exhaust the residue with water, and filter, reserving the contents
of the filter for the estimation of any magnesia present. Acidulate the
filtrate with a few drops of sulphuric acid, and, if any precipitate of sul-
phate of baryta, again filter ; evaporate the liquid to dryness, gently ig-
nite, add a few drops of carbonate of ammonia, and again heat. Any
fixed alkalies present will now remain as protosulphates.

Magnesia. — Dissolve the above magnesian residue in diluted hydro-
chloric acid, add a drop or two of sulphuric acid, and, if a trace of baryta
be present, filter ; treat the filtrate with excess of ammonia, and precipi-
tate any magnesia, present, by phosphate of soda.

454 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Organic Matter. — The proportion of the organic matter present, soluble
in hydrochloric acid, is deduced from the difference between the amount
found with the insoluble matter and the total quantity present in the soil.

B. — Portion Insoluble in Hydeoohloeic Acid.

Dry the filter containing the matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid, care-
fully separate as far as practicable the solid matter from the filter, which
then ignite, add the ash to the insoluble matter, and thoroughly dry at
212°. The weight of the dry mass will represent the proportion of matter
insoluble in hydrochloric acid. Crush the mass in a mortar, again dry,
and weigh out :

25 grains for general determinations; and

25 " " organic matter and alkalies, having previously pulverized this por-
tion in an agate mortar.

Silicic Acid. — Fuse the twenty-five grains, first weighed out, with fifty
grains each of carbonate of soda and carbonate of potash, in a platinum
crucible ; digest the fused mass in two or three ounces of water, contain-
ing excess of hydrochloric aeid. Evaporate to dryness, moisten the
residue with hydrochloric acid, add sufficient water, filter, wash, ignite,
and weigh the residue, consisting of silicic acid.

Dilute the filtrate from the silicic acid to 2,500 fluid-grains, and divide
the liquid into two portions of 2,000 and 500 fluid-grains respectively.
From both portions, after neutralization with carbonate of ammonia
precipitate the iron, alumina, and phosphoric acid, by either acetate of
ammonia or acetate of soda, filter, wash and unite the filtrates. If there
is not sufficient iron present to carry down the phosphoric acid present,
add a very small quantity of the sesquichloride to the 2,000 fluid grains
of liquid.

Phosphoric Acid. — Dissolve the precipitate from the 2,000 fluid-grains
of solution, by the aid of nitric acid, and precipitate the phosphoric acid
by molybdate of ammonia, having first concentrated the solution to about
100 fluid-grains.

Alumina. — Ignite the precipitate trom the 500 fluid-grains of liquid,
when the residue will represent the alumina, with any traces of iron and
phosphoric acid, present. If the amount of iron is notable, dissolve the
residue in hydrochloric acid, and estimate the iron volumetrically.

Manganese. — Neutralize the united filtrates, from the precipitates pro-
duced by acetate of ammonia, by ammonia, precipitate any manganese
present by sulphuret of ammonium, filter, dissolve the precipitate by aid
of hydrochloric acid, and precipitate the manganese by carbonate of soda,
Traces of copper may remain on the filter from which the sulphuret of.
manganese was dissolved.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 455

Lime. — Acidulate the filtrate, from the sulphuret of manganese, with
hydrochloric acid, digest on a sand-bath until the sulphuretted hydrogen
is entirely expelled, filter, render the filtrate alkaline by ammonia, and
precipitate the lime, as oxalate, by oxalate of ammonia.

Magnesia. — Treat the filtrate from the oxalate of lime, after the addition
of ammonia with phosphate of soda, to precipitate the magnesia.

Organic Matter. — Ignite the twenty-five grains of finely powdered
residue in a porcelain crucible, until the organic matter is consumed,
allow to cool, and weigh. Loss of weight equals organic matter in twenty-
five grains of the portion insoluble in hydrochloric acid.

Fixed Alkalies. — Moderately ignite the foregoing residue with one part
of chloride of ammonia and eight parts of carbonate of lime, crush the
ignited mass and digest in water until disintegrated. Filter the solution,
add excess of carbonate of ammonia, concentrate to two or three hundred
fluid-grains ; add more carbonate of ammonia and a little ammonia, filter,
collect filtrate in a platinum dish, add few drops of sulphuric acid, and
evaporate to dryness. Expel the animoniacal salts by moderate heat, then
gently ignite ; moisten the residue with carbonate of ammonia, and again
gently ignite. The alkalies will now remain as protosulphates.

COMPOSITION OF SOILS EXAMINED.

SP-
OT
OS

Soluble in hydrochloric acid

14.94

6.69

8.42

8.26

5.37
0.03
1.97
1.20
0.07
trace.
0.50
4.72
1.14
0.10
0.075

1.15

0.04
2.69
1.53
0.23
trace.
0.10
0.14
0.31
0.09
0.015

1.19

0.03
3.53
0.25
0.14
• trace.
0.14
1.28
1.26
0.13
0.026

1.70
0.07
2.86
0.80
0.20
trace.
0.24
1.86
0.18
0.10
0.07

Silicic acid

Sesquioxide of iron

Alumina

Oxide of manganese

Phosphate of lime

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of magnesia .■

Potash and soda

Soluble matter found

15.175

6.295

7.976

8.08

Insoluble in hydrochloric acid

85.06

93.31

91.58

91.74

Orgaio matter.....

16.36

54.29

9.69

trace.

0.92

0.54

2.28

0.11

2.83

75.73

11.42

0.45

trace.

0.93

0.37

1.48

0.12

2.93

72-60

11.72

trace.

1.26

0.26

2.52

0.069

6.35
66.13
13.55

0.14

1.09
0.57
3.14
0.10

Alumina with trace of iron

Oxide of manganese

Potash and soda

Phosphoric acid

Insoluble matter found

84.19

93.33

91.359

91.07

Totals

100

99.365

100

99.625

100

99.335

100

99.15

No. 1. — H. Bued's farm, Perrysburg township, Wood county, O.
" 2. — Lima, railway cut east of town, Allen county, O.

No. 3. — Lima, west bank of stream east of town, Allen county, O.
" 4. — " cornfield north of Railroad bridge, " "

§
O
tr<
O

XIX

%
$

o
o

COMPOSITION OP SOILS— Continued.

5.768

3.77

12.C1

6.35

1.59
0.033
2.58
0.75
0.19
Trace
0.20
0.43

0.97
0.02
1.37
0.40
0.05
Trace
0.09
0.27
0.23
0.09
0.052

2.20
0.05
3 41
2.09
0.19
Trace
0.39
1.41
2.49
0.15
0.068

1.92
0.02
2.61
0.95
0.06
Trace
0.28*

0.21
0.05
0.054

0.09
0.05

5.883

3.542

12.448

6.154

94.232

96.23

87.39

"i2"58"'

57.25

12.93

Trace

0.84

0.87

2.44

0.194

e3.65

3.92

74.71

10.65

Trace

0.96

0.94

2.76

0.09

2.24

84.29

7.34

Trace

1.29

0.47

1.45

0.019

3.22

80,39
7.11
0.09

Trace
0.82
0.52
1.57
0.21

94.03

97.099

87.104

93.93

Totals

100

99.913

100

100.641

100

99.552

100

100.084

' Phosphate lime 0.08— Phosphate magnesia=0.20.

No. 5, Sounder's Station, field N. E. of station, Shelby county, O.
" 6, John Holster's farm, Defiance county, O.

No, 7, About 2 miles N. W. of Heister's farm, Defiance county, O.
" 8, S. E. corner of Section 22, Tuscarawas Tp., Stark county, O.

If"

-3

COMPOSITION OF SOILS-Continued.

10.

11.

12.

5.75

4.897

12.61

7.95

0.94
0.02
2.70
0.65
0.09
trace.
0.14
00
0.51
0.05
0.02

1.57

0.03

2.08

0.75

0.11

trace.

0.30*

0.06

0.07

5.49
0.06
3.54
1.60
0.07

0.31

1.28
0.05
0.12
0.03

2.17
0.04
3.13
1.10
0.04

0.28
0.33
0.65
0.10
0.27

5.12

4.97

12.55

7.867

94.25

95.103

87.39

92.05

2.24

79.81

8.72

trace.

0.64
0.69
2.07
0.11

2.13

83.68

6.47

trace.

0.72

0.38

0.76

0.147

14.38

57.44

12.55

trace.

0.45

0.27

1.61

0.16

1.15

72.83

12.98

0.55

trace.

1.69

0.88

1.70

. 0.188

94.28

94.287

86.86

91.968

Totals

100

99.40

100

99.257

100

99.41

100

99.835

O
O

o
v

o
w
3

h Including 0.15 phosphate of magnesia.

No. 9. S. E. corner section 22, Tuscarawas township, Stark county, top of hill east of Pigeon Run.

" 10. N. W. corner section 17, Jackson township, Stark county.

" 11. Eeher & Kutz's farm, near Amanda, Fairfield county, Ohio.

" 12. Sub-soil, Prairie, west of Tontogany, "Wood county, Ohio.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

459

COMPOSITION OF SOILS— Continued

13.

14.

Total organic matter and water

Mineral matter soluble in hydrochloric acid

9.18
6.31

9.18

*8.24
7.99

*8.24

0.04
2.03
1.65
0.30
1.07
0.91
0.05

0.03
2.53
3.34

0.51
0.58
1.00

6.05

7.99

Mineral matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid . .

84.51

83.77

66.37

14.75

0.98

0.76

0.109

66.90

13.25

0.95

0-71

0.096

82.966
1.75

81.906

1.80

Totals

100

99.849

100

99.936

*2.13 soluble and 6.11 insoluble in hydrochloric acid.

No. 13. Prairie, west of Tontogany, Wood county, Ohio.

No. 14. Farm of J. W. Ross, Perrysburgh, Wood county, Ohio.

No. 15, Eeber & Kutz's farm, underneath soil No. 11, 1 foot thick.

Organic and volatile matter 65.10

Silicic acid 22.29

Lime 2.36

Magnesia 0.80

Sesquioxide of iron 2.17

Alumina 6.56

Oxide of manganese 0.09

Potash .and soda 0.53

Phosporie acid 0.165

Total 100.065

460

GEOLOGICAL. SURVEY OF OHIO.

MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES.

Composition of Corns examined.
No. 1. Yellow corn. Thomas Jones, Delaware, Ohio.

White corn.

10.50
1.45
4.40
2.92

61.66
4.70
6.90
7.10

10.40
1.50
3.95
3.07

63.90
4.30
8.10
4.30

9.60
1.10
4.20
2 98
62.61
5.00
8.80
4.76

10.35
1.50
3.80
2.77

64.17
3.15
8.60
5,40

9.45
1.45
4.30
2.93
67.13
2.10
8,00
4.65

9 70

Ash

1.85

Oil

4.45

Sugar

3.03

64.44

2.54

9.10

5.25

Totals

99.63

99.42

98.99

99.74

100.01

100.36

No. 1. Blue Limestone marl, Waynesville, O.

No. 2. Marl, Woodstock (Lapham).

No. 3. Waterlime — Group Marl, Sinking Springs.

No. 4. Shell Marl, Green township, Clarke county.

Silicious matter

Alumina and sesquioxide of iron.

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of magnesia -

Potash and soda

Phosphoric acid

Water

69.60

10.24

12.55

1.91

5.40

0.16

31.30
7.40

55.90
1.90
2.49
0.06

0.70

1.50

53.62

42.94

38.50
6.13

45.65
1.32

0.64

Total.

99.86

99.05

99.40

0.47
7.60

99.67

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

461

No. 1. Waverly sandstone, Berlin, Erie county.

No. 2. Building rock, Sintz's quarries, Springfield.

No. 3. Niagara Shale, Snyder's Station, used for Firestone.

No. 4. Waverly? Hillsboro.

91.23
6.30
0.55
1.22

7.60

3.10

49.70

39.20

S.80 : 94.10

t-.SO 3.60

Carbonate of lime

38.95} 1.30

Carbonate of magnesia...... .....

26.531 0.39

Water 7

16.70

Total

99.32

99.60

99.78] 99.39
1

Effervescent Salt, Lick Fori:.

Matter insoluble in 'water 79.90

Sulphate of magnesia 12.00

Hydrochloric acid trace

Balance undetermined.

White Layer of Water Lime.

Silicic acid 95.60

Sesquioxide of iron 1.80

Combined water 0.90

Total 98.30

Bog Manganese, Auburn, Geauga County.

Water 11.25

Silicions matter 2.75

Sesquioxide of iron 1.35

Binoxide of manganese 52.36

Sesquioxide of manganese 18.71

Oxide of cobalt 2.40

Carbonate of lime - - 8.15

Carbonate of magnesia - 2.41

Total , 99.58.

Coke of Coal No. 6, Andreas Mine, UrichsvUle, 0.

12.90

Carbon 8455

Sulphur 2.85

Total 100.00

Ash.

462

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

Ferruginous Shale, Canal Dover, Tuscarawas county.

Water combined 4.00

Silicious matter . 86.34

Sesquioxide of. iron 8.79

Oxide of manganese 0.10

Carbonate of lime 0.60

Carbonate of magnesia - Trace.

Phosphoric acid - 0.17

Total 100.00

Total iron 6.15 per cent.

No. 1. Cleveland shale, Bedford, Ohio.

No. 2. Ohio Black Slate, Chillicothe cemetery.

No. 3. Waverly Black Slate, Bocksville, Adams county.

No. 4. 16 feet slate, 137 feet above base of Waverly.

Water ......

1.10

87.10
6.90
4.90

8.40

i6.20

21.40

Fixed carbon

Total

100.00

No. 1. Mineral from Springfield, Ohio.
No. 2. Metallic ore, Yellow Springs, Ohio.

98.90
1.10

95.29

4.71

Total

100.00

PART VI.

SKETCHES OF THE GEOLOGY OF GEAUGA MD HOLMES

COUNTIES.

By M. O. EEAD.

Dr. J. 8. Newberry, Chief Geologist:

Sib — I have the honor to transmit herewith Sketches of the Geology of Geauga and

Holmes Counties. Fuller reports upon these counties will be prepared for the final report

of the Geologieal Survey.

Your obedient servant,

M. C. BEAD,

Local AafiUt.

GEAUGA COOTTY.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The geological formations of Geauga county, while simple and easily
understood, afford an interesting example of the manner in which the
geology and topography of a country determine the pursuits of the in-
habitants and the boundaries of separate communities. A line, defining
the western, northern and eastern limits of the Conglomerate, defines also
the western, northern and eastern limits of the county as accurately as it
could be laid out without dividing townships. These boundaries were
fixed with no reference to the geology, but the latter has formed the tastes,
determined/the pursuits of the inhabitants, and grouped them into a civil
community. The same causes have so determined the direction of the
water courses, that, after a little examination of the county and adjacent
territory, a student of its geology will find that an ordinary map will
designate, with great accuracy, the limits of the Conglomerate, which is the
characteristic feature of the elevated table lands composing the county.
The Cuyahoga and Grand Eivers, and the streams emptying into them,
above Cuyahoga Falls and Parkman, will be found, in every instance, to
have their sources and beds on or above the Conglomerate, while all other
streams in the county have their sources below the Conglomerate, or so
near its margin, if above it, that the general southern inclination of the
rocks is counteracted by the agencies which have thinned down, or cut
into ravines, the outer margin of this deposit. The waters of these streams
also differ greatly. Those above the Conglomerate having their sources
in swamps and ponds, are rendered foul and turbid by the vegetable and
animal remains with which they are charged. Those of the others, derived
largely from springs at the base of the Conglomerate, are thoroughly
filtered, freed from organic matter, and rendered clear and sparkling, but
are often charged with minerals, especially iron, sulphur and lime.

SOIL.

The debris of the clay shales, mingled with the Drift, has formed the
basis of a strong, tenacious clay soil, especially adapted to grazing, and
the county has, from this cause, and not from the choice of its inhabitants ,
become noted for the abundance and excellence of its dairy products.
30

460 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

The elevated position of the county, added to the peculiarities of the
soil, has especially fitted it for the production of fruits, particularly of
apples, pears, quinces and grapes, and these are now largely cultivated,
notwithstanding the isolated position of the county, and the want of all
means of transportation to market, except the ordinary carriage roads.
Were it connected by railroads with the larger markets of the country,
fruit-growing would soon become the principal business of its agriculturists.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATION.

Coal-measures. — In the centre of the county, a narrow and thin deposit
of the Coal-measures caps the hills along the east bank of the Cuyahoga,
extending from the south line of the county to the point where that stream
comes around to the south of Burton village. Here this deposit crosses
the Cuyahoga, underlies Burton village, extending to the northern part of
the township, with an iselated patch at the north-east corner of Newberry
township. In no part of the county is there a promise of any important
amount of coal. In Troy township, the Coal-measure sandstone is separ-
ated from the Conglomerate by the coal shales, which are, in places, very
thin, and rarely exceed a thickness of six feet. In the southern part of
the township, coal has been obtained in small quantities from a seam too
thin to be profitably worked. Yet at this point it is probably thicker than
in any other part of the county on the east side of the Cuyahoga. At
Burton, the coal shales and the seam of coal are thicker — the rocks of the
Coal-measures reaching a thickness of 125 feet ; and if the village is to
remain without railroads, further exploration of the coal seam,' by shafting
or drifting, is advisable, as there are indications of coal in sufficient quan-
tities to be profitably mined for local consumption. There is, however, no
probability of a supply sufficient to warrant its shipment elsewhere, or to
enable the owners to compete, even in the Burton market, with coal from
the main coal-fields of the State, in the event of a railroad being built.
Near the north-east corner of Newberry township, coal of very good quality,
about two feet thick, has been disclosed in sinking a well on Mr. Frank
Stone's farm, and at a depth of about ten feet from the surface. Here a
thin stratum of shale covers the coal, not thick enough to constitute a safe
roof; but to the west and north-west, the surface of the land rises, and
over a small area it is possible that a sufficient cover may be found to allow
of the coal being taken out. The quantity, however, is not large, and
what coal there is must be sought near the summit of the hill. A series
of springs is found low down in the ravines, and the opinion is entertained
by some of the land-owners — derived, apparently, from parties who have
taken coal leases there — that these springs are on the horizon of the coal,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 467

and that it will be found by drifting in at this level; but these springs are
plainly in or at the base of the Conglomerate, which crops out in several
places on the hill at a higher level, and all the coal must be sought for
above this rock.

Conglomerate. — Below the coal formation lies the Conglomerate or pebbly
sandstone, varying in thickness from sixty to one hundred and seventy-
five feet. In places, it is separated from the coal shales by layers of shaly
sandstone which reach a maximum thickness of twenty-five feet, but are
often much thinner, and sometimes entirely wanting. In places, also, the
coal shales thin out, as at Troy Centre, where the coal measure-sandstone
rests directly upon the shaly sandstone of the Conglomerate. Both of
these contain, at this point, a profusion of Cdlamites, and are, in places, so
ferruginous as to constitute a silicious iron ore. This Conglomerate under-
lies the whole surface of Auburn, Troy, Newberry, Burton and Claridon
and crops out in all the other townships of the county, the deeper ravines
cutting through it and exposing the rocks beneath. It differs greatly in
its character in different places, sometimes affording excellent building
material, and elsewhere being quite worthless for this purpose. Some of
it in Russel township, is fine grained, hard, of a clear white color, free
from 'pebbles, and, in all respects, an excellent building stone. In the
northwest part of Chester ledges from thirty to fifty feet in thickness are
exposed, which are, throughout, a mass of quartz pebbles, with loosely
cemented sand filling the interstices. The quarts pebbles might, perhaps,
be made valuable for glass making and pottery, as they could be obtained
in large quantities, and at trifling expense. At the base of this ledge,
which is rapidly diminishing under atmospheric influences, the debris is
exposed to the action of water, holding iron and lime in solution, and is
thus re-cemented into a much harder and firmer rock than the cliff from
which it is derived. In this debris recent organisms and modern imple-
ments might easily be covered, fossilized and preserved to be hereafter
studied as a part of the records of this age. In Newberry township, this
rock is, in plaqes, handsomely colored by oxide of iron, but at the outcrop
is coarse and soft. Should there be a sufficient demand to warrant thor-
ough exploration, it is probable that colored rock, suitable for ornamental
building, might be found here. In Parkman, the Conglomerate attains a
thickness of one hundred and seventy-five feet, the maximum thickness of
this rock where measurements have been made in northwestern Ohio.
Although much of it here contains pebbles, the greater part is so free from
them as to make a fair building stone, while the supply is inexhaustible.
In Thompson, the well known "ledges" furnish a fine exposure of this
rock, and give a rugged and romantic character to the place, which attracts

468 GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OF OHK>.

many visitors during the summer months. The dip is here 4°-5° to the
southwest.

" Little Mountain," situated partly in Geauga and partly in Lake county,
is an isolated narrow ridge of the Conglomerate, having an elevation of
six hundred feet above Lake Erie. It is covered with a forest of pine,
hemlock, oak and chestnut, and cut into deep ravines, with precipitous
bluffs on the north and west. The altitude of Little Mountain renders the
air cool and healthful ; its isolated position affords a commanding view of
the surrounding country and of the lake ; and its dense forest furnishes
pleasant walks and drives, so that it has naturally become one of the most
popular places of resort in the State. Chalybeate water, of excellent
quality, is furnished by the springs at the base of the mountain, but the
lack of water in sufficient quantities for bathing, is a serious incouveni-
ence.

Berea Grit. — The denuding .agencies have so cut away the rocks about
the mountain, that the Berea Grit may be found on all sides, and at no
great distance from it. It appears by the side of the road about one hun-
dred rods from the mountain, on the main approach to it, and is quarried
on the Chardon road, about half a mile south. The Berea Grit is found
at an average depth of one hundred and eighty feet below the Conglome-
rate, and is the most valuable building stone in the county. Its outcrop
may be traced through the west part of Eussel and Chester townships ;
through the west, north and east parts of Kirtland, extending up the val-
ley of a branch of Chagrin river into Munson ; through the west and north
parts of Chardon,; through the west and north parts of Thompson, and in
the northeast and southeast parts of Parkman townships. In other places
its outcrop is outside of the limits of the county. In nearly all of the
points indicated above, it may be found massive and of good quality for
building purposes. In Munson, a quarry has been opened which, by
proper seleqtion, affords stone of excellent quality, and from which mate-
rial was obtained for the new court-house at Chardon. A few of the
blocks in this structure will probably prove defective from being placed
on their edges, and not in the position in which they were found in the
quarry. In Chardon, in the " Big Gull," and at the northeast corner of
the township, the Berea Grit is finely exposed, and in both of these places
there is a large part of it which will make grindstones equal to the best
made at Berea. In Thompson, north and west of the ledges, it is quarried
in several places, the quarries furnishing excellent flagging and also strong,
firm slabs of any desired size and from eight to twelve inches in thick-
ness. At the bottom of the quarries is a stratum of very soft friable stone
of no value. It is probable that below this the rock will be found massive

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 469

and of better quality. The quarries may be extended indefinitely, by
drifting towards the " ledges.' 7

Cuyahoga Shale. — Between the Berea Grit and the Conglomerate lie the
Cuyahoga Shales, which are exposed at but few places in the county, and,
as far as observed, afford no valuable minerals. Their position is gen-
erally marked by a belt of heavy clay land, nearly level, extending out-
ward from the base of the Conglomerate ; supporting many gigantic elms
when covered with forests, and making excellent meadow and pasture
lands, when cleared. They are reclaimed with difficulty, as a dense growth
of shrubs, brambles and weeds spring up everywhere as soon as the forests
are cut down, and the soil is generally too wet for grain crops, until drained.
The eastern portions of Huntsburg and Montville afford illustrations of
this kind of soil. No part of the county presents a more uninviting
appearance, and no part of it affords richer pasture land than this will
become when fully reclaimed.

Bedford Shales. — Directly beneath the Berea Grit, in this county, are
the Bedford Shales, from forty to fifty feet in thickness, and exposed only
in the ravines formed by the branches of Grand and Chagrin rivers. They
include layers from one to three feet in thickness, of compact, fine grained
sandstone, susceptible of a polish, and which would make excellent win-
dow caps and sills, if properly selected. They contain iron which will
"run" (in the language of the masons) and discolor the stone unless care
is taken to reject imperfect specimens. Some of these layers would fur-
nish material for fine grained grindstones and oil-stones, those in the
northeast corner of Chardon being of the best quality seen in the county.

Below the Bedford Shales these ravines cut through about forty feet
of the black Cleveland Shale, and below this the branches of Chagrin
river, in Chardon, expose about one hundred feet of the Erie Shales — the
lowest rocks to be seen in the county. Neither of these deposits furnishes
materials of any economical value, but if the supply of petroleum from
wells should fail, the black shale will become valuable from the amount of
oil it will yield by distillation.

FOSSILS.

Comparatively little interest attaches to the organic remains found in
the county. In the ravines in the north parts of Thompson and Chardon,
which cut through the Bedford and down into the Erie Shales, large num-
bers of the brachiopods, characteristic of these rocks, are found. Syring-
otheris typa from the former, Spirifer verneuilii, Leiorhyncus multicosta etc.,
from the latter. In the Cuyahoga Shales, north of Chardon village, an
outcrop in the traveled road furnishes many perfect specimens of I>isoina

470 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF OHIO.

NewberryL In the Conglomerate an abundance of Calamites occur, and in
the limited area, covered by the coal shales, collections may be made in
moderate quantities of the plants characteristic of the lower or block coal.

SURFACE DEPOSITS.

The most interesting Surface Deposit is found on the farm of John E.
Smith, lot four, Auburn township. It is a deposit of black oxyd of man-
ganese, or " Wad,"' of sufficient purity and in sufficient quantity to be dug
and shipped with profit. It covers from three to four acres of swampy
ground, fed by copious springs, which bring in, ia solution, manganese,
iron and lime, and deposit, in different parts of the swamp, bog manga-
nese, bog iron ore, and bog limestone or travertine — the latter being found,
in places, from eighteen inches to two feet in thickness ; and all in com-
parative purity. The manganese is, in places, four and a half feet thick,
covered with from twelve to fifteen inches of earth, and sells readily for
from seven to thirty dollars per ton, according to purity. The process of
deposit is going on constantly, and with a good degree of rapidity in the
summer months, so that parts of the swamp which have once been strip-
ped fill up anew, and can be re-worked after a few years. According to
Mr. Smith's observations, the average rate of deposit is a fraction over
two inches per year. In the neighborhood of this swamp are many small
deposits of impure yellow ochre, some of which may prove of value.
Prof. Newberry supplies the following formulae of the chemical composi-
tion of the best specimens of this manganese :

No. 1. Air dried.

Oxyd manganese. 61.85

Silica, alumina andiron 23.60

Water 14.55

100.
No. 2. Dried at 250° F.

Oxyd manganese 72.38

Silica, alumina andiron 23.60

Water 4.02

100.
NATIVE FOEESTS.

A section east and west through the center of the county exhibits, in
an interesting manner, the influence of the geological' features upon the
soil and its natural products. Commencing on the west line of the county,
the Berea Grit marks the outline of the bluffs of Chagrin river. Between
this and the base of the Conglomerate, the land is level, the soil a stiff,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 471

tenacious clay — formed largely from the Cuyahoga Shales, is therefore
rich in potash, and the gigantic elms scattered over this plateau enable
the explorer to trace this soil and this geological formation as far as the
eye can reach. Beach and maple forests, with thick groves of chestnut,
where the broken rock comes near to the surface, mark the horizon of the
Conglomerate ; and above this, in the center of the county, a belt of for-
ests, in which the predominant timber is oak, defines, with great accuracy,
the limit of the coal area. Descending from this summit to the east, the
same forest peculiarities are found in an inverse order, so that the small
patches of the old forests yet remaining indicate to the experienced eye
the geology of all parts of the county with much precision.

GLACIAL SCRATCHES.

The glacial markings are abundant in the county, and their direction
has a close connection with the topography. The nature of this connec-
tion is best seen by observations extending over a wider area than the limits
of the county. Commencing on the borders of the Conglomerate, in Bos-
ton township, in Summit county, the direction of these glacial scratches
varies from the east and west to north-west and north-east; following the
outcrop northwardly, their direction approaches to north and south;
while on the eastern margin, from Thompson southward, their direction
is, in general, northeast and south-west. On the Cnyahoga Shales, near
Warren, Trumbull county, their direction is north and south; while on
the elevated land, near the east line of the State, in Hartford, Vernon, etc.,
their course is again north-west and south-east. These lines, radiiating
from near the centers of the highest elevations, suggest the possibility of
local glacial action, but the debris of the Conglomerate and of the rocks
above it, is not found north of their outcrops, while that of all the rocks
is constantly observed to the south, carried up and scattered over the
formations occupying a higher geological and topographical level. Had
local glaciers been pushed down from both sides into the shallow valley
between the eastern parts of Trumbull and Ashtabula counties, and the
eastern margin of the Conglomerate, in Portage and Geauga counties, a
series of north and south scratches would probably not be found along
the center of this valley. The movement was doubtless in a southern di-
rection, and the observed glacial markings would seem to indicate an ice-
sheet, of no great elevation, pushed southward with immense force, im-
pinging against the more elevated rocks, pushing up and over opposing
barriers, wearing down their margins, polishiDg their surfaces, and leav-
ing scratches at various angles with the general line of the ice movement.
A much slighter descent than is generally supposed would suffice to give
a constant progressive motion to large fields of ice ; and I am inclined to

472 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

the opinion that the ordinary changes of temperature have more influence
upon this progressive motion than is generally supposed. A broad sheet
of metal upon an inclined surface will slowly creep downwards. Engin-
eers have learned that if the abutments of an iron bridge are not accu-
rately level, the structure will move bodily down the slope, however
small the angle may be. An increase of temperature elongates the struc-
ture, and if it rests upon an incline, however slight, this elongation will
be wholly downwards. As the temperature decreases, the length of the
structure is diminished, and from the action of gravity this contraction is
also downwards, so that the structure slowly but surely creeps down-
wards — precisely as a measuring- worm or geometer moves over a surface.
Such changes of temperature would ensure a progressive motion of an
ice-field down a very slight slope, and with a force that would push the
margin up and over obstructions of an elevation proportionate to the ex-
tent of the ice-field.

GOLD.

The excitement from the alleged discovery of gold at Nelson ledges
has extended to Parkman and other places in this county, and* if gold is
actually found there, there is no good reason why search should not be
made for it in every township in the county. It is true that gold has
been obtained from the drift in various parts of the State, and in some
places at the margin of the Conglomerate, under such circumstances as
render it probable that it was derived from this rock. Indeed, no metal
except iron is more widely distributed than gold, but its great specific
gravity renders it certain that it can never be carried in large quantities
by water, or other natural transporting agency, to any great distance.
The quartz pebbles of our Conglomerate rock have doubtless their ancient
home in the highlands of Canada, or in the Alleghanies, and gold-bearing
quartz veins may have furnished a small fraction of the material from
which these pebbles were formed. If so, a small proportion of these
pebbles, one in ten thousand, or in one hundred thousand, might also be
gold-bearing. Inasmuch, however, as in these distant highlands no gold-
bearing quartz veins of sufficient richness to be profitably worked, have
yet been discovered, the search for these possible gold-bearing pebbles
n the Conglomerate is not likely to prove a lucrative occupation.

At the base of the Conglomerate, at Nelson ledges, there are deposits
of iron ore and of carbonaceous matter, and mingled with the pebbles, in
elose proxity to these deposits, are minute spangles and crystals of iron
pyrites, such as have often been, and doubtless will continue to be, mis-
taken for gold, although their extreme hardness, their crystalline surfaces,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 473

their changeable color, when viewed at different angles, and the fames of
sulphur they yield, when heated, afford so many separate tests, by either of
which they may be readily distinguished from gold. After very careful
search, at the place of the alleged gold discoveries, I could find nothing
visible to the eye, aided by an ordinary hand glass, which any one onght
to mistake for gold. A specimen of the rock selected as gold-bearing, by
those who have faith in the reported discoveries, has been carefully ana-
lysed by Prof. Morley, of Western Reserve College, who was unable to
find a trace of gold in it.

The rich dairy lands of Portage and Geauga are doubtless the only
gold fields accessible to the inhabitants, and which can be worked with
profit.

HOLMES OOimTT.
TOPOGRAPHY.

A minute and accurate description of the topography of Holmes county
would require much more time and labor than can be given to the exam-
ination of any single county. An irregular succession of high hills and
deep ravines occupy the surface, and these can be reduced to a system only
in the most general way. The valley of the Killbuck divides the county
into two nearly equal portions, on each side of which the hills gradually
rise to the altitude of from four hundred to five hundred feet, and then
as gradually descend, on the east toward the valley of the Tuscarawas,
and on the west toward that of the Mohican. Innumerable creeks and
rivulets emptying into these streams, interlocking in the most irregular
manner, cover the face of the country. These water courses flow through
narrow alluvial valleys or deep gorges which separate the high hills that
compose the greater part of the surface. This succession of hills and
ravines exhibits continuous exposures of all the rocks of the lower coal
measures, and in no part of the State can their character and relations be
more satisfactorily studied.

SOIL.

The soil is generally a light, friable, calcareous loam, in the valleys rich
in vegetable matter, and everywhere well adapted to the growth of
wheat. On the hills, in some places, the surface is covered with rocks, the
debris of the coal sandstones, so as to be entirely unfitted for cultivation-
But a dense forest covers these rocky slopes, and the soil was originally
everywhere rich. Continuous cultivation has had its usual results in a
largely diminished productiveness; but the means of restoring the fer-
tility of the soil are easily obtained in the limestones which crop out in

474 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

every township, and by a proper use of them and of clover for soiling,
the lands can readily be made to equal or exceed their original produc-
tiveness in the great staple of the county.

THE DRIFT.

In the central and western parts of the county evidence of drift-action
are marked and abundant. Granite bowlders are scattered over the sur-
face, and along the valley of the Killbuck are heavy deposits of coarse
gravel, which, iD places, are being cemented into a hard Conglomerate
through the action of lime-water constantly percolating through them.
The natural valley in which the Cleveland, Mt. Vernon and Delaware
railroad is located Irom Akron, Summit county, to Millersburgh, and of
which the Killbuck forms a part, is distinguished from the country on
each side of it, by the abundance and coarseness of the drift material
which it contains. One cannot easily resist the conclusion that this, near
the close of the Drift period, was one of the channels by which the waters
of the lake basin found their way into the valley of the Ohio. A high
divide, running irregularly from Berlin through Weinsburgh, to Dundee,
appears to mark the limit of the drift-action in the eastern part of the
county. On the north, and to near the top of this ridge, on its northern
slope, scattered granite bowlders are to be seen, but I have yet found none
upon its summit nor to the northeast of it, within the limits of the county.
Outside of the valley of the Killbuck, the drift deposits are everywhere
shallow, and the soil Is composed almost entirely of the debris of the local
rocks.

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.

Waverly. — The lowest rocks observed in the county belong to the Wa-
verly Group — the ravines in places cutting down fully two hundred feet
into this formation. It covers the greater part of "Washington township,
and on lot 3, the Lozier quarries furnish heavy stone of very fair quality
which is shipped for bridge building and other purposes, to the adjoining
counties. From twelve to fifteen feet of this quarry is composed of hard,
fine stone, in layers varying from two to four feet in thickness, with from
six to twelve inches of silicious iron ore at the bottom. The quarry is, by
barometrical measurement, one hundred and seventy feet below the base
of the thin deposit of Conglomerate, which caps the hills in this part of
the township. The Waverly forms the base of all the hills in Knox and
.Richland townships, is exposed through the whole length of the valley of
Black creek, in Shimplin's run, from near the Williams coal, in Monroe
ownship, to its mouth, in the valley of Paint creek, in Monroe and
Prairie townships, in the bluffs forming both, banks of the Killbuck, and
on all the larger streams emptying into the Killbuck on both sides of it.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 475

The abundance of building 'stone covering the surface derived from the
Goal-measure sandstones has prevented any special attention being given
to the Waverly. Good stone can probably be obtained from it, should
the demand hereafter warrant special exploration.

Near the bottom of a long ravine, on Thomas Owen's land, in Knox
township, a layer of the Waverly is exposed, which is apparently true
Berea grit, and which might be explored with the probability of disclos
ing material for valuable grindstones. South of Taylor's coal bank in
Knox township, in the Waverly, about ten feet below the base of the
Coal-measures, is a deposit two or three feet thick, of yellow, hydrated
oxide of iron, which, by burning, assumes all shades, from yellow to a
deep dark red, and which will evidently make a good mineral paint. It
is exposed by stripping, but an opening into the hill would probably give
a good roof, so that if, on trial, it proves as valuable as its external ap-
pearance indicates, it could be taken out with facility and in large quan-
tities. It deserves to be carefully and thoroughly tested.

A thin band in the Waverly, on Paint creek, in Prairie township, is
filled with water- worn quartz pebbles, similar to those of the Conglomerate,
and in other places, patches and bands of pebbly Waverly may be seen.
The sandstones of the Coal-measures, in this part of the State, also fre-
quently contain similar pebbles, although of smaller size, and in more
moderate quantities ; so that care is required to avoid mistaking the true
horizon of these pebbly sandstones.

The Conglomerate appears above the Waverly, in Prairie township, on
both sides of the Killbuck, on the banks of Paint creek, reaching a maxi-
mum thickness of eighteen feet. It caps the hills above Lozier's quarry,
in Washington township, but is here so broken up and covered, that its
thickness cannot be accurately determined. The lithological characters
of this deposit are here quite peculiar. It contains large quantities of
broken, angular fragments of white and yellow chert, with a profusion of
fossils, which, I understand, Mr. Meek decides to belong to the Carbonifer-
ous formation. If so, they point to the deposition of a sub-carboniferous
limestone, which has been cut out and removed by the agencies which
brought in and deposited the materials of the Conglomerate. Small frag-
ments, of precisely similar cherty material, I have found at the base of
the Conglomerate, at Nelson Ledges, in Portage county.

In the larger part of the county, the Conglomerate is entirely wanting,
being represented, in places, by a thin layer of coarse sandstone without
pebbles, sometimes by hard, compact, white silicious rock, a few inches
in thickness, and filled with stigntaria, while at other places the Coal-
measures are seen resting directly on the Waverly.

476 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO.

About a mile and a half south of the Conglomerate, above Lozier's
quarry, in Washington township, the Coal-measures are at least one hun
dred feet below the level of this Conglomerate, while no corresponding
dip of the strata, in that direction, is observed. It would seem, therefore,
that the Conglomerate, and a large part of the upper portion of the
Waverly, was here cut out and removed, before the deposit of the Coal-
measures.

Coal No. 1. — Above the "Waverly, or the Conglomerate, where the latter
is found, -appears Coal Seam Bo. 1, or the the block coal, ordinarily rest-
ing upon a bed of fire-clay, and sometimes separated from the sandstones
below by a few feet of shales. It may be seen in many places west of the
Killbuck, in the territory south of Paint creek, and north of Black creek,
the most productive coal region of the county. On the east of the Kill-
buck, it has been mined, on Mr. Cameron's land, in the south part of
Prairie township, and the shales which accompany it may be identified in
the ravine north of the Shepler or Holmes county Co's. bank.

At Smith's bank, in the northern part of Monroe township, it reaches a
thickness of four feet, is a true block coal of fair quality, and reasonably
free from sulphur. It inclines to break up in small pieces, is quite rusty
and of rather an uninviting appearance. The blacksmiths do not like it,
as they prefer a softer and more melting coal. As their opinion, where
little coal is mined, is potent in determining the reputation of different
coals, that from this opening has not had the valuation it deserves.

At Motts'-bank, in the north-west part of Monroe iownship, coal No. 1
is three feet thick, hard, bright, and of good quality. It rests upon a
compact fire-clay, said to be nine feet thick; between the coal and the
overlying sandstone are only two to four inches of highly carbonaceous
shale. The sandstone is strong, unbroken, and would readily admit of
working chambers eighteen to twenty-five feet square. On Stephen E.
Williams' and Washington Williams' land, near the centre of Monroe
township, this coal is a little over three feet thick, resting on the fire-clay
and capped with dark, bituminous shale. It is a block coal of fair quality,
but has not been sufficiently opened to determine, accurately, its character.
The best exposure is so nearly on the level of an adjacent stream that the
water would be troublesome unless a lower opening can be found.

At James Martin's bank, north, and in the same township, it is two feet
thick, hard, bright, compact, a semi-block coal, but containing much sul-
phur. Above it are ten feet of hard, dark, sandy shale.

On John and Charles Steele's land, north of Judge Armor's, in Hardy
township, it is two feet three inches thick, in three benches, roof massive
bituminous black shale. Coal semi-bituminous and with much sulphur.

GEOLOGICAL STTEVEY OF OHIO. 477

It has been opened only to a distance of a few feet, and the seam is said
to be increasing in thickness and improving in quality.

At John Carey's, west of the Killbnck, and near Millersburgh, it is also
two feet three inches thick, in three benches separated by sulphur seams,
and of no value. The sand-rock rests directly upon the coaL

The out-crop of this seam can be seen in the ravine below Day & Ghat-
tuck's bank, on Barney Carpenter's land, near the east line of Monroe
township, and in various other places. Over more than half the county
the deep ravines are below its horizon, and it will doubtless be found in
many other places.

The shales above this coal vary from a few inches to fifteen feet in thick-
ness, and in places are entirely wanting, the sandstone resting directly on
the coal. It is probable that they were originally deposited of a nearly
uniform thickness, and that the agencies which brought in the coarse
material of the sandstone have cut down and removed the shale, doubt-
less, carrying away, also in places, the entire coal seam.

From ten to thirty feet above Coal Xo. 1 is a local deposit of coal and
iron ore, which I have been able to trace over a large part of the county
west of the Killbnck. The best exposures of it are on Locust Lick run,
on Mr. Ellison's land, in the west part of Monroe township, below Mitch-
art's bank, a little north and west of this ; on Carpenter's land, west of
Day & Chattuck's and Mr. Saunders' banks ; in the ravines south and
west of the Strawbridge mine, and on Shaffer's land, west of Xasbville,
in Washington township. It consists of ten to twelve inches of cannel
coal, and abont the same thickness of bituminous coal below it, with a
band of hard, massive iron ore between the benches of coal. The iron
ore is, in some places, highly bituminous, resembling a compact black
band; in other places it is calcareous or aluminous. It is reported in
some localities as four feet thick, but I have seen it reaching a thickness
of only eight or ten inches, with scattered nodules and patches of iron ore
above and below it. In some places, one or both benches of coal disap-
pear, and are represented by layers of carbonaceous shale. It will nlti
mately become an important element in this very rich mineral region.

Goal Xo. 2. — Shales, ordinarily varying from fifteen to thirty feet In
thickness, separate the above from Coal Xo. 2 — the Strawbridge seam —
the iron ore coal, from its local character, not being numbered. In the
south part of Knox township, these shales are nearly one hundred feet in
thickness, exceeding, largely, their usual development.

This seam rests upon from six to ten feet of white fire-clay, apparently
quite pure and of excellent quality. It is capped with sandy shale in
places passing into a shaly sandstone, which, at top, frequently becomes

478 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

massive, and contains nodules of silicious iion ore. At the Strawbridge
mine, in the northern part of Killbuck township, this seam is seven feet
thick, a hard, compact, semi-cannel coal, reasonably free from sulphur. It
is, doubtless, a fair domestic fuel, and an excellent locomotive coal. At
Mitchart's mine, in the south part of Knox township, it is four feet thick,
apparently of good quality, but the entry is not yet pushed far enough
into the hill to determine, accurately, its character.

The outcrop of this seam may be seen in the ravines near Mr. Glascos',
in Knox township ; on Steele's land, north of Mr. Armor's ; on Carpenter's
land, in Hardy township ; in the ravines south-east of the Strawbridge
mine ; in Killbuck township, below Mast's bank, near the north line of
Prairie township, and in, perhaps, all of the townships in the county. In
most places it is strictly a cannel coal.. Near Few Carlisle, its out-crop is in
the bed of Walnut creek, and throughout the eastern part of the county
it is exposed only in the deepest ravines.

Coal Jfo. 3. — The sandy shales and sandstones between this seam and
Coal No. 3— the blue limestone seam — are ordinarily from forty to fifty
feet thick, but, in places, reach a thickness of from eighty to ninety feet.
This coal seam attains a workable thickness over a larger part of the
county than any other, and, in places, affords coal of an excellent quality.
It is very liable to be split up into separate seams by clay and shale part-
ings, which detract much from its value and render many openings quite
worthless. The blue limestone above it is so persistent as to contribute
one of the best landmarks in studying the geology of the county, but it is
sometimes wanting, a highly calcareous shale containing the characteristic
fossils of the limestone taking its place, and sometimes it is separated
from the coal by several feet of shale. It is, generally, cherty, and in
places assumes the character of a burrh stone. It is often found in large
cubical blocks, and sometimes with mud seams filling the joints. When
this is the case, and it rests directly upon the coal, it makes a troublesome
roof, and sometimes one that is quite unmanageable.

One of the best openings of this coal, in the county, is Daggen mine,
in Knox township. The seam rests upon blactshale, is six feet thick, in
two benches, separated by a clay seam five inches thick at the opening,
but which has gradually thinned down to one inch, as the entry has been
carried into the hill, and will probably thin out entirely. The coal is hard,
bright, compact, semi-cannel, containing a rather large percentage of ash
and but a small percentage of sulphur. It is, unquestionably, a good
domestic and steam coal.

At Mitchart's, in Knox township, it shows about three feet of coal,
separated into three nearly equal benches by clay seams each six inches
thick. Coal of good quality. On Stoker's Hill, south-west of Mitchart's

GEOLOGICAL. SURVEY OF OHIO. 479

an out-crop shows coal one foot, fire clay six inches, coal eighteen inches.
On Mr. Ellison's land, in the same township, an out-crop gives :

1. Sandstone 4 ft.

2. Coal 20in.

3. Blackshale 2ft.

4. Coal ----- 2"

On Joseph Blanchard's land, three-fourth miles south-east of Xapoleon,
is an opening of which the following is a section :

1. Shale , 20 ft.

2. Coal - Win.

3. Fire-clay 8 "

4. Coal 8 "

5. Fire-clay , 10 "

6. Coal 20 "

7. Black shale ..'

It is evident that such a seam, although containing nef«rly four feet of
coal, will be of little value unless the clay seams thin out.

Elias Mast's mine, in Hardy township, has a firm limestone roof, admit-
ting of chambers fifty to eighty feet wide, timbered only along the railway.
Coal hard, bright, and of good quality. The following is a section of the
coal stratum :

1. Limestone 4 feet.

2. Coal 18-20 in.

3. Fire-clay 8 in.

4. Coal 2 ft. to 2 ft. 10 in.

5. Black shale 20 in.

6. Cannel coal 1 foot,

Michael Cullen's bank, in Salt Creek township, gives the following
section :

1. Limestone 3 feet.

2. Coal, soft and rotten 2 "

3. Hard grey shale 2 "

4. Coal, good quality 2 "

5. Fire-clay 18-20 in.

An opening in the same hill, a half mile south, on Leonard Matthew's
land, shows limestone, 2 feet; coal, 4 feef — upper half cannel, lower semi-
cannel; fire-clay, 8-10 inches; compact. drab calcareous shale, with the
shells of the blue limestone, 1 foot. At Henry Harger'3 saw-mill, in Paint
township, the outcrop shows 4-5 feet of coal, upper part bituminous, lower

480 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OE OHIO.

cannel. In Mechanic township this coal is from seven to eight feet thick
— a true cannel coal j has been exposed by boring and drifting, but is not
worked.

In a shallow valley, in this township, several acres of this coal have been
burned out, and the roof, which was here a calcareous ferruginous shale,
covers the surface and is found in the banks on each side, presenting the
appearance of an impure black band ore after it has passed through the
fire. The burning out of the coal occurred so long ago that the valley has
become covered with a mixed forest — the trees of the same size and varie-
ties as over the unburned territory.

The outcrops of Coal No. 3 are found in every township and upon the
slopes of almost every hill, but only a very small fraction of them having
been sufficiently explored to determine their character and value.

Iron Ore. — Just above this horizon are deposits of iron ore extending
over most of the county, from which large amounts can be gathered, when
needed, to mix with the richer ores of Lake Superior. In many places, the
slopes of the hills between this coal and the one above it are covered with
the fragments of this ore, and on John Simmon's land, in Knox township,
where these fragments are very abundant, it is reported that a continuous
deposit of ore, eight feet thick, was penetrated in sinking a well.

Coal No. 4. — A sandy shale separates the Blue limestone from Coal
No. 4, ordinarily varying in thickness from 18 to 25 feet; but in Salt Creek
township measurements have been made where this shale reached a thick-
ness of 70 feet. Nowhere in the county has this coal been found of suffi-
cient thickness to be profitably mined. On the Killbuck Coal and Mining
Co.'s property, in Mechanic township, it is associated with iron ore in the
overlying shales, and it is possible that further explorations may show
that the two minerals may be profitably mined together. The presence
of this coal is disclosed almost everywhere in the county, but it must, for
the present, be esteemed of no economic value.

Coal No. 5. — The shale and sandstone overlying Coal No. 4 range from
twenty-five to fifty-five feet in thickness where the horizon of Coal No. 5
— or the Grey limestone seam — is reached. This coal attains its maximum
thickness in this county, in Salt Creek township, where it is three and
one-half feet thick, with six feet of limestone resting directly upon it.
Very good coal can be obtained from the openings here, but it is in three
layers, with many sulphur seams. In other parts of the county it is of a
similar character, and, generally, of less thickness. Still, it is from this
vein that the citizens of Holmes county are to obtain material for restor-
ing the fertility of their farms, and securing their future productiveness.
The coal is, usually, of sufficient thickness to suffice for burning the lime,
and as the coal and limestone can be taken out of the same entry, and

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 481

both mined with facility, there is no place where quick-lime can he obtained
at less expense than here. Properly used, this deposit will add largely to
the wealth of the county. The Bennington mine, near Nashville, which
I refer to this horizon, furnishes a very good coal, much superior to that
.from any other opening in the Grey limestone seam with which I am
acquainted.

Goal No. 6. — At an average distance of forty -five feet above the Grey
limestone, is found the Saunders or Shepler coal, which occurs in all the
higher hills of the county. It is from this seam that the coals ot the
county are most widely known, and from which a large part of the coal
mined in the county will, probably, be taken for many years to come.

At Day & Chattuck's, and at Mr. Saunders' mines, in Hardy township,
this coal has been successfully mined for many years. It is here hard, bright,
moderately cementing, is an excellent grate and steam coal, and makes
a compact coke. It is in three benches, the middle one containing a much
smaller percentage of sulphur and ash than the other two, and making a
good blacksmiths' coal. The peculiar purple color of the ash of the top
and middle benches enables one to identify this coal wherever used. At
a few places only the ash is light colored. The seam in this neighborhood,
at Day & Chattuck's, Judge Saunders', Judge Armors', Johnson's and
Shutz's banks varies in thickness from four to six feet, and, in places,
reaches a thickness of eight feet, and it is in this vicinity that the most
valuable deposits of this coal in the county, so far as explored, are found.

At Saunders' and Day & Chattuck's mines the roof is shale, with shells,
the bottom is six to ten feet of fire-clay. At Johnson's mine, roof shaly
sandstone ; at bottom ten to twelve inches of compact sulphury iron ore.
At Judge Armors' mine, sandstone roof; bottom fire-clay, with a parting
of clay or shale 1-6 inches in thickness; at two feet from the bottom of the
coal, lower bench, good blacksmiths' coal. At Shutz's mine, sandstone
roof; bottom fire-clay. At the Taylor mine (No. 2), Knox township, the
coal is thirty-two inches, hard and good ; sandstone roof, with a few inches
shale containing shells. At Scars's mine, Walnut Creek township, the
coal is of good quality, three and one-half feet thick, black shale roof,
with sandstone above. In the same township, on Henry Coley's land, an
entry of one hundred and thirty feet exposes coal three feet seven inches,
still increasing in thickness; coal in one bench, of excellent quality; ash
white. At Thompson's bank, Farmersville, a section from above gives
black shale, in thick sheets, 10 feet; black shale, with a great abundance
of shells, 8 inches ; cannel coal, 2 inches ; bitumiuous coal, 3 feet ; blue
shale, 2 inches ; fire-clay at bottom. Coal good ; ash white. The cannel
coal and the blue slate here apparently represent the upper and lower

482 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

benches of the Saunders' and Day & Ohattuck's mines. At an abandoned
opening, on the same farm, the sandstone rests upon the coal.

At Berlin village, this seam is struck by boring at 95 feet below the
surface, and is four feet thick. It crops out and is accessible in all the
neighboring ravines, and, at an opening on Dr. Pomerine's land, is three
feet thick, and of good quality.

On the Killbuck Coal and Mining Company's property, in Mechanic
township, the horizon of this coal is from seventy to eighty feet below
the top of the highest hills, but no explorations have been made for it.

This is the seam of coal worked on the property of the Holmes county
Mining Company.

Coal No. 7. — The sandstone above the Saunders coal is geneally mass-
ive, reaches a thickness varying from thirty to ninety feet, and forms.one
of the most prominent features of the geology of the county. In places
it is shown in bold, abrupt cliffs, and in others its debris, in large masses,
so covers the slopes of the hills as to entirely unfit them for cultivation.
It marks, accurately, the horizon of Coal No. 6 below it, and of No. 7, the
Taylor seam, above it. The latter is an excellent block coal, containing a
small per centage of ash and but little sulphur. At Taylor's bank, in
Kndx township, it is from four to six feet thick, with a shale roof, and
fire clay beneath. No better coal than this is found in the county, but it
is so near the surface that it is soft, rusty, and uninviting in appearance,
and the area covered by it is not large. On Mr. E. Glasco's hill it is so
near the surface as to be quite worthless, and throughout the county it is
either wanting, or so near the top of the hills as, in most cases, to be of
little value. Its outcrop may be traced in the hills in the neighborhood
of the Taylor mine, in the hills east and north-east of the Holmes County
Company's entry, and in the hills north-west of Saltillo. Under Berlin
village it is shown to be three feet thick, of good quality, and so far from
the surface as to warrant the expectation that it may be mined with
profit. The sandstone overlying the shale roof of this coal is the highest
rock found in place in the county.

IKON ORE AND FIRE-CLAYS.

I have referred only incidentally to the iron ores and fire-clays of the
county, because I have not yet seen an analysis of one of these minerals,
but it is evident that a great abundance and variety of our native ores
can be obtained from all parts of the county, sufficient, for a very long
time, to mingle with and temper the richer ores of the lakes, if they
should be brought to the county to be smelted. The fire-clays are appar-
ently of excellent quality, and in quantity they would suffice for the man-
ufacture of all the fire-brick and coarse pottery of the continent for ages.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP OHIO. 483

The pottery business is, in some parts of the State, a very important
branch of industry, even where the clay and fuel are •wagoned some miles
to the potteries, and when the ware is also taken in wagons to the rail-
roads for shipment. Holmes county will afford many places where the
fire-clay and the fuel can be taken out together in quantities practically
inexhaustible, and in close proximity to railroads either built or projected.
Such facilities for the manufacture of pottery and fire-brick cannot long
be overlooked.

LEAD.

Almost every county in the State has its local traditions of lead mines
that were formerly worked by the Indians, and the testimony is often as
positive as second hand testimony can be, pointing to a definite location
from which the Indian hunters obtained their supply of this metal. Such
a location is definitely pointed out in Mechanic township, and old mark-
ings upon the forest trees are claimed to be signs made by the Indians to
indicate the precise location of the deposits. The Indians were no archi-
tects, and erected nothing deserving the name of buildings, either for
residences or store-houses, and it is probable that all these traditions
have their origin in the fact that they were compelled to secure the safe
keeping of all their surplus supplies by burying them in the earth. Such
deposits of lead, visited only by stealth and by a few, would readily give
rise to the traditions of lead mining.

This tradition is only referred to for the purpose of saying that, in all
our explorations of Holmes county, no indications of valuable lead de-
posits were met with. Nearly all parts of the county have been examined
by Prof. Newberry, as well as myself, and I think we are fully justified in
saying that there are no valuable deposits of lead in ariy of the rocks
exposed in Holmes county. A little lead and zinc occur in the "Waverly,
but the quantity is exceedingly small.

DIP OP THE COAL 31EAStrRES.

Prom the little heretofore published upon the geology of Ohio I had
gathered the opinion that there was a general and somewhat uniform dip
in the strata of the Coal Measures toward the south east, so that the
coals of the north-eastern margin of the coal field would lie far below the
surface on the opposite side of the coal basin. The work of the past
season indicates very clearly that this opinion is erroneous, at least so far
as it applies to the north-west part of the coal field, and that there is, in
places certainly a system of flexures in the coal strata, having a close
connection with the present topography of the country and the general
direction of the water courses. Many hundreds of barometrical observa-

484 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

tions, taken daring the summer, indicate that, eommencing in the western
part of Holmes county, the dip of the strata is eastern toward the valley
of the Killbuckj that east of this, to the irregular divide between the
waters of the Killbuck and the Tuscarawas, the dip is in the opposite
direction, i. e., toward the west. Passing the divide, the dip again is
rapid toward the ea>st till the bed of the Tuscarawas is reached, beyond
which the strata again rise. Whether this system of flexures or waves
in the Coal Measures continues over their whole area, my own observa-
tions are not sufficient to determine ; but a careful examination of the
" Big Vein," at the Diamond Coal Company's mine, near the Ohio river,
at Linton, satisfies me that this coal is on the same geological horizon as
the Saunders or Shepler coal of Holmes county, and if so, none of the
coal seams of the State can be at any very great depth below the valleys
of that neighborhood.

PART VII.

REPORT ON TIE GEOLOGY OF WILLIAMS, FULTON MB

LUCAS COUNTIES.

By G. K GILBEET.

ToIedo Ohio, February 3, 1871.

Dr. J. S. Newberry, Chief Geologist :

Sir:— In accordance with yonr request, I liave prepared and herewith send you a

brief account of the geology of Williams, Fulton and Lucas counties, to accompany the

report of progress in 1870.

With .great respect,

I remain your obedient servant,

G. K. GILBERT,

Local Assistant.

WILLIAMS COUNTY.

GEOLOGICAL, STRUCTURE.

The bedded rocks of Williams county are buried under so great a mass
of Drift that their examination is possible only by deep borings. As they
have been reached in this manner at but one point, our ideas of them are
derived chiefly from the general study of the rocks of the vicinity, based
on examinations of exposures beyond the limits of the county. There
being reason to believe that they comprise no coal, or other mineral of snch
value as to warrant the piercing of the Drift for its removal, a detailed
knowledge of their character would be of no economic importance. The
point at which they have been pierced by the drill is at Stryker, in the
south-eastern township. The Huron shale was there found with a thick-
ness of 68 feet, and underlaid, as in neighboring counties, by limestones
of the Hamilton and Corniferous groups. The general dip of all the beds
is northerly, toward the Michigan coal basins, and the northern portion of
the county is, probably, underlaid by shales and sandy beds of the Waverly
group, similar to those that constitute the nearest exposures in Michigan.

SURFACE GEOLOGY.

While the study of the indurated rocks is thus rendered very unsatis-
factory, some phases of the Drift are so presented as to give considerable-
interest to the study of the surface geology. The depth of the-Drift, as
indicated by the numerous deep borings for water throughout the south-
eastern half of the county, averages 100 or. 150 feet. It consists, in chief
part, or wholly, of the Erie clay, the complex constitution of which has
been well illustrated in the samples brought up from all depths by the
well-borer's auger. While clay is the principal component, bowlders
and sand are equally characteristic, and abound at all depths. The sand
is, in some places, mingled with the clay, and in others interstratified.
The bowlders, which usually show marks of glaciation, are scattered
irregularly through the clay, in places sparsely, and elsewhere so thickly
as to give a gravelly character to the mass. The clay itself is equally
variable, ranging in color from a dark brownish-blue to a pale blue, while

488 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO.

the upper portion has become yellow froin the oxidation of its iron. The
bowlders, -near the bottom of the deposit, are chiefly of local origin, and
at the top, of northern derivation, and chiefly metamorphic. Judging,
simply, from the data afforded in this vicinity, the deposit would appear
to have commenced immediately on the retirement of the glacier that
scored the subjacent rock-surface, and continued, without interruption, to
the time of the general elevation which closed the drift epoch in this
region. No evidence has yet been found in the Maumee Valley of the
interval of serial exposure, recorded in the buried soils, so frequently
met with in other parts of the State.

Two Lalce Beaches cross the county, the upper of which is the highest
of the series. It is nearly straight, and passess with a north-easterly
course, just west of Bryan, while Williams Centre and West Unity are
situated upon it. Its lakeward slope is to the southeast, and retains the
level character that was given it by the waves and currents when it
formeti the bottom of the lake. Westward, no such forces have been
brought to bear, and the Brie clay lies as it was deposited by the iceberg-
bearing sea. Its surface is rolling and abounds in depressions that are
without drainage, and originally contained lakelets. They have nearly all
now become filled with marl and peat, and converted into marshes. The
second beach is parallel to the upper, and a mile further east.

While the lake water stood at the upper level, it stretched up the Mau-
inee valley into Indiana, and discharged its surplus westward by way of
the Wabash valley. The channel of the outlet is from one to- two miles
broad, and traverses the sites of Fort Wayne ^nd Huntington, Indiana.
The St. Joseph river, which crosses Williams. county in a southwest direc-
tion, aud enters this ancient channel at Fort Wayne, was set back by that
high stage of water, and a flood-plain, or bottom, was formed at a corres-
ponding elevation. It now remains as a very fertile terrace, flanking the
river, and lying from ten to forty feet above the modern bottom.

Artesian Wells. — The first discovery of the Artesian water, now ob-
tained in so many parts of the Maumee valley, was made in Bryan, in
1842. The water does not differ materially in character from that ordi-
narily obtained from the Drift, and owes its Artesian head to some pecu-
liarities of the distribution of the' sand beds of the Brie clay, by which
they are enabled to carry the water which permeates them from higher to
lower levels, while they are prevented from freely discharging it through
springs by a continuous covering of impervious clay. The flowing wells
of Williams county are part of a series that occur in a narrow belt of
country, lying just west of the upper beach. The evenly spread Lacus-
trine clays form, in this case, the impervious cover, and the reservoir, by
which the flow is rendered perennial, is afforded by the broad, and often

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO. 489

deep, sand beds, from which the supply is directly obtained. More re-
motely it is doubtless derived from the oxidized upper portion of the un-
modified drift, lying east of, and higher than the beaches. This is gener-
ally permeable, and receiving the water from rains, yields it slowly to the
sandy beds wherever they are connected.

The mineral water discharged from the deep well at Stryker is of differ-
ent origin, having been struck 230 feet below the surface, in the Hamilton
limestone. It does not overflow in virtue of its own head, but is thrown
out periodically by violent discharges of hydrosulphnric acid gas. This
is constantly rising in some amount through the water, and, at intervals
of about six hours, finds vent in great volume from some subterra-
nean reservoir, and throws out in a foaming torrent many barrels of water.
An analysis of the water, by Prof. S. H. Douglass, of the University of
Michigan, shows 621 grains of foreign material per gallon, the most
notable of which is chloride of magnesium, (119 gr.) though chloride of
sodium (232 gr.) and sulphate of potassa (185 gr.) are in somewhat greater
amount.

The highest land in the county is in the northwest corner, while the
opposite angle is 300 feet lower, the general slope being toward the south-
east. All the features of the surface geologj- are arranged in belts at
right angles to this slope. The two beaches mark contour lines, and, as
already stated, have a northeast trend. They divide the rolling country
from the flat — the unmodified drift surface from the modified or lacus-
trine — and determine the position of the belt of Artesian wells. Further
west, are still other features arranged in parallel lines. The St. Joseph
river, instead of flowing in the direction of the general declivity, crosses
it, nearly at right angles, and runs with a remarkably straight course
southwest into Indiana. The country on its east bank rises for but three
or four miles, and then resumes the general descent to the southeast.
There is, in fact, a ridge across the face of the slope, so broad and low as
to escape the notice of the traveler, but sufficient to turn aside the waters
of the St. Joseph and form the divide between it and the tributaries of
Bean creek.^ Though no opportunity has been afforded to examine the inter-
nal structure of this 1 ridge, I am disposed to regard it as due to a terminal
moraine of the glacier known to have preceded the deposition of the Erie
clay, — now buried so deeply beneath that deposit as to be marked only
by a gentle swell upon its surface. The same ridge forms the east bank
of the St. Joseph throughout its entire course, and is continued south-
ward, curving to the east so as to bear a like relation to the St. Mary's.

The Sails of the county are, with trifling exception, of a clayey nature,
but with considerable variety, dependent on the features of the surface

490 GEOLOGICAL STJEVEY OF OHIO.

geology. The Lacustrine clays, which lie east of the beaches, are usually
friable, and have occasionally some sand, but no gravel. Lying nearly
level, they are difficult to drain, and have, in compensation, a deep and
rich accumulation of vegetable mold. On the rolling surface of the un-
modified Drift the soil contains considerable gravel, and, though not so
rich in mold, supports a heavy timber of oak, beech, etc., and returns re-
munerative crops of wheat and allied grains. The numerous small
marshes that dot its surface contain an exhaustless and convenient supr
ply of peat and marl, destined to be of great service in enriching the ad-
jacent fields.

The Forest Vegetation presents the usual profuse variety of the clay
lands of Northern Ohio. Among the most prominent trees are oaks of
several species, white elm, beech, white and black ash, maple, whitewood,
basswood, hickory, black-walnut and cottonwood, with tamarack in the
deep marshes. The high price of black- walnut lumber has led to its re-
moval in advance of the clearing of the land, and comparatively little
now remains.

FULTON COUNTY.
In Fulton county, as in Williams, the entire rock surface is covered by
a mass of drift, of which the least known thickness is 60 feet. It proba-
bly averages not less than 100 feet. The rock has been reached, in well-
boring, at various points along the Air Line railway, and found to consist
there of the Huron shale. From the fact that this bed rises to the surface,
eastward and southward, in Lucas and Henry counties, it appears that
the dip is north-westerly ; and it is extremely probable that the Waverly
group, which affords the nearest outcrop northward, in Michigan, under-
lies the north-western part of Fulton county,

SURFACE GEOLOGY.

As in Williams county, the general slope is to the south-east, and the
various features of the surface geology are arranged in contour belts
with the noith east and south-west trend. The unmodified drift occupies
a triangular space in the north-west of Grorham, and is limited by the
upper beach ridge, which enters the county near the north-west; corner of
Franklin, and crosses with a straight north-east course, intersecting the
Michigan boundary, three miles west of the east line of Gorham. The
village ot Fayette is located upon it. Its elevation above the present
shore of Lake Erie is 220 feet.

During the formation of the second beach, which is 25 feet lower, the
center of the county constituted a broad shoal, upon which the sand that
was washed along the shore by a current from the north, was accumulated

GEOLOGICAL SUKVKT OF OHIO. 491

in a series of ridges, at first submerged, but afterwards rising above the
water, so as to be caught by the wind and piled in light and undulating
dunes. These are now occupied by a forest growth, almost exclusively of
oak, and originally very sparsely set, constituting what are known as
" oak openings." They cover the southern two-thirds of Chesterfield, the
south-western portion of Royalton, the western half of Pike, the whole
of Dover, the northern third of Clinton, and a small portion of York.
Sorthward, a series of cotemporaneons sand ridges extend into Michigan,
and a similar series, stretching out to the south-west, in German and
Clinton, become gradually lost in the broad level clay plains that charac-
terize the southern part of those towns. The valley of Bean creek, west
of this area, was then covered by the waters of a shallow bay.

The third beach is recorded, like the first, in a simple definite ridge,
which forms an excellent site for a road, and is so used for nearly half its
course in the county. Its altitude above Lake Erie is 165 feet. Crossing
the south line of Clinton, near the middle, it traverses that town and
York in a north-easterly direction, with a gentle lakeward convexity,
passing through the village of Delta, and enters Fulton, near the south-
west angle. Turning first to the east, and then toward the nor